Extreme Running Competition Decreases Blood Antioxidant Defense Capacity

REFERENCES

• Duthie GG, Robertson JD, Maughan RJ, Morrice PC: Blood antioxidant status and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation following distance running.Arch Biochem Biophys282 :78– 83,1990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanter MM, Kaminski LA, Laham-Saeger J, Lesmes GR, Nequin N: Serum enzyme levels and lipid peroxidation in ultramarathon runners.Ann Sports Med3 :39– 41,1986 .
   Google Scholar
• Ginsburg GS, Agil A, O’Toole M, Rimm E, Douglas PS, Rifai N: Effects of a single bout of ultraendurance exercise on lipid peroxides levels and susceptibility of lipids to peroxidation in triathletes.JAMA276 :221– 225,1996 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin PS, Quamo S, Ho KC, Gladding J: Hyperthermia enhances the cytotoxic effects of reactive oxygen species to Chinese hamster cells and bovine endothelial cells in vitro.Radiat Res126 :43– 51,1991 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills PC, Smith NC, Casas I, Harris P, Harris RG, Marlin DG: Effects of exercise intensity and environmental stress on indices of oxidative stress and homeostasis during exercise in the horse.Eur J Appl Physiol74 :60– 66,1996 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehrenbach E, Niess AM, Scholtz E, Passeh F, Dickhuth HN, Northoff H: Transcriptional and translational regulation of heat shock proteins in leukocytes of endurance runners.J Appl Physiol89 :704– 710,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuo L, Christofi FL, Wright VP, Liu CY, Merola AJ, Buliner LJ, Clauton TL: Intra- and extracellular measurement of reactive oxygen species produced during heat stress in diaphragm muscle.Am J Physiol279 :C1058– C1066,2000 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson MJ, Jones DA, Edwards HT: Vitamin E and skeletal muscle. In Porter R, Helan J (eds):“Biology of Vitamin E,” Proceedings of a Ciba Foundation Symposium. London: Pitman Books, p56 ,1983 .
   Google Scholar
• Davies KJA, Quintanilha AT, Brooks GA, Packer L: Free radicals and tissue damage by exercise.Biochem Biophys Res Com107 :1198– 1205,1982 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon ZR, Shie FS, Warden BA, Burri BJ, Neidlinger TR: The effect of a low carotenoid diet on malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid (MDA-TBA) concentrations in women: a placebo-controlled double-blind study.J Am Coll Nutr17 :54– 58,1998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maughan RJ: Role of micronutrients in sport and physical activity.Br Med Bull55 :683– 690,1999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durnin J, Rahaman M: The assessment of the amount of fat in human body from measurements of skinfold thickness.Brit J Nutr21 :681– 689,1976 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratas-Delamarche A, Le Cam R, Delamarche P, Monnier M, Koubi H: Lactate and catecholamine responses in male and female sprinters during a Wingate test.Eur J Appl Physiol68 :362– 366,1994 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dill DB, Costill DL: Calculation of the percentage changes in volume of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration.J Appl Physiol37 :247– 248,1974 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speek SJ, Schriver J, Schreurs WH: Fluorometric determination of total vitamin C in whole blood by high-performance liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization.J Chromatogr13 :53– 60,1984 .
   Google Scholar
• Steghens JP, Van Kappel AL, Riboli E, Collombel C: Simultaneous measurement of seven carotenoids, retinal and α-tocopherol in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography.J Chromatogr694 :71– 81,1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Yagi K: Assay for serum lipid peroxide level and its clinical significance. In Yagi K (ed):“Lipid Peroxides in Biology and Medicine,” New York, IL: Academic Press, p223 ,1982 .
   Google Scholar
• Halliwell B, Chirico S: Lipid peroxidation: its mechanism, measurement, and significance.Am J Clin Nutr57 :715S– 725S,1993 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzatico F, Pansarasa O, Bertorelli L, Somenzini L, Delle Valle G: Blood free radical antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxides following long-distance and lactacidemic performances in highly trained aerobic and sprint athletes.J Sports Med Phys Fitness37 :239– 235,1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Bray RL, Cockle SA, Fielden EM, Roberts PB, Rotilio G, Calabrese L: Reduction and inactivation of superoxide dismutase by hydrogen peroxide.Biochem J139 :43– 48,1974 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groussard C, Rannou-Bekono F, Machefer G, Chevanne M, Vincent S, Sergent O, Cillard J, Gratas-Delamarche A: Changes in blood lipid peroxidation markers and antioxidants after a single sprint exercise.Eur J Appl Physiol89 :14– 20,2003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sürmen-Gür E, Ozturk E, Gür H, Punduk Z, Tnucel P: Effect of vitamin E supplementation on post-exercise plasma lipid peroxidation and blood antioxidant status in smokers: with special reference to heamoconcentration effect.Eur J Appl Physiol79 :472– 478,1999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akova B, Sürmen-Gür E, Gür H, Dirican M, Sarandöl E, Küçükoglo S: Exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscle performance in healthy women: role of vitamin E supplementation and endogenous oestradiol.Eur J Appl Physiol84 :141– 147,2001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margaritis I, Palazzetti S, Rousseau AS, Richard MJ, Favier A: Antioxidant supplementation and tapering exercise improve exercise-induced antioxidant response.J Am Coll Nutr22 :147– 156,2003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydemir T, Öztürk R, Bozkaya LA, Tarhan L: Effects of antioxidant vitamins A, C, E and trace elements Cu, Se on CuZnSOD, GSH-Px, CAT and LPO levels in chicken erythrocytes.Cell Biochem Funct18 :109– 115,2000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutteridge JMC, Rowley DA, Halliwell B, Cooper DF, Heeley DM: Copper and iron complexes catalytic for oxygen reactions in sweat.Clin Chimica Acta145 :267– 273,1985 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipton CK, Green NR, Hames EM, Waller M: Zinc loss in sweat athletes in hot and neutral temperatures.Int J Sport Nutr3 :261– 276,1993 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson RA, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Deuster PA: Acute exercise effects on urinary losses and serum concentrations of copper and zinc of moderately trained and untrained men consuming a controlled diet.Analyst120 :867– 870,1995 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Margaritis I, Tessier F, Richard MJ, Marconnet P: No evidence of oxidative stress after a triathlon race in highly trained competitors.Int J Sports Med18 :186– 190,1997 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokitzki L, Logemann E, Sagredos AN, Murphy M, Wetzel-Roth W, Keul J: Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant vitamins under extreme endurance stress.Acta Physiol Scand151 :149– 158,1994 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gohill K, Viguie C, Stanley WC, Brooks GA, Packer L: Blood glutathione oxidation during human exercise.J Appl Physiol64 :115– 119,1988 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deneke SM, Fanburg B: Regulation of cellular glutathione.Am J Physiol257 :L163– L173,1989 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji LL, Fu R, Mitchell EW: Glutathione and antioxidant enzymes in skeletal muscle: effects of fiber type and exercise intensity.J Appl Physiol73 :1854– 1859,1992 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson B, Henry GJ, Goodman C, Gillam I, Beilby JR, Ching S, Fabian V, Dasig D, Morling P, Kakulus BA: Effect of vitamin C and E supplementation on biochemical and ultrastructural indices of muscle damage after a 21 km run.Int J Sports Med213 :10– 15,2002 .
   Google Scholar
• Sowell AL, Huff DL, Yeager PR, Caudill SP, Gunter EW: Retinol, α-tocopherol, lutein/zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene, trans-β-carotene, and four retinyl esters in serum determined simultaneously by reversed-phase HPLC with multiwavelength detection.Clin Chem40 :411– 416,1994 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olmedilla B, Granado F, Gil-Martinez E, Blanco I, Rojas-Hidalgo E: Reference values for retinol, tocopherol, and main carotenoids in serum of control and insulin-dependent diabetic Spanish subjects.Clin Chem43 :1066– 1071,1997 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumida S, Doi T, Sakurai M, Yoshioka Y, Okamura K: Effect of a single bout of exercise and beta-carotene supplementation on the urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine in humans.Free Radic Res27 :607– 618,1997 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paiva SA, Russell RM: Beta-carotene and other carotenoids as antioxidants.J Am Coll Nutr18 :426– 433,1999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton T, Rowlands CC, Jones E, Young IS, Jackson SK, Davies B, Peters JR: Electron spin resonance spectroscopic detection of oxygen-centered radicals in human serum following exhaustive exercise.Eur J Appl Physiol77 :498– 502,1998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alessio HM, Goldfarb AH, Cao G: Exercise-induced oxidative stress before and after vitamin C supplementation.Int J Sport Nutr7 :1– 9,1997 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar