The influence of porosity changes in human epidermal membrane during iontophoresis on the permeability enhancement of a model peptide

References

• Benson HA, Namjoshi S. (2008). Proteins and peptides: Strategies for delivery to and across the skin. J Pharm Sci, 97(9):3591–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batheja P, Thakur R, Michniak B. (2006). Transdermal iontophoresis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 3(1):127–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li GL, Van Steeg TJ, Putter H, Van Der Spek J, Pavel S, Danhof M, al et. (2005). Cutaneous side-effects of transdermal iontophoresis with and without surfactant pretreatment: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol, 153:404–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown MB, Traynor MJ, Martin GP, Akomeah FK. (2008). Transdermal drug delivery systems: Skin perturbation devices. Methods Mol Biol, 437:119–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amsden BG, Goosen MFA. (1995). Transdermal delivery of peptide and protein drugs—An overview. AIChE J, 41(8):1972–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth HDC, Becket G, Mehta SC. (2002). Effect of permeation enhancer pretreatment on the iontophoresis of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) through human epidermal membrane (HEM). J Pharm Sci, 91(5):1296–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong O. (1994). Iontophoresis: Fundamentals. In: Hsieh DS, ed. Drug permeation enhancement: Theory and applications. New York: Marcel Dekker, 219–46.
   Google Scholar
• Pikal MJ. (1992). The role of electroosmotic flow in transdermal iontophoresis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 9(2–3):201–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inada H, Ghanem AH, Higuchi WI. (1994). Studies on the effects of applied voltage and duration on human epidermal membrane alteration/recovery and the resultant effects upon iontophoresis. Pharm Res, 11(5):687–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li SK, Ghanem AH, Peck KD, Higuchi WI. (1999). Pore induction in human epidermal membrane during low to moderate voltage iontophoresis: A study using AC iontophoresis. J Pharm Sci, 88(4):419–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higuchi WI, Li SK, Ghanem AH, Zhu H, Song Y. (1999). Mechanistic aspects of iontophoresis in human epidermal membrane. J Control Release, 62(1–2):13–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh J, Dinh SM, Berner B. (1998). Electrical properties of skin. In: Berner B, Dinh SM, eds. Electronically controlled drug delivery, Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, 47–62.
   Google Scholar
• Prausnitz MR. (1997). Reversible skin permeabilization for transdermal delivery of macromolecules. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst, 14(4):455–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chizmadzhev Y, Indenbom A, Kuzmin P, Galichenko S, Weaver J, Potts R. (1998). Electrical properties of skin at moderate voltages: Contribution of appendageal macropores. Biophys J, 74(2 Pt 1):843–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li SK, Ghanem AH, Peck KD, Higuchi WI. (1998). Characterization of the transport pathways induced during low to moderate voltage iontophoresis in human epidermal membrane. J Pharm Sci, 87(1):40–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuetz YB, Naik A, Guy RH, Vuaridel E, Kalia YN. (2005). Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of triptorelin in vitro. J Pharm Sci, 94:2175–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuetz YB, Naik A, Guy RH, Kalia YN. (2005). Effect of amino acid sequence on transdermal iontophoretic peptide delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci, 26:429–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raiman J, Koljonen M, Huikko K, Kostiainen R, Hirvonen J. (2004). Delivery and stability of LHRH and Nafarelin in human skin: The effect of constant/pulsed iontophoresis. Eur J Pharm Sci, 21:371–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochhar C, Imanidis G. (2004). In vitro transdermal iontophoretic delivery of leuprolide under constant current application. J Control Release, 98:25–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochhar C, Imanidis G. (2003). In vitro transdermal iontophoretic delivery of leuprolide-mechanisms under constant voltage application. J Pharm Sci, 92:84–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imanidis G, Luetolf P. (2006). An extended model based on the modified Nernst-Planck equation for describing transdermal iontophoresis of weak electrolytes. J Pharm Sci, 95:1434–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li SK, Ghanem AH, Higuchi WI. (1999). Pore charge distribution considerations in human epidermal membrane electroosmosis. J Pharm Sci, 88:1044–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li SK, Ghanem AH, Teng CL, Hardee GE, Higuchi WI. (2001). Iontophoretic transport of oligonucleotides across human epidermal membrane: A study of the Nernst-Planck model. J Pharm Sci, 90:915–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims SM, Higuchi WI, Srinivasan V. (1991). Skin alteration and convective solvent flow effects during iontophoresis. I. Neutral solute transport across human skin. Int J Pharm, 69:109–21.
   Google Scholar
• Deen W. (1987). Hindered transport of molecules in liquid-filled pores. AIChE J, 33(9):1409–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy RH, Hadgraft J. (1989). Selection of drug candidates for transdermal delivery. In: Hadgraft J, Guy RH, ed. Transdermal drug delivery: Developmental issues and research initiatives, New York: Marcel Dekker, 59–81.
   Google Scholar
• Peck KD, Ghanem AH, Higuchi WI. (1994). Hindered diffusion of polar molecules through and effective pore radii estimates of intact and ethanol treated human epidermal membrane. Pharm Res, 11(9):1306–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikiforovich G, Marshall G. (1993). Conformation-function relationships in LHRH analogs. I. Conformations of LHRH peptide backbone. Int J Pept Protein Res, 42(2):171–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kligman A, Christophers E. (1963). Preparation of isolated sheets of human stratum corneum. Arch Dermatol, 88:702–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims SM, Higuchi WI, Srinivasan V. (1992). Skin alteration and convective solvent flow effects during iontophoresis. II. Monovalent anion and cation transport across human skin. Pharm Res, 9(11):1402–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams A, Barry B. (1992). Skin absorption enhancers. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst, 9(3–4):305–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck KD, Srinivasan V, Li SK, Higuchi WI, Ghanem AH. (1996). Quantitative description of the effect of molecular size upon electroosmotic flux enhancement during iontophoresis for a synthetic membrane and human epidermal membrane. J Pharm Sci, 85(7):781–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li SK, Ghanem AH, Peck KD, Higuchi WI. (1997). Iontophoretic transport across a synthetic membrane and human epidermal membrane—A study of the effects of permeant charge. J Pharm Sci, 86(6):680–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inamori T, Ghanem A, Higuchi WI, Srinivasan V. (1994). Macromolecule transport in and effective pore size of ethanol pretreated human epidermal membrane. Int J Pharm, 105(2):113–23.
   Google Scholar
• Delgado-Charro MB, Guy RH. (1998). Iontophoresis of peptides. In: Berner B, Dinh SM, eds. Electronically controlled drug delivery, Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, 129–57.
   Google Scholar
• Ruddy SB, Hadzija BW. (1992). Iontophoretic permeability of polyethylene glycols through hairless rat skin: Application of hydrodynamic theory for hindered transport through liquid-filled pores. Drug Des Discov, 8(3):207–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhatia KS, Gao S, Singh J. (1997). Effect of penetration enhancers and iontophoresis on the FT-IR spectroscopy and LHRH permeability through porcine skin. J Control Release, 47(1):81–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu M, Lee D, Rao G. (1992). Percutaneous absorption enhancement of leuprolide. Pharm Res, 9(12):1575–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan V, Su MH, Higuchi WI, Behl CR. (1990). Iontophoresis of polypeptides: Effect of ethanol pretreatment of human skin. J Pharm Sci, 79(7):588–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cevc G. (1996). Transfersomes, liposomes and other lipid suspensions on the skin: Permeation enhancement, vesicle penetration, and transdermal drug delivery. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst, 13(3–4):257–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui O. (1989). Physicochemical, physiological, and mathematical considerations in optimizing percutaneous absorption of drugs. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst, 6(1):1–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck KD, Hsu J, Li SK, Ghanem AH, Higuchi WI. (1998). Flux enhancement effects of ionic surfactants upon passive and electroosmotic transdermal transport. J Pharm Sci, 87(9):1161–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar