Late-Onset Schizophrenia: A Review for Clinicians

REFERENCES

• Alici-Evcimen , Y. , Ertan , T. and Eker , E. 2003 . Case series with late-onset psychosis hospitalized in a geriatric psychiatry unit in Turkey: Experience in 9 years . International Psychogeriatrics , 15 ( 1 ) : 69 – 72 . doi: 10.1017/S1041610203008767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allin , M. and Murray , R. 2002 . Schizophrenia: A neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorder? . Current Opinion in Psychiatry , 15 ( 1 ) : 9 – 15 . doi: 10.1097/00001504-200201000-00003
   Google Scholar
• Altamura , C. and Elliott , T. 2003 . Schizophrenia in the elderly: A special case requiring special management? . European Psychiatry , 18 ( Suppl 2 ) : 46s – 53s . doi: 10.1016/S0924-9338(03)80005-6
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1987 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 3rd , Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th , Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Barak , Y. Y. , Wittneberg , N. N. , Naor , S. S. , Kutzuk , D. D. and Weizman , A. A. 1999 . Clozapine in elderly psychiatric patients: Tolerability, safety, and efficacy . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 40 ( 4 ) : 320 – 325 . doi: 10.1016/S0010-440X(99)90134-7
   Google Scholar
• Bassiony , M. M. and Lyketsos , C. G. 2003 . Delusions and hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease: Review of the brain decade . Psychosomatics: Journal of Consultation Liaison Psychiatry , 44 ( 5 ) : 388 – 401 . doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.44.5.388
   Google Scholar
• Bergemann , N. , Abu-Tair , F. and Strowitzki , T. 2007 . Estrogen in the treatment of late-onset schizophrenia . Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology , 27 ( 6 ) : 718 – 720 . doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31814f4dbb
   Google Scholar
• Bond , G. R. 2004 . Supported employment: Evidence for an evidence-based practice . Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal , 27 ( 4 ) : 345 – 359 . doi: 10.2975/27.2004.345.359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodaty , H. , Sachdev , P. , Koschera , A. , Monk , D. and Cullen , B. 2003 . Long-term outcome of late-onset schizophrenia: 5-year follow-up study . British Journal of Psychiatry , 183 : 213 – 219 . doi: 10.1192/bjp.183.3.213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casanova , M. F. and Lindzen , E. C. 2003 . Changes in gray-/white-matter ratios in the parahippocampal gyri of late-onset schizophrenia patients . The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 11 : 605 – 609 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajgp.11.6.605
   Google Scholar
• Castle , D. J. and Murray , R. M. 1993 . The epidemiology of late-onset schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 19 : 691 – 700 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadwick , P. , Hughes , S. , Russell , D. , Russell , I. and Dagnan , D. 2009 . Mindfulness groups for distressing voices and paranoia: A replication and randomized feasibility trial . Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , 37 ( 4 ) : 403 – 412 . doi: 10.1017/S1352465809990166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , C. I. , Vahia , I. , Reyes , P. , Diwan , S. , Bankole , A. O. , Palekar , N. and … Ramirez , P. 2008 . Schizophrenia in later life: Clinical symptoms and social well-being . Psychiatric Services , 59 ( 3 ) : 232 – 234 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.59.3.232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , J. A. , Leff , H. , Blyler , C. R. , Gold , P. B. , Goldberg , R. W. , Mueser , K. T. , … and Burke-Miller , J . 2005 . Results of a multisite randomized trial of supported employment interventions for individuals with severe mental illness . Archives of General Psychiatry , 62 : 505 – 512 . doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corey-Bloom , J. , Jernigan , T. , Archibald , S. , Harris , M. J. and Jeste , D. V. 1995 . Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in late-life schizophrenia . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 : 447 – 449 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis , V. A. , Dixon , T. A. , Morris , R. G. , Bullmore , E. T. , Brammer , M. J. , Williams , S. R. , , … and McGuire , P. K . 2001 . Differential frontal activation in schizophrenia and bipolar illness during verbal fluency . Journal of Affective Disorders , 66 ( 2–3 ) : 111 – 121 . doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00240-8
   Google Scholar
• Dolder , C. R. and Jeste , D. V. 2003 . Incidence of tardive dyskinesia with typical versus atypical antipsychotics in very high risk patients . Biological Psychiatry , 53 : 1142 – 1145 . doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00170-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastwood , R. , Corbin , S. and Reed , M. 1981 . Hearing impairment and paraphrenia . The Journal of Otolaryngology , 10 : 306 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferman , T. J. , Smith , G. E. , Boeve , B. F. , Graff-Radford , N. R. , Lucas , J. A. , Knopman , D. S. , … and Dickson , D. W. 2006 . Neuropsychological differentiation of dementia with Lewy bodies from normal aging and Alzheimer's disease . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 20 ( 4 ) : 623 – 636 . doi: 10.1080/13854040500376831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel , S. 2004 . Pharmacology of antipsychotics in the elderly: A focus on atypicals . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 52 ( Suppl 12 ) : S258 – S265 . doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52602.x
   Google Scholar
• Fontaine , C. S. , Hynan , L. S. , Koch , K. , Martin-Cook , K. , Svetlik , D. and Weiner , M. F. 2003 . A double-blind comparison of olanzapine versus risperidone in the acute treatment of dementia-related behavioral disturbances in extended care facilities . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 64 ( 6 ) : 726 – 730 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster , C. , Startup , H. , Potts , L. and Freeman , D. 2010 . A randomised controlled trial of a worry intervention for individuals with persistent persecutory delusions . Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry , 41 ( 1 ) : 45 – 51 . doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gareri , P. , De Fazio , P. , De Fazio , S. , Marigliano , N. , Ibbadu , G. and De Sarro , G. 2006 . Adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics in the elderly: A review . Drugs & Aging , 23 ( 12 ) : 937 – 956 . doi: 10.2165/00002512-200623120-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girard , C. and Simard , M. 2008 . Clinical characterization of late- and very late-onset first psychotic episode in psychiatric inpatients . The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 16 : 478 – 487 . doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e31816c7b3c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady , C. L. , Springer , M. V. , Hongwanishkul , D. , McIntosh , A. R. and Winocur , G. 2006 . Age-related changes in brain activity across the adult lifespan . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 18 ( 2 ) : 227 – 241 . doi: 10.1162/jocn.2006.18. 2.227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granholm , E. , McQuaid , J. R. , McClure , F. S. , Auslander , L. A. , Perivoliotis , D. , Pedrelli , P. , … and Jeste , D. V. 2005 . A randomized, controlled trial of Cognitive Behavioral Social Skills Training for middle-aged and older outpatients with chronic schizophrenia . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 ( 3 ) : 520 – 529 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granholm , E. , McQuaid , J. R. , McClure , F. S. , Link , P. C. , Perivoliotis , D. , Gottlieb , J. D. , … and Jeste , D. V. 2007 . Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for older people with schizophrenia: 12-month follow-up . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 68 ( 5 ) : 730 – 737 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , S. , Steinmeyer , C. , Frank , B. , Lockwood , K. , Lentz , B. and Schultz , K. 2003 . Older patients with schizophrenia: Nature of dwelling status and symptom severity . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 160 ( 2 ) : 383 – 384 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.383
   Google Scholar
• Häfner , H. , Hambrecht , M. , Löffler , W. , Munk-Jørgensen , P. and Riecher-Rössler , A. 1998 . Is schizophrenia a disorder of all ages? A comparison of first episodes and early course across the life-cycle . Psychological Medicine: A Journal of Research in Psychiatry and the Allied Sciences , 28 : 351 – 365 . doi: 10.1017/s0033291797006399
   Google Scholar
• Harris , M. and Jeste , D. V. 1988 . Late-onset schizophrenia: An overview . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 14 : 39 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopko , D. R. , Averill , P. M. , Small , D. , Greenlee , H. and Varner , R. V. 2001 . Use of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale to facilitate differential diagnosis at acute inpatient admission . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 62 ( 4 ) : 304 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howanitz , E. , Pardo , M. , Smelson , D. A. , Engelhart , C. , Eisenstein , N. and Losonczy , M. F. 1999 . The efficacy and safety of clozapine versus chlorpromazine in geriatric schizophrenia . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 60 ( 1 ) : 41 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , R. , Rabins , P. V. , Seeman , M. V. , Jeste , D. V. and the International Late-Onset Schizophrenia Group . 2000 . Late-onset schizophrenia and very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis: An international consensus . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 : 172 – 178 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jablensky , A. 1999 . The conflict of the nosologists: Views on schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness in the early part of the 20th century . Schizophrenia Research , 39 ( 2 ) : 95 – 100 . doi: 10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00106-1
   Google Scholar
• Jeste , D. V. 2000 . Tardive dyskinesia in older patients . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 61 ( Suppl 4 ) : 27 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeste , D. V. , Harris , M. , Krull , A. , Kuck , J. , McAdams , L. and Heaton , R. 1995 . Clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of patients with late-onset schizophrenia . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 ( 5 ) : 722 – 730 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeste , D. , Barak , Y. , Madhusoodanan , S. , Grossman , F. and Gharabawi , G. 2003 . International multisite double-blind trial of the atypical antipsychotics risperidone and olanzapine in 175 elderly patients with chronic schizophrenia . The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 11 ( 6 ) : 638 – 647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeste , D.V. , Blazer , D. , Casey , D. , Meeks , T. , Salzman , C. , Schneider , L. , Tariot , P. and Yaffe , K. 2008 . ACNP White Paper: Update on use of antipsychotic drugs in elderly persons with dementia . Neuropsychopharmacology , 33 : 957 – 970 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeste , D. V. , Symonds , L. L. , Harris , M. , Paulsen , J. S. , Palmer , B. W. and Heaton , R. K. 1997 . Nondementia nonpraecox dementia praecox? Late-onset schizophrenia . The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 5 ( 4 ) : 302 – 317 . doi: 10.1097/00019442-199700540-00005
   Google Scholar
• Jin , H. , Folsom , D. P. , Lindamer , L. , Bailey , A. , Hawthorne , W. , Garcia , P. and Jeste , D. V. 2003 . Patterns of public mental health service use by age in patients with schizophrenia . The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 11 ( 5 ) : 525 – 533 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajgp.11.5.525
   Google Scholar
• Katz , I. 2004 . Optimizing atypical antipsychotic treatment strategies in the elderly . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 52 ( 12 Suppl) : S272 – S277 .
   Google Scholar
• Ketter , T. A. , Wang , P. W. , Becker , O. V. , Nowakowska , C. and Yang , Y. 2004 . Psychotic bipolar disorders: Dimensionally similar to or categorically different from schizophrenia? . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 38 ( 1 ) : 47 – 61 . doi: 10.1016/S0022-3956(03)00099-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köhler , S. , van Os , J. , de Graaf , R. , Vollebergh , W. , Verhey , F. and Krabbendam , L. 2007 . Psychosis risk as a function of age at onset: A comparison between early- and late-onset psychosis in a general population sample . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 42 ( 4 ) : 288 – 294 . doi: 10.1007/s00127-007-0171-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kørner , A. , Lopez , A. , Lauritzen , L. , Andersen , P. and Kessing , L. 2009 . Late and very-late first-contact schizophrenia and the risk of dementia—A nationwide register based study . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 24 ( 1 ) : 61 – 67 . doi: 10.1002/gps.2075
   Google Scholar
• Krull , A. J. , Press , G. , Dupont , R. , Harris , M. J. and Jeste , D. V. 1991 . Brain imaging in late-onset schizophrenia and related psychoses . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 6 : 651 – 658 . doi: 10.1002/gps.930060907
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuller , A. M. , Ott , B. D. , Goisman , R. M. , Wainwright , L. D. and Rabin , R. J. 2010 . Cognitive behavioral therapy and schizophrenia: A survey of clinical practices and views on efficacy in the United States and United Kingdom . Community Mental Health Journal , 46 ( 1 ) : 2 – 9 . doi: 10.1007/s10597-009-9223-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhusoodanan , S. , Brecher , M. , Brenner , R. , Kasckow , J. , Kunik , M. , Negrón , A. E. and Pomara , N. 1999 . Risperidone in the treatment of elderly patients with psychotic disorders . The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 7 ( 2 ) : 132 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhusoodanan , S. , Brenner , R. and Cohen , C. I. 2000 . Risperidone for elderly patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder . Psychiatric Annals , 30 ( 3 ) : 175 – 180 . Retrieved from EBSCO host
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masand , P. 2004 . Clinical effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics in elderly patients with psychosis . European Neuropsychopharmacology , 14 ( Suppl 4) : S461 – S469 . doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2004.08.005
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy , M. , Mueser , K. T. and Pratt , S. I. 2008 . “ Integrated psychosocial rehabilitation and health care for older people with serious mental illness ” . In Handbook of behavioral and cognitive therapies with older adults , Edited by: Gallagher-Thompson , D. , Steffen , A. M. , Thompson , L. W. , Gallagher-Thompson , D. , Steffen , A. M. and Thompson , L. W. 118 – 134 . New York : Springer Science + Business Media . doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-72007-4_8
   Google Scholar
• McKeith , I. G. , Galasko , D. D. , Kosaka , K. K. and Perry , E. K. 1996 . Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): Report of the Consortium on DLB international workshop . Neurology , 47 ( 5 ) : 1113 – 1124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McManus , D. Q. , Arvanitis , L. A. and Kowalcyk , B. B. 1999 . Quetiapine, a novel antipsychotic: Experience in elderly patients with psychotic disorders . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 60 ( 5 ) : 292 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuaid , J. R. , Granholm , E. , McClure , F. S. , Roepke , S. , Pedrelli , P. , Patterson , T. L. and Jeste , D. V. 2000 . Development of an integrated cognitive-behavioral and social skills training intervention for older patients with schizophrenia . Journal of Psychotherapy Practice & Research , 9 ( 3 ) : 149 – 156 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mosimann , U. P. , Rowan , E. N. , Partington , C. E. , Collerton , D. , Littlewood , E. , O'Brien , J. T. , … and McKeith , I. G . 2006 . Characteristics of visual hallucinations in Parkinson disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies . The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 14 ( 2 ) : 153 – 160 . doi: 10.1097/01.JGP.0000192480.89813.80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasrallah , H. 2003 . A review of the effect of atypical antipsychotics on weight . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 28 ( Suppl1 ) : 83 – 96 . doi: 10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00114-2
   Google Scholar
• Nasrallah , H. A. 2006 . Focus on lower risk of tardive dyskinesia with atypical antipsychotics . Annals of Clinical Psychiatry , 18 : 57 – 62 . doi: 10.1080/10401230500464737
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neary , D. 1999 . Overview of frontotemporal dementias and the consensus applied . Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders , 10 ( Suppl 1 ) : 6 – 9 . doi: 10.1159/000051205
   Google Scholar
• Ojeda , N. N. , Sánchez , P. P. , Elizagárate , E. E. , Yöller , A. B. , Ezcurra , J. J. , Ramírez , I. I. and Ballesteros , J. J. 2007 . Course of cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia: A review of the literature . Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría , 35 ( 4 ) : 263 – 270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer , B. W. , Bondi , M. W. , Twamley , E. W. , Thal , L. , Golshan , S. and Jeste , D. V. 2003 . Are late-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders neurodegenerative conditions? Annual rates of change on two dementia measures . The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 15 : 45 – 52 . doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.15.1.45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer , B. W. , Dawes , S. E. and Heaton , R. K. 2009 . What do we know about neuropsychological aspects of schizophrenia? . Neuropsychology Review , 19 ( 3 ) : 365 – 384 . doi: 10.1007/s11065-009-9109-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer , B. W. , Heaton , S. C. and Jeste , D. V. 1999 . Older patients with schizophrenia: Challenges in the coming decades . Psychiatric Services , 50 ( 9 ) : 1178 – 1183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer , B. W. , McClure , F. S. and Jeste , D. V. 2001 . Schizophrenia in late life: Findings challenge traditional concepts . Harvard Review of Psychiatry , 9 : 51 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson , T. L. , Mausbach , B. T. , McKibbin , C. , Goldman , S. , Bucardo , J. and Jeste , D. V. 2006 . Functional adaptation skills training (FAST): A randomized trial of a psychosocial intervention for middle-aged and older patients with chronic psychotic disorders . Schizophrenia Research , 86 ( 1-3 ) : 291 – 299 . doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.05.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prager , S. and Jeste , D. V. 1993 . Sensory impairment in late-life schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 19 : 755 – 772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabins , P. V. and Lavrisba , M. 2003 . Long-term follow-up and phenomenologic differences distinguish among late-onset schizophrenia, late-life depression, and progressive dementia . The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 11 : 589 – 594 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajgp.11.6.589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabins , P. V. , Aylward , E. , Holroyd , S. and Pearlson , G. 2000 . MRI findings differentiate between late-onset schizophrenia and late-life mood disorder . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 15 : 954 – 960 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajji , T. K. , Ismail , Z. and Mulsant , B. H. 2009 . Age at onset and cognition in schizophrenia: Meta-analysis . British Journal of Psychiatry , 195 : 286 – 293 . doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.060723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves , R. R. and Brister , J. C. 2008 . Psychosis in late life: Emerging issues . Journal of Psychosocial Nursing And Mental Health Services , 46 ( 11 ) : 45 – 52 . doi: 10.3928/02793695-20081101-09
   Google Scholar
• Riecher-Rössler , A. , Löffler , W. and Munk-Jørgensen , P. 1997 . What do we really know about late-onset schizophrenia? . European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience , 247 ( 4 ) : 195 – 208 . doi: 10.1007/BF02900216
   Google Scholar
• Rivkin , P. , Kraut , M. , Barta , P. , Anthony , J. , Arria , A. M. and Pearlson , G. 2000 . White matter hyperintensity volume in late-onset and early-onset schizophrenia . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 15 : 1085 – 1089 . doi: 10.1002/1099-1166
   Google Scholar
• Sachdev , P. S. and Brodaty , H. 1999a . Mid-sagittal anatomy in late-onset schizophrenia . Psychological Medicine: A Journal of Research in Psychiatry and the Allied Sciences , 29 : 963 – 970 . doi: 10.1017/s0033291799008685
   Google Scholar
• Sachdev , P. and Brodaty , H. 1999b . Quantitative study of signal hyperintensities on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in late-onset schizophrenia . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 1958 – 1967 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachdev , P. , Brodaty , H. , Cheang , D. and Cathcart , S. 2000 . Hippocampus and amygdala volumes in elderly schizophrenic patients as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging . Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 54 : 105 – 112 . doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00644.x
   Google Scholar
• Sachdev , P. , Brodaty , H. , Rose , N. and Cathcart , S. 1999 . Schizophrenia with onset after age 50 years: 2: Neurological, neuropsychological and MRI investigation . British Journal of Psychiatry , 175 : 416 – 421 . doi: 10.1192/bjp.175.5.416
   Google Scholar
• Sachdev , P. , Brodaty , H. , Rose , N. and Haindle , W. 1997 . Regional cerebral blood flow in late-onset schizophrenia: A SPECT study using 99mTc-HMPAO . Schizophrenia Research , 27 ( 2–3 ) : 105 – 117 . doi: 10.1016/s0920-9964(97) 00088-1
   Google Scholar
• Sajatovic , M. 2000 . Clozapine for elderly patients . Psychiatric Annals , 30 : 170 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sajatovic , M. , Perez , D. , Brescan , D. and Ramirez , L. F. 1998 . Olanzapine therapy in elderly patients with schizophrenia . Psychopharmacology Bulletin , 34 ( 4 ) : 819 – 823 . Retrieved from EBSCO host
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salzman , C. and Tune , L. 2001 . Neuroleptic treatment of late-life schizophrenia . Harvard Review of Psychiatry , 9 ( 2 ) : 77 – 83 . doi: 10.1080/10673220127880
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato , T. , Bottlender , R. , Schröter , A. and Möller , H.-J. 2004 . Psychopathology of early-onset versus late-onset schizophrenia revisited: An observation of 473 neuroleptic-naive patients before and after first-admission treatments . Schizophrenia Research , 67 ( 2–3 ) : 175 – 183 . doi: 10.1016/s0920-9964(03) 00015-x
   Google Scholar
• Schürhoff , F. , Golmard , J.-L. , Szök , A. , Bellivier , F. , Berthier , A. , Méary , A. , … and Leboyer , M. 2004 . Admixture analysis of age at onset in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 71 ( 1 ) : 35 – 41 . doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2004.02.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciolla , A. and Jeste , D. V. 1998 . Use of antipsychotics in the elderly . International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice , 2 ( Suppl 1) : S27 – S34 . doi: 10.3109/13651509809115110
   Google Scholar
• Sernyak , M. J. , Leslie , D. L. , Alarcon , R. D. , Losonczy , M. F. and Rosenheck , R. 2002 . Association of diabetes mellitus with use of atypical neuroleptics in the treatment of schizophrenia . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 159 : 561 – 566 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirzadi , A. and Ghaemi , S. 2006 . Side effects of atypical antipsychotics: Extrapyramidal symptoms and the metabolic syndrome . Harvard Review Of Psychiatry , 14 ( 3 ) : 152 – 164 . Retrieved from EBSCO host
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spauwen , J. , Krabbendam , L. , Lieb , R. , Wittchen , H. and van Os , J. 2003 . Sex differences in psychosis: Normal or pathological? . Schizophrenia Research , 62 ( 1–2 ) : 45 – 49 . doi: 10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00063-X
   Google Scholar
• Srinivasan , T. N. , Thara , R. , Padmavathi , R. and McCreadie , R. G. 2001 . Relationship of extrapyramidal symptoms to age at onset and drug treatment in middle-aged and elderly schizophrenic patients . Schizophrenia Research , 47 : 69 – 75 . doi: 10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00008-6
   Google Scholar
• Stamouli , S. S. 2010 . Depression in schizophrenia: Diagnosis, epidemiology, predisposing factors . Psychiatriki , 21 ( 1 ) : 68 – 75 . Retrieved from EBSCO host
   Google Scholar
• Tarrier , N. and Wykes , T. 2004 . Is there evidence that cognitive behaviour therapy is an effective treatment for schizophrenia? A cautious or cautionary tale? . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 42 : 1377 – 1401 . doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting , C. , Rajji , T. K. , Ismail , Z. , Tang-Wai , D. F. , Apanasiewicz , N. , Miranda , D. , … and Mulsant , B. H. 2010 . Differentiating the cognitive profile of schizophrenia from that of Alzheimer disease and depression in late life . PLoS ONE , 5 ( 4 ) doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010151
   Google Scholar
• Twamley , E. W. , Narvaez , J. M. , Becker , D. R. , Bartels , S. J. and Jeste , D. V. 2008 . Supported employment for middle-aged and older people with schizophrenia . American Journal Of Psychiatric Rehabilitation , 11 ( 1 ) : 76 – 89 . doi: 10.1080/15487760701853326
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uchida , H. , Suzuki , T. , Mamo , D. C. , Mulsant , B. H. , Tanabe , A. , Inagaki , A. , … and Tomita , M. 2008 . Effects of age and age of onset on prescribed antipsychotic dose in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A survey of 1,418 patients in Japan . The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 16 ( 7 ) : 584 – 593 . doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e318172b42d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahia , I. V. , Palmer , B. W. , Depp , C. C. , Fellows , I. I. , Golshan , S. S. , Kraemer , H. C. and Jeste , D. V. 2010 . Is late-onset schizophrenia a subtype of schizophrenia? . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 122 ( 5 ) : 414 – 426 . doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01552.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Werf , M. , Van Boxtel , M. , Verhey , F. , Jolles , J. , Thewissen , V. and van Os , J. 2007 . Mild hearing impairment and psychotic experiences in a normal aging population . Schizophrenia Research , 94 ( 1–3 ) : 180 – 186 . doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.04.006
   Google Scholar
• Wong , I. K. , Tavernor , S. J. and Tavernor , R. E. 1997 . Psychiatric adverse effects of anticonvulsant drugs: Incidence and therapeutic implications . CNS Drugs , 8 ( 6 ) : 492 – 509 . doi: 10.2165/00023210-199708060-00006
   Google Scholar
• Woodside , H. and Krupa , T. 2010 . Work and financial stability in late-onset first-episode psychosis . Early Intervention in Psychiatry , 4 ( 4 ) : 314 – 318 . doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2010.00189.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 1992 . The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines , Geneva : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Wynn Owen , P. A. and Castle , D. J. 1999 . Late-onset schizophrenia: Epidemiology, diagnosis, management and outcomes . Drugs & Aging , 15 : 81 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yassa , R. and Suranyi-Cadotte , B. 1993 . Clinical characteristics of late-onset schizophrenia and delusional disorder . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 19 ( 4 ) : 701 – 707 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakzanis , K. K. , Andrikopoulos , J. , Young , D. A. , Campbell , Z. and Sethian , T. 2003 . Neuropsychological differentiation of late-onset schizophrenia and dementia of the Alzheimer's type . Applied Neuropsychology , 10 : 105 – 114 . doi: 10.1207/s15324826an1002_06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakzanis , K. K. , Kielar , A. , Young , D. A. and Boulos , M. 2001 . Neuropsychological differentiation of late onset schizophrenia and frontotemporal dementia . Cognitive Neuropsychiatry , 6 : 63 – 77 . doi: 10.1080/13546800042000052
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler , D. A. , Piguet , O. , Salat , D. H. , Prince , K. , Connally , E. and Corkin , S. 2010 . Cognition in healthy aging is related to regional white matter integrity, but not cortical thickness . Neurobiology of Aging , 31 ( 11 ) : 1912 – 1926 . doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.10.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar