Dietary Patterns and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Iranian Children: A Case-Control Study

References

• Biederman J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(11):1215–1220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm-5®). American Psychiatric Pub. 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(6):942–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satterfield JH, Faller KJ, Crinella FM, Schell AM, Swanson JM, Homer LD. A 30-year prospective follow-up study of hyperactive boys with conduct problems: adult criminality. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(5):601–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge JJ, Frampton CM, Gorman B, Boggis A. Vitamin-mineral treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trialBr. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204(04):306–315.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bobb AJ, Castellanos FX, Addington AM, Rapoport JL. Molecular genetic studies of adhd: 1991 to 2004. Am J Med Genet.. 2006;141B(6):551–565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilici M, Yıldırım F, Kandil S, Bekaroğlu M, Yıldırmış S, Değer O, Ülgen M, Yıldıran A, Aksu H. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zinc sulfate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004;28(1):181–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinn N, Bryan J, Wilson C. Cognitive effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: a randomised controlled trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008;78(4-5):311–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froehlich TE, Anixt JS, Loe IM, Chirdkiatgumchai V, Kuan L, Gilman RC. Update on environmental risk factors for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2011;13(5):333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceylan MF, Sener S, Bayraktar AC, Kavutcu M. Changes in oxidative stress and cellular immunity serum markers in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;66(3):220–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cormier E, Elder JH. Diet and child behavior problems: fact or fiction? Pediatric Nursing. 2007;33(2): 138–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hibbeln JR. Fish consumption and major depression. Lancet. 1998;351(9110):1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riediger ND, Othman RA, Suh M, Moghadasian MH. A systemic review of the roles of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(4):668–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millichap JG, Yee MM. The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2012;129(2):330–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard AL, Robinson M, Smith GJ, Ambrosini GL, Piek JP, Oddy WH. Adhd is associated with a “Western dietary pattern in adolescents”. J Atten Disord. 2011;15(5):403–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azadbakht L, Esmaillzadeh A. Dietary patterns and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among iranian children. Nutrition. 2012;28(3):242–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borge TC, Aase H, Brantsaeter AL, Biele G. The importance of maternal diet quality during pregnancy on cognitive and behavioural outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e016777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelsser LM, Frankena K, Toorman J, Savelkoul HF, Dubois AE, Pereira RR, Haagen TA, Rommelse NN, Buitelaar JK. Effects of a restricted elimination diet on the behaviour of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (INCA study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9764):494–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson J, Sonuga-Barke E, McCann D, Grimshaw K, Parker KM, Rose-Zerilli MJ, Holloway JW, Warner JO. The role of histamine degradation gene polymorphisms in moderating the effects of food additives on children's adhd symptoms. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(9):1108–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozielec T, Starobrat-Hermelin B. Assessment of magnesium levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd). Magnes Res. 1997;10(2):143–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding KL, Judah RD, Gant CE. Outcome-based comparison of ritalin® versus food-supplement treated children with ad/hd. Altern Med Rev. 2003;8(3):319–330.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenblatt J. Nutritional supplements in adhd. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38(10):1209–1210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organization WHO: “Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic.” World Health Organization, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Joseph N, Zhang-James Y, Perl A, Faraone SV. Oxidative stress and ADHD: a meta-analysis. J Atten Disord. 2015;19(11):915–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett AB, Pennington BF, Willcutt EG, DeFries JC, Olson RK. Sex differences in adhd symptom severity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56(6):632–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saadi HR, Shamsuddin K, Sutan R, Alshaham SA. Socio-maternal risk factors of ADHD among Iraqi children: a case-control study. OJPM. 2013;03(02):251.
   Google Scholar
• Bella H. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Is it a health problem among male primary school children. Bahrain Med Bull. 2008;30(2):67–71.
   Google Scholar
• Esmaillzadeh A, Kimiagar M, Mehrabi Y, Azadbakht L, Hu FB, Willett WC. Dietary patterns and markers of systemic inflammation among Iranian women. J Nutr. 2007;137(4):992–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L. Food intake patterns may explain the high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among iranian women. J Nutr. 2008;138(8):1469–1475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borek C. Antioxidant health effects of aged garlic extract. J Nutr. 2001;131(3s):1010S–1015S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalff A, Kroes M, Vles J, Bosma H, Feron F, Hendriksen J, Steyaert J, Van Zeben T, Crolla I, Jolles J. Factors affecting the relation between parental education as well as occupation and problem behaviour in Dutch 5- to 6-year-old children. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2001;36(7):324–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khamis V. Family environment and parenting as predictors of attention-deficit and hyperactivity among Palestinian children. J Soc Serv Res. 2006;32(4):99–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schab DW, Trinh N-HT. Do artificial food colors promote hyperactivity in children with hyperactive syndromes? A meta-analysis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2004;25(6):423–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, Crumpler D, Dalen L, Grimshaw K, Kitchin E, Lok K, Porteous L, Prince E, et al. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370(9598):1560–1567.,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz R, Gabis L. Essential fatty acids and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51(8):580–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourre J-M. Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: Update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 1: Micronutrients. J Nutr Health Aging. 2006;10(5):377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh M. Essential fatty acids, DHA and human brain. Indian J Pediatr. 2005;72(3):239–242.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kruesi MJ, Rapoport JL, Cummings EM, Berg CJ, Ismond DR, Flament M, Yarrow M, Zahn-Waxler C. Effects of sugar and aspartame on aggression and activity in children. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144(11):1487–1490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruchi K, Kumar A, Sunil G, Bashir A, Prabhat S. Antioxidant activity in children with ADHD–a comparison in untreated and treated subjects with normal children. Med J Malaysia. 2011;10(1):31–35.
   Google Scholar
• Kapustka N. Treating attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (adhd) by the use of phytochemicals and chiropractic care. Kalamazoo, Mich: Kalamazoo College, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Bettermann E. The health benefits of garlic: Nature’s best medicine. 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Oztop D, Altun H, Baskol G, Ozsoy S. Oxidative stress in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Biochem. 2012;45(10-11):745–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kant AK. Dietary patterns and health outcomes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104(4):615–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs DR, Steffen LM. Nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns as exposures in research: a framework for food synergy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(3 Suppl):508S–513S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newby P, Muller D, Hallfrisch J, Andres R, Tucker KL. Food patterns measured by factor analysis and anthropometric changes in adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(2):504–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucher O, Jacobson SW, Plusquellec P, Dewailly É, Ayotte P, Forget-Dubois N, Jacobson JL, Muckle G. Prenatal methylmercury, postnatal lead exposure, and evidence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among Inuit children in Arctic Québec. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(10):1456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horrocks LA, Farooqui AA. Docosahexaenoic acid in the diet: its importance in maintenance and restoration of neural membrane function. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004;70(4):361–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson AJ. Omega-3 fatty acids in adhd and related neurodevelopmental disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2006;18(2):155–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar