382
Views
217
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Significance of phenolic compounds in plant‐soil‐microbial systems

, , , &
Pages 63-121 | Published online: 02 Dec 2008

References

  • Stumpf , P. K. and Conn , E. E. 1981 . The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. 7, Secondary Plant Products , New York : Academic Press .
  • Bell , E. A. and Charlwood , B. V. 1980 . Secondary Plant Products , Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Geissman , T. A. and Crout , D. H. G. 1969 . Organic Chemistry of Secondary Plant Metabolism , 592 Cooper, San Francisco : Freeman .
  • Waterman , P. G. and Mole , S. 1989 . “ Extrinsic factors influencing production of metabolites in plants ” . In Insect‐Plant Interactions , Edited by: Bemays , E. A. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . chap. 4
  • von Wettstein , D. and Chua , N. H. 1987 . Plant Molecular Biology , New York : Plenum Press .
  • Swain , T. , Harborne , J. B. and Van Sumere , C. F. 1979 . Biochemistry of Plant Phenolics , New York : Plenum Press .
  • Harborne , J. B. 1980 . “ Plant phenolics ” . In Secondary Plant Products , Edited by: Bell , E. A. and Charlwood , B. V. Berlin : Springer‐Verlag . chap. 6
  • Vidhyasekaran , P. 1988 . Physiology of Disease Resistance in Plants , Vol. 1 , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
  • Waller , G. R. 1987 . Allelochemicals Role in Agriculture and Forestry , ACS Symp. 330 Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society .
  • Rice , E. L. 1984 . Allelopathy , Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
  • Putnam , A. R. and Tang , C. S. 1986 . The Science of Allelopathy , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Lynn , D. G. and Chang , M. 1990 . Phenolic signals in cohabitation: implications for plant development . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. , 41 : 497
  • Cody , V. , Middleton , E. Jr. , Harborne , J. B. and Beretz , A. 1987 . Plant Flavanoids in Biology and Medicine, Vol. 2, Biochemical, Cellular, and Medicinal Properties , New York : Alan R. Liss .
  • Adams , N. R. 1989 . “ Phytoestrogens ” . In Toxicants of Plant Origin, Vol. 4, Phenolics , Edited by: Cheeke , P. R. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . chap. 2
  • Beier , R. C. 1990 . Natural pesticides and bioactive compounds in foods . Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 113 : 47
  • Haider , K. , Martin , J. P. and Filip , Z. 1975 . “ Humus biochemistry ” . In Soil Biochemistry , Edited by: Paul , E. A. Vol. 4 , New York : Marcel Dekker . chap. 6
  • Martin and Focht . 1977 . “ Biological properties of soils ” . In Soils far Management of Organic Wastes and Waste Water , Edited by: Elliott , L. F. and Stevenson , F. J. Madison, WI : American Society of Agronomy . chap. 20
  • Peters , N. K. and Verma , D. P. S. 1990 . Phenolic compounds as regulators of gene expression in plantmicrobe interactions . Mol. Plant‐Microbe Int. , 3 : 4
  • Gross , G. G. 1981 . “ Phenolic acids ” . In The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. 7, Secondary Plant Products , Edited by: Conn , E. 301 New York : Academic Press .
  • Hahlbrock , K. and Scheel . 1989 . Physiology and molecular biology of phenylpropanoid metabolism . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. , 40 : 347
  • Gershenzon , J. 1984 . Changes in the level of plant secondary metabolites under water and nutrient stress . Recent Adv. Phytochem. , 18 : 273
  • Cramer , C. L. and Radin , D. N. 1990 . “ Molecular biology of plants ” . In Biotechnology of Plant‐Microbe Interactions , Edited by: Nakas , J. P. and Hagedom , C. New York : McGraw‐Hill . chap. 1
  • Markham , K. R. 1982 . Techniques of Flavonoid Identification , New York : Academic Press .
  • Barz , W. and Koster , J. 1981 . “ Turnover and degradation of secondary natural products ” . In The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. 7, Secondary Plant Products , New York : Academic Press . chap. 3
  • Margna , U. 1977 . Control at the level of substrate supply: an alternative in the regulation of phenylpropanoid accumulation in plant cells . Phytochemistry , 16 : 419
  • Hartley , R. D. and Harris , P. J. 1981 . Phenolic constituents of the cell walls of dicotyledons . Biochem. Systematics Ecol. , 9 : 189
  • Smith , M. M. and Hartley , R. D. 1983 . Occurrence and nature of ferulic acid substitution of cell‐wall polysaccharides in graminaceous plants . Carbohydr. Res. , 118 : 65
  • Ford , C. W. and Hartley , R. D. 1990 . Cyclodimers of p‐coumaric and ferulic acids in the cell walls of tropical grasses . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 50 : 29
  • Reimer , J. and Whittaker , J. B. 1989 . “ Air pollution and insect herbivores: observed interactions and possible mechanisms ” . In Insect‐Plant Interactions , Edited by: Bemays , E. A. Vol. 1 , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . chap. 3
  • Osman , S. F. and Fett , E. F. 1983 . Isoflavone glucoside stress metabolites of soybean leaves . Phytochemistry , 22 : 1921
  • Tang , C. S. and Young , C. C. 1982 . Collection and identification of allelopathic compounds from the undisturbed root system of Bigalta Limpograss (Hermarthria altissima) . Plant Physiol. , 69 : 155
  • Kovacs , M. F. Jr. 1971 . Identification of aliphatic and aromatic acids in root and seed exudates of peas, cotton, and barley . Plant Soil , 34 : 441
  • D'Arcy , A. L. 1982 . Etude des exsudats recinaires de soja et de lentille . Plant Soil , 68 : 399
  • Rao , A. S. 1990 . Root flavonoids . Bot. Rev. , 56 : 1
  • Koster , J. , Strack , D. and Barz , W. 1983 . High performance liquid Chromatographie separation of isoflavone and structural elucidation of isoflavone‐7‐O‐glucoside 6"‐nalonates from Cicer arietinum . Planta Med. , 48 : 131
  • Hartley , R. D. and Whitehead , D. C. 1985 . “ Phenolic acids in soils and their influence on plant growth and soil microbial processes ” . In Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity , Edited by: Vaughan , D. and Malcolm , R. E. Dordrecht : Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers . chap. 3
  • Wang , T. S. C. , Yang , T. K. and Chuang , T. T. 1967 . Soil phenolics acids as plant growth inhibitors . Soil Sci. , 103 : 239
  • Whitehead , D. C. , Buchan , H. and Hartley , R. D. 1979 . Composition and decomposition of roots of ryegrass and red clover . Soil Biochem. , 11 : 619
  • Whitehead , D. C. , Dibb , H. and Hartley , R. D. 1983 . Bound phenolic compounds in water extracts of soils plant roots and leaf litter . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 15 : 133
  • Carballeira , A. and Cuervo , A. 1980 . Seasonal variation in allelopathic potential of soils from Erica australis L. heathland . Acta Oecol. , 1 : 345
  • Whitehead , D. C. , Dibb , H. and Hartley , R. D. 1982 . Phenolic compounds in soil as influenced by the growth of different plant species . J. Appl. Ecol. , 19 : 579
  • Granato , T. C. , Banwart , W. L. , Porter , P. M. and Hassett , J. J. 1983 . Effect of variety and stage of growth on potential allelochemic compounds in soybean roots . J. Chem. Ecol. , 9 : 1281
  • Newby , V. K. , Sablon , R. M. , Synge , R. L. M. , Van de Casteel , K. and Van Sumere , C. F. 1980 . Free and bound phenolic acids of lucerne (Medicago sativa cv. Europe) . Phytochemistry , 19 : 651
  • Whitehead , D. C. , Dibb , H. and Hartley , R. D. 1978 . Extradant pH and the release of phenolic compounds from soils, plant roots and leaf litter . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 13 : 343
  • Salomonsson , A. C. , Theander , O. and Aman , P. 1978 . Quantitative determination by GLC of phenolic acids as ethyl derivatives in cereal straws . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 26 : 830
  • Rossiter , R. C. and Beck , A. B. 1967 . Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavonoids in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum). V. Ontogenic changes . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 18 : 561
  • Wender , S. H. 1970 . Effects of some environmental stress factors on certain phenolic compounds in tobacco . Recent Adv. Phytochem. , 3 : 2
  • Balsberg and Pahlsson , A.‐M. 1989 . Mineral nutrients, carbohydrates and phenolic compounds in leaves of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in southern Sweden as related to environmental factors . Tree Physiol. , 5 : 485
  • DiCosmo , F. and Towers , G. H. N. 1984 . Stress and secondary metabolism in cultured plant cells . Recent Adv. Phytochem. , 18 : 97
  • Patrick , Z. A. 1971 . Phytotoxic substances associated with the decomposition in soil of plant residue . Soil Sci. , 111 : 13
  • Dao , T. H. 1987 . “ Sorption and mineralization of plant phenolic acids in soil ” . In Allelochemicals: Role in Agriculture and Forestry , ACS Symp. Ser. Edited by: Waller , G. R. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society . chap. 33
  • Elliott , L. F. and Cheng , H. H. 1987 . “ Assessment of allelopathy among microbes and plants ” . In Allelopathy: Role in Agriculture and Forestry , ACS Symp. Ser. Edited by: Waller , G. R. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society . chap. 45
  • Wang , T. S. C. , Li , S. W. and Ferng , Y. L. 1978 . Catalytic polymerization of phenolic compounds by clay minerals . Soil Sci. , 126 : 15
  • Huang , P. M. , Wang , T. S. C. , Wang , M. K. , Wu , M. H. and Hsu , N. W. 1977 . Retention of phenolic acids by noncrystalline hydroxy‐aluminum and ‐iron compounds and clay minerals of soils . Soil Sci. , 123 : 213
  • Dalton , B. R. , Blum , U. and Weed , S. B. 1989 . Differential sorption of exogenously applied ferulic, p‐coumaric, p‐hydroxybenzoic., and vanillic acids in soil . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 53 : 757
  • Garraway , J. J. and Ramirez , A. M. E. 1982 . Phenolic acids in pig slurry subjected to various treatment processes . J. Sci. Food Agr. , 33 : 697
  • Kosinkiewicz , B. 1984 . “ Occurrence of phenolic acids in soil fertilized with liquid manure ” . In Soil Biology and Conservation of the Biosphere , Edited by: Szegi , J. 145 Budapest : Akademiai Kiado .
  • Dagley , S. 1967 . “ The microbial metabolism of phenolics ” . In Soil Biochemistry , Edited by: McLaren , A. D. and Peterson , G. H. Vol. 1 , 287 New York : Marcel Dekker .
  • Flaig , W. 1971 . Organic compounds in soil . Soil Sci. , 111 : 19
  • Oleszek , W. and Jurzysta , M. 1987 . The allelopathic potential of alfalfa root medicagenic acid glycosides and their fate in soil environments . Plant Soil , 98 : 67
  • Lodhi , M. A. K. 1975 . Soil‐plant phytotoxicity and its possible significance in patterning of herbaceous vegetation in a bottomland forest . Am. J. Bot. , 62 : 618
  • Chou , C. H. and Lin , H. J. 1976 . Auto‐intoxication mechanism of Oryza sativa. I. Phytotoxic effects of decomposing rice residues in soil . J. Chem. Ecol. , 2 : 353
  • Hartley , R. D. , Jones , E. C. and Wood , T. M. 1976 . Carbohydrates and carbohydrates esters of ferulic acid released from cell walls of Lolium multiflorum by treatment with cellulolytic enzymes . Phytochemistry , 15 : 305
  • Healy , J. B. Jr. , Young , L. Y. and Reinhard , M. Methanogenic decomposition of ferulic acid, a model lignin derivative . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 39 436
  • Chesson , A. , Stewert , C. S. and Wallace , R. J. 1982 . Influence of plant phenolic acids on growth and cellulolytic activity of rumen bacteria . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 44 : 597
  • Hartley , R. D. 1973 . Carbohydrate esters of ferulic acid as components of cell walls of Lolium multiflorum . Phytochemistry , 12 : 661
  • Dalton , B. R. 1989 . Physiochemical and biological processes affecting the recovery of exogenously applied ferulic acid from tropical forest soils . Plant Soil , 115 : 13
  • Haider , K. and Martin , J. P. 1967 . Decomposition of specifically carbon‐14 labelled benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives in soil . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. , 31 : 776
  • Martin , J. P. , Haider , K. and Wolf , D. 1972 . Synthesis of phenols and phenolic polymers by Hendersonula toruloidea in relation to humic acid formation . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. , 36 : 311
  • Martin , J. P. and Haider , K. 1976 . Decomposition of specifically carbon‐14‐labelled ferulic acid: free and linked into model humic acid‐type polymers . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 40 : 377
  • Turner , J. A. and Rice , E. L. 1975 . Microbial decomposition of ferulic acid in soil . J. Chem. Ecol. , 1 : 41
  • Guenzi , W. D. and McCalla , T. M. 1966 . Phytotoxic substances, extracted from soil . Soil Sci. Am. Proc. , 30 : 214
  • Tamura , S. , Chang , C. F. , Suzuki , A. and Kumai , S. 1969 . Chemical studies on “clover sickness” . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 33 : 391
  • Katase , T. 1981 . The different forms in which p‐coumaric acid exists in a peat soil . Soil Sci. , 131 : 271
  • Katase , T. 1981 . Distribution of different forms of p‐hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, p‐coumaric and ferulic acids’ in forest soil . Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. , 27 : 365
  • Shindo , H. , Marumoto , T. and Higashi , T. 1979 . Behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of plants. X. Distribution of phenolic acids in soils of greenhouses and fields . Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. , 25 : 591
  • Hartley , R. D. and Buchan , H. 1979 . High‐performance liquid chromatography of phenolic acids and aldehydes derived from plants or from the decomposition of organic matter in soil . J. Chromatogr. , 180 : 139
  • Hunts , H. W. , Coleman , D. C. , Ingham , E. R. , Elliot , E. T. , Moore , J. C. , Rose , S. K. , Reid , C. P. P. and Morley , C. R. 1987 . The dentrital food web in shortgrass prairie . Biol. Fertil. Soils , 3 : 57
  • Woodmansee , R. G. , Dodd , J. L. , Bowman , R. A. , Clarke , F. E. and Dickinson , C. E. 1978 . Nitrogen budget of a shortgrass prairie ecosystem . Oecologia , 34 : 363
  • Guenzi , W. D. and McCalla , T. M. 1966 . Phenolic acids in oats, wheat, sorghum and com residues and their phytotoxicity . Agron. J. , 58 : 303
  • Haider , K. and Martin , J. P. 1975 . Synthesis and transformations of phenolic compounds by Epicoccum nigrum in relation to humic acid formation . Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. , 31 : 657
  • Kassim , G. , Stott , D. E. , Martin , J. P. and Haider , K. 1982 . Stabilization and incorporation into biomass of phenolic and benzenoid carbons during biodegration in soil . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 46 : 305
  • Shindo , H. and Kuwatsuka , S. 1975 . Behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of plants. III. Degradation pathway of phenolic acids . Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. , 21 : 227
  • Crowden , R. K. 1967 . Biosynthesis of the polyphenic acid metabolites of Polyporous tumulosus Cooke. . Can. J. Microbiol. , 13 : 181
  • Power , D. M. , Towers , G. H. N. and Neish , A. C. 1965 . Biosynthesis of phenolic acids by certain wood‐destroying basidiomycetes . Can. J. Biochem. , 43 : 1397
  • Boyer , R. F. , Clark , H. and Sanchez , S. 1989 . Solubilization of ferrihydrite iron by plant phenolics: a model for rhizosphere processes . J. Plant Nutr. , 12 : 581
  • Romheld , V. and Marschner , H. 1983 . Mechanism of iron uptake by peanut plants. I. Fe3 reduction, chelate splitting, and release of phenolics . Plant Physiol. , 71 : 949
  • Shindo , H. and Kuwatsuka , S. 1977 . Behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of plants. V. Elution of heavy metals with phenolic acids from soil . Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. , 23 : 185
  • Dalton , B. R. , Weed , S. B. and Blum , U. 1987 . Plant phenolic acids in soils: a comparison of extraction procedures . Soil Sci. Soc. Am J. , 51 : 1515
  • Morita , H. 1981 . Changes in phenolic composition of a peat soil due to cultivation . Soil Sci. , 1311 : 30
  • Blum , U. , Weed , S. B. and Dalton , B. R. 1987 . Influence of various soil factors on the effects of ferulic acid on leaf expansion on cucumber seedlings . Plant Soil , 98 : 111
  • Dalton , B. R. , Blum , U. and Weed , S. B. 1983 . Allelopathic substances in ecosystems: effectiveness of sterile soil components in altering recovery of ferulic acid . J. Chem. Ecol. , 9 : 1185
  • Shindo , H. and Kuwatsuka , S. 1976 . Behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of plants. IV. Adsorption and movement of phenolic acids in soils . Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. , 22 : 23
  • Chou , C. H. and Young , C. C. 1975 . Phytotoxic substances in twelve subtropical grasses . J. Chem. Ecol. , 1 : 183
  • Read , J. J. and Jensen , E. H. 1989 . Phytotoxicity of water‐soluble substances from alfalfa and barely soil extracts on four crop species . J. Chem. Ecol. , 15 : 619
  • Chang , C.‐F. , Suzuki , A. , Kumai , S. and Tamura , S. 1969 . Chemical studies on “clover sickness”. II. Biological functions of isoflavonoids and their related compounds . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 33 : 398
  • Kaminsky , R. and Muller , W. H. 1977 . The extraction of soil phytotoxins using a neutral EDTA solution . Soil Sci. , 124 : 205
  • Walker , D. W. , Hubbell , T. J. and Sedberry , J. E. 1989 . Influence of decaying sweet potato crop residues on nutrient uptake of sweet potato plants . Agric. Ecosyst., Environ. , 26 : 45
  • Sparling , G. P. , Ord , B. G. and Vaughan , D. 1981 . Changes in microbial biomass and activity in soils amended with phenolic acids . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 13 : 455
  • Sparling , G. P. and Vaughan , D. 1981 . Soil phenolic acids and microbes in relation to plant growth . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 32 : 625
  • Vancura , V. and Kunc , F. 1988 . Soil Microbial Associations: Control of Structure and Functions , Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Vaughan , D. , Sparling , G. P. and Ord , B. G. 1983 . Amelioration of the phytotoxiciry of phenolic acids by some soil microbes . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 15 : 613
  • Wat , C. K. and Towers , G. H. N. 1979 . “ Metabolism of the aromatic acids by fungi ” . In Biochemistry of Plant Phenolics , Edited by: Swain , T. , Harbome , J. B. and Van Sumere , C. F. 371 New York : Plenum Press .
  • Blum , U. and Shafer , S. R. 1988 . Microbial populations and phenolic acids in soil . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 20 : 793
  • Rahouti , M. , Seigle‐Murandi , F. , Steiman , R. and Eriksson , K. E. 1989 . Metabolism of ferulic acid by Paecilomyces variotii and Pestalotia palmarum . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 55 : 2391
  • Willeke , U. and Bare , W. 1982 . Catabolism of 5‐hydroxyisoflavones by fungi of the genus Fusarium . Arch. Microbiol. , 132 : 266
  • Schlieper , D. and Bare , W. 1987 . NADPH: biochanin A oxidoreductase from the fungus Fusarium javanicum . Phytochemistry , 26 : 2495
  • Barz , W. 1970 . Isolation of rhizosphere bacterium capable of degrading flavonoids . Phytochemistry , 9 : 1745
  • Barnes , J. P. and Putnam , A. R. 1983 . Rye residues contribute weed suppression in no‐tillage cropping systems . J. Chem. Ecol. , 9 : 1045
  • Barnes , J. P. and Putnam , A. R. 1986 . Evidence for allelopathy by residues and aqueous extracts of rye (Secale cereale L.) . Weed Sci. , 34 : 384
  • Barnes , J. P. and Putnam , A. R. 1987 . Role of benzoxazinones in allelopathy by rye (Secale cereale L.) . J. Chem. Ecol. , 13 : 889
  • Barnes , J. P. , Putnam , A. R. , Burke , B. A. and Aasen , A. J. 1987 . Isolation and characterization of allelochemicals in rye herbage . Phytochemistry , 26 : 1385
  • Chou , C. H. and Patrick , Z. A. 1976 . Identification and phytotoxic activity of compounds produced during decomposition of rye and corn residues in soil . J. Chem. Ecol. , 2 : 369
  • Nair , M. G. , Whitenack , C. J. and Putnam , A. R. 1990 . 2,2'Oxo‐1,1'azobenzene: a microbially transformed allelochemical from 2,3‐benzoxazolinone. I . J. Chem. Ecol. , 16 : 353
  • Chase , W. , Nair , M. G. , Putnam , A. R. and Mishra , S. Microbial transformation of rye (Secale cereale L.) allelochemical in field soils by Acinetobacter calcoacetius . J. Chem. Ecol. , submitted
  • Beauchamp , E. G. , Trevors , J. T. and Paul , J. W. 1989 . Carbon sources for bacterial denitrification . Adv. Soil Sci. , 10 : 113
  • Boyle , M. 1989 . The environmental microbiology of chlorinated aromatic decomposition . J. Environ. Qual. , 18 : 1395
  • Wallnofer , P. R. and Engelhardt , G. 1989 . “ Microbial degradation of pesticides ” . In Chemistry of Plant Protection , Edited by: Haug , G. and Hoffman , H. Vol. 2 , 1 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Allegrio , L. V. , Braz‐Filho , R. and Gottlieb , O. R. 1989 . Diarrylheptanoids and isoflavonoids from Centrolobium species . Phytochemistry , 28 : 2359
  • Nairn , M. , Cestetner , B. , Zilkah , S. , Birk , Y. and Bondi , A. 1974 . Soybean isoflavones: characterization, determination and anti‐fungal activity . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 22 : 806
  • Manikumar , G. , Gaetano , K. , Want , M. C. , Taylor , H. , Hughes , T. J. , Warner , J. , McGivney , R. and Wall , M. E. 1989 . Plant antimutagenic agents. V. Isolation and structure of two new isoflavones, fremontin and fremontone from Psorothamnus fremontii . J. Nat. Prod. , 52 : 769
  • Barz , W. , Adamek , C. H. and Berlin , J. 1969 . The degradation of formononetin and daidzein in Cicer arietinum and Phaseolus aureus L. . Naturforschung , 24 : 1735
  • Nair , M. G. , Epp , M. D. and Burke , B. A. 1988 . Ferulate esters of higher fatty alcohols and allelopathy in Kalanchoe daigremontiana . J. Chem. Ecol. , 14 : 589
  • Stahl , E. 1969 . Thin‐Layer Chromatography. A Laboratory Handbook , 2nd ed. , New York : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Julkunen‐Titto , R. 1985 . Phenolic constitutents in the leaves of Northern Willows: methods for the analysis of certain phenolics . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 33 : 213
  • Mole , S. and Waterman , P. G. 1987 . A critical analysis of techniques for measuring tannins in ecological studies . Oecologia (Berlin) , 72 : 137
  • Maxson , E. D. and Rooney , L. W. 1972 . Evaluation of methods for tannins analysis in sorghum grains . Cereal Chem. , 49 : 719
  • Hagerman , A. E. and Butler , L. G. 1978 . Protein precipitation method for the quantitative determination of tannins . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 26 : 809
  • Burke , B. and Nair , M. 1986 . Phenylpropene, benzoic acid and flavonoid derivatives from fruits of Jamaican Piper species . Phytochemistry , 25 : 1427
  • Nair , M. G. , Sommerville , J. and Burke , B. A. 1989 . Phenyl propenoids from roots of Piper auritium . Phytochemistry , 28 : 654
  • Nair , M. G. and Burke , B. A. 1988 . A new fatty acid methylester and other biologically active compounds from Aspergillus niger . Phytochemistry , 27 : 3169
  • Guggolz , J. , Livingston , A. and Bickoff , E. M. 1961 . Detection of daidzein, formononetin, genistein and biochanin A in forages . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 9 : 330
  • Porter , P. M. , Ban wart , W. L. and Hassett , J. J. 1985 . HPLC isolation and GC‐MS identification of genistein, daidzein and coumesterol from unhydrolysed soybean root extracts . Environ. Exp. Bot. , 25 : 229
  • Scaringetti , F. P. , Schultz , T. P. and Goldstein , I. S. 1980 . Gas Chromatographic analysis of phenolic compounds from lignin . Anal. Lett. , 13 : 261
  • Zlatkis , A. , Beatsh , W. , Lichtenstein , H. A. , Fisbee , A. , Shunbo , F. , Liebich , H. M. , Coscia , A. M. and Fleischer , N. 1973 . Profile of metabolites in urine by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 45 : 763
  • Hartung , A. C. , Nair , M. G. and Putnam , A. R. 1990 . Isolation and characterization of phytotoxic compounds from Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) roots . J. Chem. Ecol. , 16 : 1707
  • Weston , L. A. , Burke , B. A. and Putnam , A. R. 1987 . Isolation, characterization, and activity of phytotoxic compounds from quackgrass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) . J. Chem. Ecol. , 13 : 403
  • Dyer , J. 1965 . Application of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds , Edited by: Rinehart , K. L. Jr. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall . chap. 3
  • Cooper , J. W. 1980 . Spectroscopic Techniques for Organic Chemists , New York : John Wiley & Sons . chap. 2
  • Rinehart , K. L. 1965 . Application of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
  • Voirin , B. 1983 . UV spectral differentiation of 5‐hydroxyand 5‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyflavones with mono‐(4), di(3’,4') or tri‐(3’,4’,5')‐substituted B rings . Phytochemistry , 22 : 2107
  • Mabry , T. J. , Markham , K. R. and Thomas , M. B. 1970 . The Systematic Identification of Flavonoids , 227 New York : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Tahara , S. , Orihara , S. , Ingham , J. L. and Mizutani , J. 1989 . Seventeen isoflavonoids from Lupinus albus roots . Phytochemistry , 28 : 901
  • Lasswell , W. L. Jr. and Hufford , C. D. 1977 . Cytotoxic C‐benzylated flavonoids from Uvaria chamae . J. Org. Chem. , 42 : 1295
  • Pelter , A. , Wardand , R. S. and Gray , T. I. 1976 . The carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of flavonoids and related compounds . Perkin Trans. , 1 : 2475
  • El‐Sohly , H. A. , Lasswell , W. L. Jr. and Hufford , C. D. 1979 . Two new C‐benzylated flavonones from Uvaria chamae 13C NMR analysis of flavonone methyl ethers . J. Nat. Prod. , 42 : 264
  • Kingsbury , C. A. and Looker , J. H. 1975 . Carbon‐13 spectra of methoxyflavones. . J. Org. Chem. , 40 : 1120
  • Mabry , T. J. and Ulubelen , A. 1980 . Biochemical Applications of Mass Spectrometry , Edited by: Waller , G. R. and Dermer , O. 1131 New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Madhusudhanan , K. P. , Sachdev , K. , Harrison , D. A. and Kulshreshtha , D. K. 1985 . Negative ion mass spectra of flavonoids . J. Nat. Prod. , 48 : 319
  • Einhellig , F. A. 1986 . “ Mechanisms and modes of action of allelochemicals ” . In The Science of Allelopathy , Edited by: Putnam , A. R. and Tang , C.‐S. New York : John Wiley & Sons . chap. 10
  • Leather , G. R. and Einhellig , F. A. 1986 . “ Bioassays in the study of allelopathy ” . In The Science of Allelopathy , Edited by: Putnam , A. R. and Tang , C.‐S. New York : John Wiley & Sons . chap. 8
  • Jacobs , M. and Rubery , P. H. 1988 . Naturally occurring auxin transport regulators . Science , 241 : 346
  • Smith , C. E. , Orr , J. D. and Lynn , D. G. 1989 . “ Chemical communication and the control of development ” . In Natural Product Isolation: Separation Methods for Anti‐Microbials, Antivirals, and Enzyme Inhibitors , Edited by: Wagman , G. H. and Cooper , R. 561 Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Putnam , A. R. 1988 . Allelochemicals: blessings or curses for agriculture? . Agric. Food Chem. , 1 : 183
  • Brown , S. A. 1981 . “ Coumarins ” . In The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. 7, Secondary Plant Products , Edited by: Stumpf , P. R. and Conn , E. E. New York : Academic Press . chap. 10
  • Barnes , J. P. , Putnam , A. R. and Burke , B. A. 1986 . “ Allelopathic activity of rye (Secale cereale L.) ” . In The Science of Allelopathy , Edited by: Putnam , A. R. and Tang , C.‐S. New York : John Wiley & Sons . chap. 16
  • Chou , C.‐H. 1986 . “ The role of allelopathy in subtropical agroecosystems in Taiwan ” . In The Science of Allelopathy , Edited by: Putnam , A. R. and Tang , C.‐S. New York : John Wiley & Sons . chap. 4
  • Young , C.‐C. 1986 . “ Autointoxication of Asparagus officinalis L. ” . In The Science of Allelopathy , Edited by: Putnam , A. R. and Tang , C.‐S. New York : John Wiley & Sons . chap. 6
  • Waller , G. R. , Kumari , D. , Friedman , J. , Friedman , N. and Chou , C.‐H. 1986 . “ Caffeine autotoxicity in Coffea arabica L. ” . In The Science of Allelopathy , Edited by: Putnam , A. R. and Tang , C.‐S. New York : John Wiley & Sons . chap. 15
  • Van Sumere , C. F. , Cottenie , J. , De Greef , J. and Kint , J. 1972 . Biochemical studies in relation to the possible germination regulatory role of naturally occurring coumarin and phenolics . Recent Adv. Phytochem. , 4 : 165
  • Rice , E. 1987 . “ Allelopathy: an overview ” . In Allelochemicals: Role in Agriculture and Forestry , ACS Symp. Ser. Edited by: Waller , G. R. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society . chap. 2
  • Schreiner , O. and Reed , H. S. 1908 . The toxic action of certain organic plant constituents . Bot. Gaz. , 45 : 73
  • Niemeyer , H. M. 1988 . Hydroxamic acids (4‐hydroxy‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐ones), defence chemicals in the gramineae . Phytochemistry , 27 : 3349
  • Hennequin , J. R. and Juste , C. 1967 . Présence d'acides phénols libres dans le sol. Etude de leur influence sur la germination et la croissance des végétaux . Ann. Agron. , 18 : 545
  • Chandramohan , D. , Purushothaman , D. and Kothandaraman , R. 1973 . Soil phenolics and plant growth inhibition . Plant Soil , 39 : 303
  • Toai , T. V. and Linscott , D. L. 1979 . Phytotoxic effects of decaying quackgrass (Agropyron repens) residues . Weed Sci. , 27 : 595
  • Patterson , D. T. 1987 . Effects of allelopathic chemicals on growth and physiological responses of soybean (Glycine max) . Weed Sci. , 29 : 53
  • Perez , F. J. 1990 . Allelopathic effect of hydroxamic acids from cereals on Avena sativa and A. Fatua . Phytochemistry , 29 : 773
  • Fisher , R. F. 1978 . Juglone inhibits pine growth under certain moisture regimes . Soil Sci. Soc. Arn. J. , 42 : 801
  • Wang , T. S. C. , Yang , T.‐K. and Chuang , T.‐T. 1967 . Soil phenolic acids as plant growth inhibitors . Soil Sci. , 103 : 239
  • Fisher , R. F. 1987 . “ Allelopathy: a potential cause of forest regeneration failure ” . In Allelochemicals: Role in Agriculture and Forestry , ACS Symp. Ser. No. 330 Edited by: Waller , G. R. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society . chap. 16
  • Krogmeier , M. J. and Bremner , J. M. 1989 . Effects of phenolic acids on seed germination and seedling growth in soil . Biol. Fertil. Soils , 8 : 116
  • Elliott , L. F. , McCalla , T. M. and Wais , A. 1978 . “ Phytotoxicity associated with residue management ” . In Crop Residue Management Systems , Edited by: Oschwald , W. R. 131 Madison, WI : American Society of Agronomy . Publ. No. 31
  • Woodhead , S. 1981 . Environmental and biotic factors affecting the phenolic content of different cultivare of Sorghum bicolor . J. Chem. Ecol. , 7 : 1035
  • Stowe , L. G. and Osborn , A. 1980 . The influence of nitrogen and phosphorus levels on the phytotoxicity of phenolic compounds . Can. J. Bot. , 58 : 1149
  • Shaner , D. L. 1989 . Sites of actions of herbicides in amino acid metabolism: primary and secondary physiological effects . Recent Adv. Phytochem. , 23 : 227
  • Hoagland , R. E. 1990 . Interaction of indoleacetic acid and glyphosate on phenolic metabolism in soybeans . Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. , 36 : 68
  • Schulz , A. , Wengenmayer , F. and Goodman , H. M. 1990 . Genetic engineering of herbicide resistance in higher plants . Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. , 9 : 1
  • Whitehead , D. C. 1964 . Identification of p‐hydroxyben zoic vanillic, p‐coumaric and ferulic acid in soils . Nature , 202 : 417
  • Winter , A. G. 1961 . New physiological and biological aspects in the relationship between higher plants . Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. , 15 : 229
  • Avers , C. J. and Goodwin , R. H. 1956 . Studies on roots. IV. Effects of coumarin and scopoletin on the standard root growth pattern of Phloeum pratense . Am. J. Bot. , 43 : 612
  • Fay , P. K. and Duke , W. B. 1977 . An assessment of allelopathic potential in avena germoplasm . Weed Sci. , 25 : 224
  • Baskin , J. M. , Ludlow , C. J. , Harris , T. M. and Wolf , F. T. 1967 . Psoralen, an inhibitor in the seed of Psoralea subacaulis (Lequnrinosa) . Phytochemistry , 6 : 1209
  • Beier , R. C. , Ivie , G. W. and Oertli , E. H. 1983 . “ Psoralens as phytoalexins in food plants family umbelliferae: significance in relation to storage and processing ” . In Xenobiotics in Foods and Feeds , Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. Edited by: Finely , J. W. and Schwass , D. E. Vol. 234 , 295 Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society .
  • Beier , R. C. and Oertli , E. H. 1983 . Psoralen and other linear furanocoumarins as phytoalexins in celery . Phytochemistry , 22 : 2595
  • Knogge , W. , Kombrink , E. , Schmelzer , E. and Hahlbrock , K. 1987 . Occurrence of phytoalexins and other putative defense‐related substances in uninfected parsley plants . Planta , 171 : 279
  • Tietjen , K. G. , Humkler , D. and Matern , U. 1983 . Differential response of cultured parsley cells to elicitors from two non‐pathogenic strains of fungi. I. Identification of induced products as coumarin derivatives . Eur. J. Biochem. , 131 : 401
  • Johnson , C. , Brannon , D. R. and Kuc , J. 1973 . Xanthotoxin. A phytoalexin of Pastinaca sativa root . Phytochemistry , 12 : 2961
  • Zaynoun , S. T. , Aftimos , B. G. , Ali , L. A. , Tenekjiankk , K. K. , Khalidi , I.L. and Kurban , A. K. 1984 . Ficus carica, isolation and quantification of the photoactive components . Contact Dermatitis , 11 : 21
  • Tang , T. S. and Zhang , B. 1986 . “ Qualitative and quantitative determination of the allelochemical sphere of germinating mung bean ” . In The Science of Allelopathy , Edited by: Putnam , A. R. and Tang , C. S. 229 New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Einhellig , F. A. 1987 . “ Interactions among allelochemicals and other stress factors of the plant environment ” . In Allelochemicals Role in Agriculture and Forestry , ACS Symp. Ser. No. 330 Edited by: Waller , G. R. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society . chap. 32
  • Shilling , D. G. and Yoshikawa , F. 1987 . “ A rapid seeding bioassay for the study of allelopathy ” . In Allelochemicals Role in Agriculture and Forestry , ACS Symp. Ser. No. 330 Edited by: Waller , G. R. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society . chap. 31
  • Putnam , A. R. 1988 . “ Allelopathy: problems and opportunities in weed management ” . In Weed Managementin Agroecosystems: Ecological Approach , Edited by: Altieri , M. A. and Liebman , M. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . chap. 6
  • Moreland , D. E. and Novitsky , W. P. 1987 . “ Effects of phenolic acids, coumarins, and flavonoids on isolated chloroplasts and mitochondria ” . In Allelochemicals: Role in Agriculture and Forestry , ACS Symp. Ser. No. 330 Edited by: Waller , G. R. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society . chap. 23
  • Moreland , D. E. and Novitsky , W. P. 1988 . Interference by flavone and flavonoids with chloroplast‐mediated electron transport and phosphorylation . Phytochemistry , 27 : 3359
  • Moreland , D. E. and Novitsky , W. P. 1987 . Interference by luteolin, quercetin, and taxifolin with chloroplastmediated electron transport and phosphorylation . Plant Soil , 98 : 145
  • Demos , E. K. , Woolwine , M. , Wilson , R. H. and McMillan , C. 1975 . The effects of ten phenolic compounds on hypocotyl growth and mitochondrial metabolism of mung bean . Am. J. Bot. , 62 : 97
  • Klein , K. and Blum , U. 1990 . Inhibition of cucumber leaf expansion by ferulic acid in split‐root experiments . J. them. Ecol. , 16 : 455
  • Stenlid , G. 1963 . The effects of flavonoid compounds on oxidative phosphorylation and on the enzymatic destruction of indoleacetic acid . Physiol. Plant. , 16 : 110
  • Einhellig , F. A. and Rasmusses , J. A. 1979 . Effects of three phenolic acids on chlorophyll content and growth of soybean and grain sorghum seedlings . J. Chem. Ecol. , 5 : 815
  • Curir , P. , VanSumere , C. F. , Termini , A. , Barthe , P. , Marchesini , A. and Dolci , M. 1990 . Flavonoid accumulation is correlated with adventitious roots formation in Eucalyptus gunnii Hook micropropagated through axillary bud stimulation . Plant Physiol. , 92 : 1148
  • Stenlid , G. 1968 . On the physiological effects of phlorizin, phloretin and some related substances upon higher plants . Physiol. Plant. , 21 : 882
  • Glass , A. D. M. and Dunlop , J. 1974 . Influence of phenolic acids on ion uptake. IV. Depolarization of membrane potentials . Plant Physiol. , 54 : 855
  • Jaques , U. , Koster , J. and Barz , W. 1985 . Differential turnover of isoflavone 7‐O‐malonates in Cicer arietinum . Phytochemistry , 24 : 949
  • Ray , S. D. , Guruprasad , K. N. and Laloraya , M. M. 1980 . Antagonistic action of phenolic compounds on abscisic acid‐induced inhibition of hypocotyl growth . J. Exp. Bot. , 31 : 1651
  • Kefeli , V. I. and Dashek , W. V. 1984 . Non‐hormonal stimulants and inhibitors of plant growth and development . Biol. Rev. , 59 : 273
  • Considine , P. J. and Patchling , J. W. 1975 . Ethylene production by micro‐organisms grown on phenolic acids . Ann. Appl. Ecol. , 81 : 115
  • Buchholtz , K. P. 1971 . “ The influence of allelopathy on mineral nutrition ” . In Biochemical Interactions Among Plants , 86 Washington, D.C. : U.S. National Committee for IBP, Eds., National Academy of Sciences .
  • Glass , A. D. M. 1975 . Inhibition of phosphate uptake in barley roots by hydroxy‐benzoic acids . Phytochemistry , 14 : 2127
  • Glass , A. D. M. 1974 . Influence of phenolic acids upon ion uptake, III. Inhibition of potassium absorption . J. Exp. Bot. , 25 : 1104
  • Glass , A. D. M. 1976 . The allelopathic potential of phenolic acids associated with the rhizosphere of Pteridium aquilinum . Can. J. Bot. , 54 : 2440
  • Glass , A. D. M. and Böhm , B. A. 1971 . The uptake of simple phenols by barley roots . Planta , 100 : 93
  • Danks , M. L. , Fletcher , J. S. and Rice , E. L. 1975 . Influence of ferulic acid on mineral depletion and uptake of Rb by Paul's scarlet rose cell‐suspension cultures . Am. J. Bot. , 62 : 749
  • McClure , P. R. , Gross , H. D. and Jackson , W. A. 1978 . Phosphate absorption by soybean varieties: the influence of ferulic acid . Can. J. Bot. , 56 : 764
  • Kobza , J. and Einhellig , F. A. 1987 . The effects of ferulic acid on the mineral nutrition of grain sorghum . Plant Soil , 98 : 99
  • Alsaadawi , I. S. , Al‐Hadithy , S. M. and Arif , M. B. 1986 . Effects of three phenolic acids on chlorophyll content and ions uptake in cowpea seedlings . J. Chem. Ecol. , 21 : 221
  • Hall , A. B. , Blum , U. and Fites , R. C. 1983 . Stress modification of allelopathy of Helianthus annuus L. debris on seedling biomass production of Amaranthus retroflexus L. . J. Chem. Ecol. , 9 : 1213
  • Stenlid , G. 1962 . The effect of some synthetic anthocyanidins on growth and ion absorption of roots . Physiol. Plant. , 15 : 599
  • Stenlid , G. 1961 . On the effects of some flavonoid pigments upon growth and ion absorption of wheat roots . Physiol. Plant. , 14 : 659
  • Olsen , R. A. , Brown , J. C. , Bennett , J. H. and Blume , D. 1982 . Reduction of Fe3+ as it relates to Fe chlorosis . J. Plant Nutr. , 5 : 433
  • DeKock , P. C. and Vaughan , D. 1975 . Effects of some chelating and phenolic substances on the growth of excised pea root segments . Planta , 126 : 187
  • Olsen , R. A. , Bennett , J. H. , Blume , D. and Brown , J. C. 1981 . Chemical aspects of the Fe stress response mechanism in tomatoes . J. Plant Nutr. , 3 : 905
  • Ae , N. , Arihara , J. , Okada , K. , Yoshihara , T. and Johansen , C. 1990 . Phosphorus uptake by pigeon pea and its role in cropping systems of the Indian subcontinent . Science , 248 : 447
  • Newman , E. I. and Miller , M. H. 1977 . Allelopathy among some British grassland species. II. Influence of root exudates on phosphorus uptake . J. Ecol. , 65 : 399
  • Bleakwell , D. P. and Turco , R. F. 1989 . Nutrient and phytotoxic contributions of residue to soil in no‐till continuous‐corn ecosystems . Biol. Fertil. Soils , 8 : 328
  • Jobidon , R. , Thibault , J. R. and Fortín , J. A. 1989 . Effect of straw residues on black spruce seedling growth and mineral nutrition, under greenhouse conditions . Can. J. For. Res. , 19 : 1291
  • Jobidon , R. , Thibault , J. R. and Fortin , J. A. 1989 . Phytotoxic effect of barley, oat, and wheat‐straw mulches in eastern Quebec forest plantations. I. Effects on red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) . For. Ecol. Manag. , 29 : 277
  • Rice , E. L. 1986 . “ Allelopathic growth stimulation ” . In The Science of Allelopathy , Edited by: Putnam , A. R. and Tang , C.‐S. New York : John Wiley & Sons . chap. 2
  • Ueda , J. 1989 . Promotive effects of capillarol and related compounds on root growth . Physiol. Plant. , 76 : 42
  • Adesanya , S. A. , O'Neill , M. J. and Roberts , M. F. 1986 . Structure‐related fungitoxicity of isoflavonoids . Physiol. Molec. Plant Pathol. , 29 : 95
  • Skipp , R. A. and Bailey , J. A. 1977 . The fungitoxicity of isoflavonoid phytoalexins measured using different types of bioassay . Physiol. Plant Pathol. , 11 : 101
  • Debnam , J. R. and Smith , I. M. 1976 . Changes in the isoflavones and pterocarpans of red clover on infection with Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Botrytis cinerea . Physiol. Plant Pathol. , 9 : 9
  • Alfenas , A. C. , Hubbes , M. and Couto , L. 1982 . Effect of phenolic compounds from Eucalyptus on the mycelial growth and conidial germination of Cryphonectria cubensis . Can. J. Bot. , 60 : 2325
  • Christie , T. 1965 . The effects of some phenolic compounds upon growth of two species of Phytophthora . N. Z. J. Agric. Res. , 8 : 630
  • Kasenberg , T. R. and Traquair , J. A. 1988 . Effects of phenolics on growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis‐lycopersici in vitro . Can. J. Bot. , 66 : 1174
  • Lingappa , B. T. and Lockwood , J. L. 1962 . Fungitoxicity of lignin monomers, model substances, and decomposition products . Phytophatology , 52 : 295
  • Achenbach , H. , Stocker , M. and Constenla , M. A. 1988 . Flavonoid and other constituents of Bauhinia manca . Phytochemistry , 27 : 1835
  • Weidenborner , M. , Hindorf , H. , Jha , H. C. , Tsotsonos , P. and Egge , H. 1989 . Antifungal activity of isoflavonoids against storage fungi of the genus Aspergillus . Phytochemistry , 28 : 3317
  • Kramer , R. P. , Hindorf , H. , Jha , H. C. , Kallage , J. and Zilliken , F. 1984 . Antifungal activity of soybean and chickpea isoflavones and their reduced derivatives . Phytochemistry , 23 : 2203
  • VanEtten , H. D. 1976 . Antifungal activity of pterocarpans and other selected isoflavonoids . Phytochemistry , 15 : 655
  • Stossel , P. 1985 . Structure‐activity relationship of some bean phytoalexins and related isoflavonoids . Physiol. Plant Pathol. , 26 : 269
  • Wymann , J. G. and VanEtten , H. D. 1978 . Antibacterial activity of selected isoflavonoids . Phytopathology , 68 : 583
  • Weidenborner , M. , Hindorf , H. , Jha , H. C. , Tsotsonos , P. and Egge , H. 1990 . Antifungal activity of isoflavonoids in different reduced stages on Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii . Phytochemistry , 29 : 801
  • Li , C. Y. , Lu , K. C. , Trappe , J. M. and Bollen , W. B. 1969 . Effect of phenolic and other related compounds on growth of Poria weirii in vitro . Microbios , 1 : 305
  • Ravn , H. , Andary , C. , Kovacs , G. and Molgaard , P. 1989 . Caffeic acid esters as in vitro inhibitors of plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi . Biochem. Systematics Ecol. , 17 : 175
  • Pan , S. , Mukherjee , B. , Ganguly , A. , Mitra , S. R. and Bhattacharya , A. 1985 . Antifungal activity of some naturally occurring flavonoids . Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzensch. , 92 : 392
  • Chowdhury , A. , Mukherjee , N. and Adityachoudhury , N. 1974 . Sensitivity of some plant pathogenic fungi towards plant metabolites: antifungal activity of some chalcones, dihydrochalcones, and flavones . Experientia , 30 : 1022
  • Biswas , P. , Bhattacharya , A. , Bose , P. C. , Mukherjee , N. and Adityachoudhury , N. 1981 . Further studies on the sensitivity of plant pathogenic microorganisms towards some naturally occurring chalcones and flavones . Experientia , 37 : 387
  • Singh , U. P. , Pandey , V. B. , Singh , K. N. and Singh , R. D. N. 1988 . Antifungal activity of some new flavones and flavone glucosides of Echinops echinatus . Can. J. Bot. , 66 : 1901
  • Ismail , I. M. K. , Salama , A.‐A. , Ali , M. I. A. and Ouf , S. A.‐E. 1987 . Effect of some phenolic compounds on spore germination and germ tube length of Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici . Cryptogam. Mycol. , 8 : 51
  • Patrick , Z. A. 1986 . Allelopathic mechanisms and their exploitation for biological control . Can. J. Plant Pathol , 8 : 225
  • Kasenberh , T. R. and Traquair , J. A. 1987 . Allelopathic biocontrol of fusarium crown and root rot in greenhouse tomatoes . Can. J. Plant Pathol. , 9 : 280
  • Schaal , L. A. and Johnson , G. 1955 . The inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds on the growth of Streptomyces scabies as related to the mechanism of scab resistance . Phytopathology , 45 : 626
  • Odunfa , V. S. A. 1978 . Root exudation in cowpea and sorghum and the effect of spore germination and growth of some soil fusaria . New Phytol. , 80 : 607
  • Hartung , A. C. and Stephens , C. T. 1983 . Effects of allelopathic substances produced by asparagus decline due to Fusarium crown rot . J. Chem. Ecol. , 9 : 1163
  • Fahraeus , G. 1962 . Aromatic compounds as growth substances for Laccase‐producing rot fungi . Physiol. Plant. , 15 : 573
  • Cutler , H. G. 1988 . Unusual plant‐growth regulators from microorganisms . Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. , 6 : 323
  • Black , R. L. B. and Dix , N. J. 1976 . Utilization of ferulic acid by microfungi from litter and soil . Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. , 66 : 313
  • Marchelli , R. and Vining , L. C. 1629 . The biosynthetic origin of chloroflavonin, a flavonoid antibiotic from Aspergillus Candidas . J. Biochem. , 51 : 1624
  • Marchelli , R. and Vining , L. C. 1973 . Biosynthesis of flavonoid and terphenyl metabolites by the fungus Aspergillus candidas . J. C. S. Chem. Comm. , 55 : 556
  • Reddy , M. N. , Rao , A. S. and Rao , K. N. 1975 . Production of phenolic compounds by Rhizoctonia . Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. , 64 : 146
  • Allen , P. J. 1972 . Specificity of the cis‐isomers of inhibitors of uredospore germination in the rust fungi . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 69 : 3497
  • Van Sumrere , C. F. , Van Sumere‐de Preter , C. , Vining , L. C. and Ledingham , G. A. 1957 . Coumarins and phenolic acids in the uredospores of wheat stem rust . Can. J. Microbiol. , 3 : 847
  • Macko , V. and Staples , R. C. 1973 . The Torrey Symposium on current aspects of fungal development. V. Regulation of uredospore germination and germ tube development . Bull. Tor. Bot. Club , 100 : 223
  • Faudin , A. S. and Macko , V. 1974 . Identification of the self‐inhibitor and some germination characteristics of peanut rust uredospores . Phytopathology , 64 : 990
  • Morris , H. R. , Taylor , G. W. , Jermyn , K. A. and Kay , R. R. 1987 . Chemical structure of the morphogen differentiation‐inducing factor from DictyosteHum discoideum . Nature , 328 : 811
  • French , R. C. , Graham , C. L. , Gale , A. W. and Long , R. K. 1977 . Structural and exposure time requirement for chemical stimulation of germination of uredospores of Uromyces phaseoli . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 25 : 84
  • Willetts , H. J. 1972 . The morphogenesis and possible evolutionary origin of fungal sclerotia . Biol. Rev. , 47 : 515
  • Rich , J. R. , Keen , N. T. and Thomason , I. J. 1977 . Association of coumestans with the hypersensitivity of lima bean roots to Pratylenchus scribneri . Physiol. Plant Pathol. , 10 : 105
  • Uddin , A. and Khanna , P. 1979 . Rotenoids in tissue culture of Crotalaria burhia . Planta Med. , 36 : 183
  • Blevins , D. G. 1989 . An overview of nitrogen metabolism in higher plants . Recent Adv. Phytochem. , 23 : 1
  • Benoit , R. E. , Starkey , R. L. and Basaraba , J. 1968 . Effect of purified plant tannin on decomposition of some organic compounds and plant materials . Soil Sci. , 105 : 153
  • Benoit , R. E. and Starkey , R. L. 1968 . Inhibition of decomposition of cellulose and some other carbohydrates by tannin . Soil Sci. , 105 : 291
  • Lewis , J. A. and Starkey , R. L. 1968 . Vegetable tannins, their decomposition and effects on decomposition of some organic compounds . Soil Sci. , 106 : 241
  • Gigon , A. and Rorison , I. H. 1972 . The response of some ecologically distinct plant species to nitrate‐ and to ammonia‐nitrogen . J. Ecol. , 60 : 93
  • Lodhi , M. A. K. and Killingbeck , K. T. 1980 . Allopathic inhibition of nitrification and nitrifying bacteria in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.) community . Am. J. Bot. , 67 : 1423
  • Moore , D. R. E. and Waid , J. S. 1971 . The influence of washings of living roots on nitrification . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 3 : 69
  • Neal , J. L. Jr. 1969 . Inhibition of nitrifying bacteria by grass and for root extracts . Can. J. Microbiol. , 15 : 633
  • Munro , P. E. 1966 . Inhibition of nitrifiers by grass roots extracts . J. Appl. Ecol. , 3 : 231
  • Thibault , J. R. , Fortin , J. A. and Smirnoff , W. A. 1982 . In vitro allelopathic inhibition of nitrification by balsam poplar and balsam fir . Am. J. Bot. , 69 : 676
  • Rice , E. L. and Pancholy , S. K. 1973 . Inhibition of nitrification by climax ecosystems. II. Additional evidence and possible role of tannins . Am. J. Bot. , 60 : 691
  • Lodhi , N. A. K. 1981 . Accelerated soil mineralization, nitrification, and revegetation of abandoned fields due to the removal of crop‐soil phytotoxicity . J. Chem. Ecol. , 7 : 685
  • Rice , E. L. and Pancholy , S. K. 1974 . Inhibition of nitrification by climax ecosystems. III. Inhibitors other than tannins . Am. J. Bot. , 61 : 1095
  • Jobidon , R. , Thibault , J. R. and Fortin , J. A. 1989 . Phytotoxic effect of barley, oat, and wheat‐straw mulches in Eastern Quebec forest plantations. II. Effects on nitrification and black spruce (Picea mariana) seedling growth . For. Ecol. Manag. , 29 : 295
  • Bouwman , A. F. 1989 . The role of soils and land use in the greenhouse effect . Neth. J. Agric. Sci. , 37 : 13
  • Press , M. C. , Graves , J. D. and Stewart , G. R. 1990 . Physiology of the interaction of angiosperm parasites and their higher plant hosts . Plant Cell Environ. , 13 : 91
  • Stewart , G. R. and Press , M. C. 1990 . The physiology and biochemistry of parasitic angiosperms . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. , 41 : 127
  • Steffens , J. C. , Lynn , D. G. , Kamat , V. S. and Riopel , J. L. 1982 . Molecular specificity of haustorial induction in Agalinis purpurea (L.) Raf., (Scrophulariaceae) . Am. Bot. , 50 : 1
  • Steffens , J. C. , Lynn , D. G. and Riopel , J. L. 1986 . An haustoria inducer for the root parasite Agalinis purpurea . Phytochemistry , 25 : 2291
  • Quispel , A. , Svendsen , A. B. , Schripsema , J. , Baas , W. J. , Erkelens , C. and Lugtenburg , J. 1989 . Identification of dipterocarpol as isolation factor for the induction of primary isolation of Frankia from root nodules of Alnus glutinosa (L.) gaertner . Mol. Plant‐Microbe. Interact. , 2 : 107
  • Ponder , F. Jr. 1987 . “ Allelopathic interference of black walnut trees with nitrogen‐fixing plants in mixed plantings ” . In Allelochemicals: Role in Agriculture and Forestry , ACS Symp. Ser. No. 330 Edited by: Waller , G. R. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society . chap. 18
  • Dawson , J. O. and Seymour , P. E. 1983 . Effects of juglone concentration on growth in vitro of Frankia AR 13 and Rhizobium japonicum stain 71 . J. Chem. Ecol. , 9 : 1175
  • Vogel , C. S. and Dawson , J. O. 1985 . Effect of juglone on growth in vitro of Frankia isolates and nodulation of Alnus glutinosa in soil . Plant Soil , 87 : 79
  • Michiels , K. , Vanderleyden , J. and van Gool , A. 1989 . Azospirillum‐plant root association: a review . Biol. Fertil. Soils , 8 : 356
  • Long , S. R. 1989 . Rhizobium‐legume nodulation: life together in the underground . Cell , 56 : 203
  • Appelbaum , E. 1990 . “ The Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium‐legume symbiosis ” . In Molecular Biology of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation , Edited by: Gresshoff , P. M. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . chap. 6
  • Torrey , J. G. 1988 . “ Cellular interactions between host and endosymbiont in dinitrogen‐fixing root nodules of woody plants ” . In Cell to Cell Signals in Plant, Animal and Microbial Symbiosis , Edited by: Scannerini , S. , Smith , D. , Bonfante‐Fasolo , P. and Gianinazzi‐Pearson , V. Berlin : Springer‐Verlag . chap. 1
  • Rolfe , B. G. and Gresshoff , P. M. 1988 . Genetic analysis of legum nodule initiation . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. , 39 : 297
  • Stevenson , F. J. 1982 . Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils, No. 22 , Madison, WI : American Society of Agronomy .
  • Stacey , G. and Upchurch , R. G. 1984 . Rhizobium inoculation of legumes . Biotechnology , 2 : 65
  • Tauer , L. W. 1989 . Economic impact of future nitrogen fixation technologies on United States agriculture . Plant Soil , 119 : 261
  • Chen , W. X. , Yan , G. H. and Li , J. L. 1988 . Numerical taxonomic study of fast‐growing soybean rhizobia and a proposal that Rhizobium fredii be assigned to Sinorhizobiumgen. nov. . Int. J. Syst. Bacterlol. , 38 : 392
  • Jordan , D. C. 1982 . Transfer of Rhizobium japonicum Buchanan 1980 to Bradyrhizobium gen nov., a genus of slow‐growing, root nodule bacteria from leguminous plants . Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. , 32 : 136
  • Lindstrom , K. 1989 . Rhizobium galegae, a new series of legume root nodule bacteria . Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. , 39 : 365
  • Sprent , J. I. 1989 . Which steps are essential for the formation of functional legume nodules? . New Phytol. , 111 : 129
  • Downie , J. A. and Johnston , A. W. B. 1988 . Nodulation of legumes by Rhizobium . Plant Cell Environ. , 11 : 403
  • Vance , C. P. , Egli , M. A. , Griffith , S. M. and Miller , S. S. 1988 . Plant regulation aspects of nodulation and N2 fixation . Plant Cell Environ. , 11 : 413
  • Martinez , E. , Romero , D. and Palacios , R. 1990 . The Rhizobium genome . Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. , 9 : 59
  • Long , S. R. 1989 . Rhizobium genetics . Annu. Rev. Genet. , 23 : 483
  • Rolfe , B. G. 1988 . Flavones and isoflavones as inducing substances of legume nodulation . BioFactors , 1 : 3
  • Vincent , J. M. 1980 . “ Factors controlling the legume‐Rhizobium symbiosis ” . In Nitrogen Fixation , Edited by: Newton , W. E. and Orme‐Johnson , W. H. Vol. 1 , Baltimore : University Park Press .
  • Dazzo , F. B. and Hubbell , D. H. 1975 . Cross‐reactive antigens and lectins as determinants of symbiotic specificity in the Rhizobium‐clover association . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 30 : 1017
  • Diaz , C. L. , Melcher , L. S. , Hooykaas , P. J. J. , Lugtenberg , B. J. J. and Kijne , J. W. 1989 . Root lectin as a determinant of host‐plant specificity in the Rhizobium‐legume symbiosis . Nature , 338 : 579
  • Nap , J. P. and Bisseling , T. 1990 . “ Nodulin function and nodulin gene regulation in root nodule development ” . In Molecular Biology of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation , Edited by: Gresshoff , P. M. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press . chap. 8
  • Van Brussell , A. A. N. , Zaat , S. A. J. , Canter Cremers , H. C. J. , Wijffelman , C. A. , Pees , E. , Tak , T. and Lugtenberg , B. J. J. 1986 . Role of plant root exúdate and sym plasmid‐localized nodulation genes in the synthesis by Rhizobium leguminosarum of Tsr factor, which causes thick and short roots on common vetch . J. Bacteriol. , 165 : 517
  • Canter Cremers , H. C. J. , Van Brussell , A. A. N. , Plazinski , J. and Rolfe , B. G. 1986 . Sym plasmid and chromosomal gene products of Rhizobium trifolii elicit developmental responses on various legum roots . J. Plant Physiol. , 122 : 25
  • Sutherland , T. D. , Bassam , B. J. , Schuller , L. J. and Gresshoff , P. M. 1990 . Early nodulation signals of the wild type and symbiotic mutants of soybean (Glycine max) . Mol. Plant‐Microbe Interact. , 3 : 122
  • Gottfert , M. , Grob , P. and Hennecke , H. 1990 . Proposed regulatory pathway encoded by the nodV and nodW genes, determinants of host specificity in Bradyrhizobium japonicum . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 87 : 2680
  • Fottrell , P. F. , O'Conner , S. and Masterson , C. L. 1964 . Identification of the flavonol myricetin in legume seeds and its toxicity to nodule bacteria . Ir. J. Agrie. Res. , 3 : 246
  • Murthy , M. S. and Nagodra , T. 1977 . Allelopathic effects of Aristida adscensionis on Rhizobium . J. Appl. Ecol. , 14 : 279
  • Rao , V. R. , Rao , N. S. S. and Mukerji , K. G. 1973 . Inhibition of Rhizobium in vitro by non‐nodulating legume roots and root extracts . Plant Soil , 39 : 449
  • Thompson , J. A. 1988 . “ Survival of root‐nodule bacteria on inoculated seed ” . In Microbial in Action , Edited by: Murrell , W. G. and Kennedy , I. R. New York : John Wiley & Sons . chap. 5
  • Kandasamy , D. and Prasad , N. N. 1979 . Colonization by rhizobia of the seed and roots of legumes in relation to exudation of phenolics . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 11 : 73
  • Purushothaman , O. and Balaraman , K. 1973 . Effect of soil phenolics on the growth of Rhizobium . Curr. Sci. , 42 : 507
  • Pankhurst , C. E. and Biggs , D. R. 1980 . Sensitivity of Rhizobium to selected isoflavonoids . Can. J. Microbiol , 26 : 542
  • Pankhurst , C. E. and Jones , W. T. 1979 . Effectiveness oí Lotus root nodules . J. Exp. Bot. , 30 : 1095
  • Pankhurst , C. E. , Craig , A. S. and Jones , W. T. 1979 . Effectiveness of Lotus root nodules . J. Exp. Bot. , 30 : 1085
  • Rao , J. R. and Cooper , J. E. 1988 . “ Flavanoid‐Rhizobium interactions in lotus species ” . In Physiological Limitations and the Genetic Improvement of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation , Edited by: O'Gara , F. 57 Amsterdam : Kluwer Academic .
  • Blum , V. and Rice , E. L. 1969 . Inhibition of nitrogenfixation by gallic and tannic acid, and possible role in old‐field succession . Bull. Torr. Bot. Club , 96 : 531
  • Rice , E. L. , Lin , C. Y. and Huang , C. Y. 1981 . Effects of decomposing rice straw on growth of and nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium . J. Chem. Ecol. , 7 : 333
  • Weston , L. A. and Putnam , A. R. 1985 . Inhibition of growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of legumes by quackgrass (Agropyron repens) . Crop Sci. , 25 : 561
  • Weston , L. A. and Putnam , A. R. 1986 . Inhibition of legume seedling growth by residue and extracts of quackgrass (Agropyron repens) . Weed Sci. , 34 : 366
  • Werner , D. , Mellor , R. B. , Hahn , M. G. and Grisebach , H. 1985 . Soybean root response to symbiotic infection glyceollin I accumulation in an ineffective type of soybean nodules with an early loss of the peribacteriod membrane . Z. Naturforsch. , 40 : 179
  • Parniske , M. , Ahlborn , B. and Werner , D. 1990 . Glyceolin resistance of Bradyrhizobium japonicum is specifically induced by isoflavonoids from Glycine max . paper presented at 8th Int. Congr. Nitrogen Fixation . May 1990 , Knoxville, TN. pp. B‐16
  • Chakraborty , U. and Chakraborty , B. N. 1989 . Interaction of Rhizobium leguminosarum and Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi on pea affecting disease development and phytoalexin production . Can. J. Bot. , 67 : 1698
  • Vance , C. P. 1978 . Comparative aspects of root and root nodule secondary metabolism in alfalfa . Phytochemistry , 17 : 1889
  • Scott , D. B. , Wilson , R. , Shaw , G. J. , Petit , A. and Tempe , J. 1987 . Biosynthesis and degradation of nodule‐specific Rhizobium loti compounds in Lotus nodules . J. Bacteriol. , 169 : 278
  • Harwood , C. S. , Rivelli , M. and Ornston , L. N. 1984 . Aromatic acids are chemoattractants for Pseudomonasputida . J. Bacteriol. , 160 : 622
  • Parke , D. , Rivelli , M. and Ornston , L. N. 1985 . Chemotaxis to aromatic and hydroaromatic acids: comparison of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Rhizobium trifolii . J. Bacteriol. , 163 : 417
  • Caetano‐Anolles , G. , Crist‐Estes , D. K. and Bauer , W. D. 1988 . Chemotaxis of Rhizobium meliloti to the plant flavone luteolin requires functional nodulation genes . J. Bacteriol. , 170 : 3164
  • Kape , R. and Werner , D. 1990 . Chemotaxis of Bradyrhizobium japonicum towards phenolic acids . paper presented at 8th Int. Congr. Nitrogen Fixation . May 1990 , Knoxville, TN. pp. B‐11
  • Parke , D. and Ornston , L. N. 1986 . Enzymes of the B‐ketoadipate pathway are inducible in Rhizobium and Agrobacterium spp. and constitutive in Bradyrhizobium spp. . J. Bacteriol. , 165 : 288
  • Hussein , Y. A. , Tewfik , M. S. and Hamdi , Y. A. 1974 . Degradation of certain aromatic compounds by rhizobia . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 6 : 377
  • Parke , D. and Ornston , N. 1984 . Nutritional diversity of Rhizobiaceae revealed by auxanography . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 130 : 1743
  • Muthukumar , G. , Arunakumari , A. and Mahadevan , A. 1982 . Degradation of aromatic compounds by Rhizobium spp. . Plant Soil , 69 : 163
  • Peters , N. K. and Crist‐Estes , D. K. 1989 . Nodule formation is stimulated by the ethylene inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine . Plant Physiol. , 91 : 690
  • Sturtevant , D. B. and Taller , B. J. 1989 . Cytokinin production by Bradyrhizobium japonicum . Plant Physiol. , 89 : 1247
  • Knight , T. J. and Langston‐Unkefer , P. J. 1988 . Enhancement of symbiotic dinitrogen fixation by a toxinreleasing plant pathogen . Science , 241 : 951
  • Murphy , P. J. , Heycke , N. , Banfalvi , Z. , Tate , M. E. , De Bruijn , G. , Kondorosi , A. , Tempe , J. and Schell , J. 1987 . Genes for the catabolism and synthesis of an opine‐like compound in Rhizobium meliloti are closely linked and on the Sym plasmid . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 84 : 493
  • Bhagwat , A. A. and Thomas , J. 1982 . Legume‐Rhizo‐bium interactions: cowpea root exúdate elicits faster nodulation response by Rhizobium species . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 43 : 799
  • Kondorosi , E. , Banfalvi , Z. and Kondorosi , A. 1984 . Physical and genetic analysis of a symbiotic region of Rhizobium meliloti: identification of nodule genes . Mol. Gen. Genet. , 193 : 445
  • Rossen , L. , Shearman , C. A. , Johnson , A. W. B. and Downie , J. A. 1985 . The nodD gene of Rhizobium leguminosarum is autoregulatory and in the presence of plant exudate induces the nodA.B.C genes . EMBO J. , 4 : 3369
  • Innes , R. W. , Kuempel , P. L. , Plazinski , J. , Canter‐Cremers , H. , Rolfe , B. G. and Djordjevic , M. A. 1985 . Plant factors induce expression of nodulation and host‐range genes in Rhizobium trifoli . Mol. Gen. Genet. , 201 : 426
  • Mulligan , J. T. and Long , S. R. 1985 . Induction of Rhizobium meliloti nodC expression by plant exudate requires nodD . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 82 : 6609
  • Redmond , J. W. , Batley , M. , Djordjevic , M. A. , Innes , R. W. , Kuempel , P. L. and Rolfe , B. G. 1986 . Flavones induce expression of nodulation genes in Rhizobium . Nature , 323 : 632
  • Firmin , J. L. , Wilson , K. E. , Rossen , L. and Johnston , A. W. B. 1986 . Flavanoid activation of nodulation genes in Rhizobium reversed by other compounds present in plants . Nature , 324 : 90
  • Peters , N. K. , Frost , J. W. and Long , S. R. 1986 . A plant flavone, luteolin, induces expression of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes . Science , 233 : 977
  • Maxwell , C. A. , Hartwig , U. A. , Joseph , C. M. and Phillips , D. A. 1989 . A chalcone and two related flavanoids released from alfalfa roots induce nod genes of Rhizobium meliloti . Plant Physiol. , 91 : 842
  • Hartwig , U. A. , Maxwell , C. A. , Joseph , C. M. and Phillips , D. A. 1989 . Interactions among flavonoid nod gene inducers released from alfalfa seeds and roots . Plant Physiol. , 91 : 1138
  • Gyorgypal , Z. , Iyer , N. and Kondorosi , A. 1988 . Three regulatory nodD alleles of diverged flavanoid‐specificity are involved in host‐dependent nodulation by Rhizobium meliloti . Mol. Gen. Genet. , 212 : 85
  • Kapulnik , Y. , Joseph , C. M. and Phillips , D. A. 1987 . Flavone limitations to root nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in alfalfa . Plant Physiol. , 84 : 1193
  • Spaink , H. P. , Wijffelman , C. A. , Pees , E. , Okker , R. J. H. and Lugtenberg , B. J. J. 1987 . Rhizobium nodulation gene nodD as a determinant of host specificity . Nature , 328 : 337
  • Peters , N. K. and Long , S. R. 1988 . Alfalfa root exudates and compounds which promote or inhibit induction of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes . Plant Physiol. , 88 : 346
  • Horvath , B. , Bachern , C. W. B. , Schell , J. and Kondorosi , A. 1987 . Host‐specific regulation of nodulation genes in Rhizobium is mediated by a plant‐signal, interacting with the nodD gene product . EMBO J. , 6 : 841
  • Hartwig , U. A. , Maxwell , C. A. , Joseph , C. M. and Phillips , D. A. 1990 . Chrysoeriol and luteolin released from alfalfa seeds induce nod genes in Rhizobium meliloti . Plant Physiol. , 92 : 116
  • Djordjevic , M. A. , Redmond , J. W. , Batley , M. and Rolfe , B. G. 1987 . Clovers secrete specific phenolic compounds which either stimulate or repress nod gene expression in Rhizobium trifolii . EMBO J. , 6 : 1173
  • Bassan , B. J. , Djordjevic , M. A. , Redmond , J. W. , Batley , M. and Rolfe , B. G. 1988 . Identification of a nodD‐dependent locus in the Rhizobium, strain NGR234 activated by phenolic factor secreted by soybeans and other legumes . Mol. Plant‐Microbe Interact. , 1 : 161
  • Zaat , S. A. J. , Wijffelman , C. A. , Spaink , H. P. , Van Brussel , A. A. N. , Okker , R. J. H. and Lugtenberg , B. J. J. 1987 . Induction of the nodA promoter of Rhizobium leguminosarum Sym plasmid pRL1J1 by plant flavanones and flavones . J. Bacteriol. , 169 : 198
  • Recourt , K. , Van Brussel , A. A. N. , Driessen , A. J. M. and Lugtenberg , B. J. J. 1989 . Accumulation of a nod gene inducer, the flavanoid naringenin, in the cytoplasmic membrane of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae is caused by the pH‐dependent hydrophobicity of naringenin . J. Bacteriol. , 171 : 4370
  • Bender , G. L. , Nayudu , M. , Le Strange , K. K. and Rolfe , B. G. 1988 . The nodD gene from Rhizobium strain NGR234 is a key determinant in the extension of host range to the nonlegume Parasponia . Mol. Plant‐Microbe Interact. , 1 : 259
  • Zaat , S. A. J. , Schripsema , J. , Wijffelman , C. A. , Van Brussel , A. A. N. and Lugtenberg , B. J. J. 1989 . Analysis of the major inducers of the Rhizobium nodA promoter from Vicia sativa root exudate and their activity with different nodD genes . Plant Mol. Biol. , 13 : 175
  • Burn , J. E. , Hamilton , W. D. , Wootton , J. C. and Johnston , A. W. B. 1989 . Single and multiple mutations affecting properties of the regulatory gene nodD of Rhizobium . Mol. Microbiol. , 3 : 1567
  • Sanchez , F. , Quinto , C. , Vasquez , M. , Spanik , H. , Wijffelman , C. A. , Cevallos , M. A. , Penas , A. , Campos , F. , Padilla , J. and Lara , M. 1988 . “ The symbiotic association of Phaseolus vulgaris and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli ” . In Molecular Genetics of Plant‐Microbe Interactions , Edited by: Palacios , R. and Verma , D. P. S. St. Paul, MN : APS Press .
  • Sadowsky , M. J. , Olson , E. R. , Foster , V. E. , Kosslak , R. M. and Verma , D. P. S. 1988 . Two hostinducible genes of Rhizobium fredii and characterization of the inducing compound . J. Bacteriol. , 170 : 171
  • Kosslak , R. M. , Bookland , R. , Barkei , J. , Paaren , H. E. and Appelbaum , E. 1987 . Induction of Bradyrhizobium japonicum common nod genes by isoflavones isolated from Glycine max . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 84 : 7428
  • Deshmane , N. and Stacey , G. 1989 . Identification of Brady rhizobium nod genes involved in host‐specific nodulation . J. Bacterial. , 171 : 3324
  • Richardson , A. E. , Djordjevic , M. A. , Rolfe , B. G. and Simpson , R. J. 1988 . Effects of pH, Ca and Al on the exudation from clover seedlings of compounds that induce the expression of nodulation genes in Rhizobium trifolii . Plant Soil , 109 : 37
  • Van Brussell , A. A. N. , Recourt , K. , Pees , E. , Spanik , M. P. , Tak , T. , Wijfflelman , C. A. , Kinje , J. W. and Lugtenberg , B. J. J. 1990 . An extracellular, biovar‐specific signal of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae induces increased nod gene‐inducing activity in root exudate of Vicia sativa ssp. nigra . paper presented at 8th Int. Congr. Nitrogen Fixation . May 1990 , Knoxville, TN. pp. B‐07
  • Dazzo , F. B. , Hollingsworth , R. I. , Phillip‐Hollingsworth , S. , Smith , K. B. , Welsch , M. A. , Djordjevic , M. and Rolfe , B. G. 1988 . “ Early recognition signals in the Rhizobium trifolii white clover symbiosis ” . In Cell to Cell Signals in Plant, Animal and Microbial Symbiosis , Edited by: Scannerini , S. , Smith , D. , Bonfante‐Fasolo , P. and Gianinazzi‐Pearson , V. 189 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Hollingsworth , R. I. , Phillip‐Hollingsworth , S. and Dazzo , F. B. 1990 . Isolation, characterization and structural elucidation of a “nod signal” excreted by Rhizobium trifolii ANU843 which induces root hair branching and nodule‐like primordia in axenic white clover seedlings . paper presented at 8th Int. Congr. Nitrogen Fixation . May 1990 , Knoxville, TN. pp. L‐16
  • Djordjevic , M. A. , Schofield , P. R. and Rolfe , B. G. 1985 . Tn5 mutagenesis of Rhizobium trifolii hostspecific nodulation genes result in mutants with altered host‐range ability . Mol. Gen. Genet. , 200 : 463
  • Zaat , S. A. J. , Wijffelman , C. A. , Mulders , I. H. M. , Van Brussel , A. M. and Lugtenberg , B. J. J. 1988 . Root exudates of various host plants of Rhizobium leguminosarum contain different sets of inducers of Rhizobium nodulation genes . Plant Physiol. , 86 : 1298
  • Strange , K. K. , Bender , G. L. , Djordjevic , M. A. , Rolfe , B. G. and Redmond , J. W. 1990 . The rhizobium strain NGR234 nodD1 gene product responds to activation by the simple phenolic compound vanillin and isovanillin present in wheat seedling extracts . Mol. Plant‐Microbe Interact. , 3 : 214
  • Terouchi , N. and Syono , K. 1990 . Hair curling in heterologous legumes and monocots by flavonoid‐treated rhizobia . Plant Cell Physiol. , 3 : 113
  • Cho , M. J. and Harper , J. E. 1990 . Effect of various N sources on isoflavonoid concentrations in wild‐type and nodulation mutant soybean roots . paper presented at 8th Int. Cong. Nitrogen Fixation . May 1990 , Knoxville, TN. pp. B‐14
  • Bhuvaneswari , T. V. , Bhagwat , A. A. and Bauer , W. D. 1981 . Transient susceptibility of root cells in four common legumes to nodulation by rhizobia . Plant Physiol. , 68 : 1144
  • Young , J. P. W. and Johnston , A. W. B. 1989 . The evolution specificity in the legume‐rhizobium symbiosis . Trends Ecol., Evol. , 4 : 341
  • Nutman , P. S. 1967 . Varietal differences in the nodulation of subterranean clover . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 18 : 381
  • Sengupta‐Gopalan , C. 1990 . Regulation of host gene expression during nodule development in soybeans . paper presented at 8th Int. Congr. Nitrogen Fixation . May 1990 , Knoxville, TN. pp. L‐84
  • Safir , G. R. 1987 . Ecophysiology of VA Mycorrhizal Plants , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
  • Harley , J. L. and Smith , S. E. 1983 . Mycorrhizal Symbiosis , New York : Academic Press .
  • Lewis , D. H. 1987 . “ Evolutionary aspects of mutualistic associations between fungi and photosynthetic organisms ” . In Evolutionary Biology of the Fungi , Edited by: Rayner , A. D. M. , Braiser , C. M. and Moore , D. London : Cambridge University Press . chap. 11
  • Trappe , J. M. 1977 . Selection of fungi for ectomycorrhizal inoculation in nurseries . Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. , 15 : 203
  • Wilcox , M. E. 1990 . “ Mycorrhizal associations ” . In Biotechnology of Plant‐Microbe Interactions , Edited by: Nakas , J. P. and Hagedorn , C. New York : McGraw‐Hill . chap. 7
  • Siqueira , J. O. and Franco , A. A. 1988 . Biotecnologia de Solo , Brasilia : MEC/ABEAS .
  • Smith , S. E. and Gianninazzi‐Pearson , V. 1989 . Physiological interactions between symbionts in vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal plants . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. , 39 : 221
  • Jeffries , P. 1987 . Use of mycorrhizae in agriculture . Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. , 5 : 319
  • Marks , G. C. and Foster , R. C. 1973 . “ Structure, morphogenesis and ultrastructure of ectomycorrhizae ” . In Ectomycorrhizae , Edited by: Marks , G. C. and Kozlowski , T. T. New York : Academic Press .
  • Morton , J. B. and Benny , G. L. 1990 . Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (zygomycetes): a new order, glomales two new suborders, glomineae and gigasporineae, and two new families, acaulosporaceae and gigasporaceae, with an emendation of glomaceae . Mycotaxon , 37 : 471
  • Gianinazzi‐Pearson , V. and Gianinazzi , S. 1988 . “ Morphological integration and functional compatibility between symbionts in vesicular arbuscular endomycorrhizal associations ” . In Cell to Cell Signals in Plant, Animal and Microbial Symbiosis , Edited by: Scannerini , S. , Smith , D. , Bonfante‐Fasolo , P. and Gianinazzi‐Pearson , V. 73 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Gianinazzi‐Pearson , V. 1986 . “ Cellular modifications during host‐fungus interactions in endomycorrhizae ” . In Biology and Molecular Biology of Plant‐Pathogen Interactions , Edited by: Bailey , J. A. 29 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Bonfante‐Fasolo , P. 1988 . “ The role of the cell wall as a signal in mycorrhizal associations ” . In Cell to Cell Signals in Plant, Animal and Microbial Symbiosis , Edited by: Scannerini , S. 219 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Bonfante‐Fasolo , P. , Dexheimer , J. , Gianinazzi , S. , Gianinazzi‐Pearson , V. and Scannerini , S. 1981 . Cytochemical modifications in vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizae . Plant Sci. Lett. , 22 : 13
  • Garriock , M. L. , Peterson , R. L. and Ackerley , C. A. 1989 . Early stages in colonization of Allium porrum (leek) roots by the vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus . Glomus versiforme, New Phytol. , 112 : 85
  • Siqueira , J. O. , Sylvia , D. M. , Gibson , J. and Hubbell , D. H. 1985 . Spores, germination, and germ tubes of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi . Can. J. Microbiol. , 31 : 965
  • Siqueira , J. O. 1987 . “ Cultura axenica e monoxenica dos fungos micorrizicos vesiculo‐arbusculares ” . In Il Reuniao Brasilias Micorrizas , 44 Sao Paulo : Sec. Meio Ambiente .
  • Anderson , A. J. 1988 . Mycorrhizae‐host specificity and recognition . Phytopathology , 78 : 375
  • Anderson , A. 1985 . The problems of living with a plant root: factors involved in root colonization . Proc. 6th N. Am. Conf. Mycorrhizae . 1985 . pp. 175
  • Due , G. , Trouvelot , A. , Gianinazzi‐Pearson , V. and Gianinazzi , S. 1989 . First report of non‐mycorrhizal plant mutants (Myc‐) obtained in pea (Pisum sativum) and fababean (Vicia faba L.) . Plant Sci. , 60 : 215
  • Graham , J. H. , Leonard , R. T. and Menge , J. A. 1981 . Membrane‐mediated decrease in root exudation responsible for phosphorus inhibition of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizae formation . Plant Physiol. , 63 : 548
  • Gemma , J. N. and Koske , R. E. 1988 . Pre‐infection interactions between roots and the mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora gigantea: chemotropism of germ‐tubes and root growth response . Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. , 91 : 123
  • Hepper , C. 1979 . Germination and growth of Glomus caledonius spores: the effects of inhibitors and nutrients . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 11 : 269
  • Schwab , S. M. and Leonard , R. T. 1984 . Quantitative and qualitative comparison of root exudates of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plant species . Can. J. Bot. , 62 : 1227
  • Elias , K. S. and Safir , G. R. 1987 . Hyphal elongation of Glomus fasciculatus in response to root exudates . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 53 : 1928
  • Stone , B. A. 1989 . Cell walls in plant‐microorganism associations . Aust. J. Plant Physiol. , 16 : 5
  • Becard , G. and Piche , Y. 1989 . Fungal growth stimulation by CO2 and root exudates in vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 55 : 2320
  • Becard , G. and Piche , Y. 1989 . New aspects on the acquisition of biotrophic status by a vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Gigaspora margarita . New Phytol. , 112 : 77
  • Templeton , M. D. and Lamb , C. J. 1988 . Elicitors and defense gene activation . Plant Cell Environ. , 11 : 395
  • Siqueira , J. O. , Hubbell , D. H. and Schenck , N. C. 1982 . Spore germination and germ tube growth of a vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in vitro . Mycologia , 74 : 952
  • Spanu , P. , Boiler , T. , Ludwig , A. , Wiemken , A. , Faccio , A. and Bonfante‐Fasolo , P. 1989 . Chitinase in roots of mycorrhizal Allium porrum: regulation and localization . Planta , 177 : 447
  • Spanu , P. and Bonfante‐Fasolo , P. 1988 . Cell‐wall‐bound peroxidase activity in roots of mycorrhizal Allium porrum . New Phytol. , 109 : 119
  • Pacovsky, R., personal communication, 1990.
  • Codignola , A. , Verotta , L. , Spanu , P. , Maffei , M. , Scannerini , S. and Bonfante‐Fasolo , P. 1989 . Cell wall bound‐phenols in roots of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal plants . New Phytol. , 112 : 221
  • Dunas , E. , Gianinazzi‐Pearson , V. and Gianinazzi , S. 1989 . Production of new soluble proteins during VA endomycorrhiza formation . Agric. Ecosys. Environ. , 29 : 111
  • Pacovsky , R. S. 1989 . Carbohydrate, protein and amino acid status of Glycine‐Glomus‐Bradyrhizobium symbioses . Physiol. Plant. , 75 : 346
  • Paula , M. A. and Siqueira , J. O. 1990 . Stimulation of hyphal growth of the VA mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita by suspension‐cultured Pueraria phaseoloides cells and cell products . New Phytol. , 115 : 69
  • Gianinazzi‐Pearson , V. , Branzanti , B. and Gianinazzi , S. 1989 . In vitro enhancement of spore germination and early hyphal growth of a vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus by host root exudates and plant flavonoids . Symbiosis , 7 : 243
  • Siqueira , J. O. , Safir , G. R. and Nair , M. G. in press . Stimulation of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal formation and growth of white clover by flavonoid compound . New Phytol. ,
  • Paula , M. A. , Siqueira , J. O. , Pinto , J. E. B. P. and Pasqual , M. 1990 . Beneficios de suspensao de selulas vegetáis para es fungus micorrizicos vesiculo‐arbusculares in vitro. I. Efeito da especie vegetal e da idade das células . Pesq. Agrop. Bras. , 25 : 1101
  • Nair , M. G. , Safir , G. R. and Siqueira , J. O. in press . Isolation and identification of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhiza stimulatory compounds from clover (Trifolium repens) roots . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. ,
  • Morandi , D. 1989 . Effect of xenobiotics on endonmycorrhizal infection and isoflavonoid accumulation in soybean roots . Plant Physiol. Biochem. , 27 : 697
  • Morandi , D. and Gianinazzi‐Pearson , V. 1986 . “ Influence of mycorrhizal infection and phosphate nutrition on secondary metabolite contents of soybean roots ” . In Physiological and Genetics Aspects of Mycorrhizae , Edited by: Gianinazzi‐Pearson , V. and Gianinazzi , S. 787 Paris : INRA Press .
  • Morandi , D. and Bailey , J. A. 1984 . Isoflavonoid accumulation in soybean roots infected with vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungi . Physiol. Plant Pathol. , 24 : 357
  • Wyss , P. , Boiler , T. and Wiemken , A. 1989 . Glyceollin production in soybean during the process of infection by Glomus mosseae and Rhizoctonia solani . Agric. Ecosys. Environ. , 29 : 451
  • Liebereii , R. and Faeldman , F. 1989 . Physiological changes in roots colonized by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi—reactions in mutualistic and parasitic interactions . Agric. Ecosys. Environ. , 29 : 251
  • Patterson , N. A. , Wininger , S. and Kapulnik , Y. 1990 . Rhizosphere interaction between Rhizobium and Glomus macrocarpum and a possible influence on nodulation of alfalfa and Trifolium . paper presented at 8th Int. Cohgr. Nitrogen Fixation . May 1990 , Knoxville, TN. pp. B‐18
  • Simpson , D. and Daft , M. J. 1990 . Interactions between water‐stress and different mycorrhizal inocula on plant growth and mycorrhiza development in maize and sorghum . Plant Soil , 121 : 179
  • Rossiter , R. C. and Beck , A. B. 1966 . Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterreanum L.). II. Effects of phosphate supply . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 17 : 447
  • Wacker , T. L. , Safir , G. R. and Stephens , C. T. 1990 . Effects of ferulic acid on Glomus fasiculatum and associated effects on phosphorus uptake and growth of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) . J. Chem. Ecol. , 16 : 901
  • Pedersen , C. T. , Safir , G. R. , Siqueira , J. O. and Parents , S. in press . Effects of phenolic compounds on asparagus mycorrhiza . Soil Biol. Biochem. ,
  • Wacker , T. L. 1988 . The Role of Vesicular‐Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) Agroecosystem , 101 East Lansing : Michigan State University . M.S. thesis
  • Wacker , T. L. , Safir , G. R. and Stephenson , S. N. 1990 . Evidence for succession of mycorrhiza] fungi in Michigan asparagus . Acta Horticult. , 271 : 273 – 279 .
  • Schenck , N. C. , Siqueira , J. O. and Oliveira , E. 1987 . “ Changes in the incidence of VA mycorrhizal fungi with changes in ecosystems ” . In Interrelationships Between Microorganisms and Plants in Soil , Edited by: Vancura , V. and Kunc , F. 125 Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Siqueira , J. O. , Colozzi‐Filho , A. and Oliveira , E. 1989 . Ocorrencia de micorrizas vesicular‐arbusculared em agro e ecossistemas de estado de Minas Gerais . Pesq. Agropec. Bras. , 24 : 1499
  • Krishna , K. R. and Bagyaraj , D. J. 1983 . Interaction between Glomus fasciculatum and Sclerotium rolfsii, in peanut . Can. J. Bot. , 61 : 2349
  • Siqueira , J. O. and Hubbell , D. H. 1986 . “ Efeito de Iectinas e fitoalexina sobre fungos micorrizicos vesicular‐arbusculares in vitro ” . In Il Reuniao Brasilias Micorrizas , 188 Lavras : ESAL .
  • Barroso , J. , Chaves‐Neves , H. and Pais , M. S. 1986 . “ Ultrastructural, cytochemical and biochemical aspects related to the formation of Orphrys lutea endomycorrhizae ” . In Physiological and Genetical Aspects of Mycorrhizae , Edited by: Gianninazi‐Pearson , V. and Gianninazi , S. 265 Paris : INRA .
  • Leake , J. R. , Shaw , C. and Read , D. J. 1989 . The role of ericoid mycorrhizas in the ecology of ericaceous plants . Agric. Ecosys. Environ. , 29 : 237
  • Duelos , J. L. and Fortin , J. A. 1983 . Effect of glucose and activated charcoal on in vitro synthetase of ericoid mycorrhiza with Vaccinium spp. . New Phytol. , 94 : 95
  • Read , D. J. 1987 . “ Recent advances in the study of ericaceous mycorrhizas ” . In Mycorrhizae in the Next Decade — Practical Applications and Research Priorities , Edited by: Sylvia , D. M. , Hung , L. L. and Grahan , J. H. 328 Gainesville : IFAS, University of Florida .
  • Leake , J. R. and Read , D. J. 1989 . The effects of phenolic compounds on nitrogen mobilization by ericoid mycorrhizal systems . Agric. Ecosys. Environ. , 29 : 225
  • Jalal , M. A. F. and Read , D. J. 1983 . The organic acid composition of Calluna heathland soil with special tolerance to phyto‐ and fungitoxicity. I. Isolation and identification of organic acids . Plant Soil , 70 : 257
  • Fries , N. 1989 . The influence of tree roots on spore germination of ectomycorrhizal fungi . Agric. Ecosys. Environ. , 28 : 139
  • Theodorou , C. and Bowen , G. D. 1971 . Effects of non‐host plants on growth of mycorrhiza fungi‐ of radiata pine . Aust. For. , 35 : 17
  • Chu‐Chou , M. 1978 . Effects of root residues on growth of Pinus radiata seedlings and a mycorrhizal fungus . Ann. Appl. Biol. , 90 : 407
  • Melin , E. 1963 . “ Some effects of forest tree roots on mycorrhizal Basidiomycetes ” . In Symbiotic Association , Edited by: Nutman , P. S. and Mosse , B. 125 London : Cambridge University Press .
  • Piché , Y. , Peterson , R. L. and Massicotte , H. B. 1988 . “ Host‐fungus interactions in ectomycorrhizae ” . In Cell to Cell Signals in Plant, Animal and Microbial Symbiosis , Edited by: Scannerini , S. , Smith , D. , Bonfante‐Fasolo , P. and Gianinazzi‐Pearson , V. 60 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Hubert , J. L. and Martin , F. 1989 . Protein changes and the presence of ectomycorrhiza‐specific polypeptides in the Pisolithus‐Eucalyptus symbiosis . Agric. Ecosys. Environ. , 28 : 181
  • Marx , D. H. and Daniel , W. J. 1976 . Maintaining cultures of ectomycorrhizal and plant pathogenic fungi in sterile water cold storage . Can. J. Microbiol. , 22 : 338
  • Ling‐Lee , M. , Chilvers , G. A. and Ashford , A. E. 1977 . A histochemical study of phenolic materials in mycorrhizal and uninfected roots of Eucalyptus fastigata Deane and Maiden . New Phytol. , 78 : 313
  • Hillis , W. E. and Ishikura , N. 1969 . Flavanone glucoside poriolin from Douglas fir roots . Austr. J. Chem. , 22 : 483
  • Hillis , W. E. and Ishikura , N. 1969 . Extractives of the mycorrhizas and roots of Pinus radiata and Pseudotsuza menziesii . Aust. J. Biol. Sci. , 22 : 1425
  • Sylvia , D. M. and Sinclair , W. A. 1983 . Phenolic compounds and resistance to fungal pathogens induced in primary roots of Douglas‐fir seedlings by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Lacearia laccata . Phytopathology , 733 : 390
  • Piché , Y. , Fortin , J. A. and Lafontaine , J. G. 1981 . Cytoplasmic phenols and polysaccharides in ectomycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal roots of pine . New Phytol. , 88 : 695
  • Ronald , P. and Soderhall , K. 1985 . Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase activity in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal short roots of scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L. . New Phytol. , 101 : 487
  • Marx , D. H. 1972 . Ectomycorrhizae as deterrents to pathogenic root infections . Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. , 10 : 429
  • Sauter , M. and Hager , A. 1989 . The mycorrhizal fungus Amanita muscaria induces chitinase activity in roots and in suspension‐cultured cells of its host Picea abies . Planta , 179 : 61
  • Persidsky , D. J. , Loewenstein , H. and Wilde , S. A. 1965 . Effects of extracts of prairie soils and prairie grass roots on the respiration of ectotrophic mycorrhizae . Agron. J. , 57 : 311
  • Robinson , R. K. 1972 . The production by roots of Callunas vulgaris of a factor inhibitory to growth of some mycorrhizal fungi . J. Ecol. , 60 : 219
  • Kovacic , D. D. , St. John , T. V. and Dyer , M. I. 1984 . Lack of vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum in a ponderosa pine forest . Ecology , 65 : 1755
  • Chu‐Chou , M. N. 1978 . Effects of root residues on growth of Pinus radiata seedlings and a mycorrhizal fungus . Ann. Appl. Biol. , 90 : 407
  • Olsen , R. A. , Odham , G. and Lingberg , G. 1971 . Aromatic substances in leaves of Populus tremula as inhibitors of mycorrhizal fungi . Physiol. Plant. , 25 : 122
  • Lindeberg , G. , Lindeberg , M. , Lundgren , L. , Popoff , T. and Theander , O. 1980 . Stimulation of litterdecomposing basidiomycetes by flavonoids . Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. , 75 : 455
  • Perry , D. A. and Choquette , C. 1987 . “ Allelopathic effects on mycorrhizae, Influence of structure and dynamics of forest ecosystems ” . In Allelochemicals: Role in Agriculture and Forestry , ACS Symp. Ser. No. 330 Edited by: Waller , G. R. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society . chap. 17
  • Rose , S. L. , Perry , D. A. , Pilz , D. and Schoeneberger . 1983 . Allelopathic effects of litter on the growth and colonization of mycorrhizal fungi . J. Chem. Ecol. , 9 : 1153
  • Hanson , P. J. and Dixon , R. K. 1987 . Allelopathic effects of interrupted fern on northern red oak seedlings: amelioration by Suillus luteus L.:Fr. . Plant Soil , 98 : 43
  • Newman , E. I. 1988 . Mycorrhizal links between plants: their functioning and ecological significance . Adv. Ecol. Res. , 18 : 243
  • Griffioen , W. A. J. and Earnst , W. H. O. 1989 . The role of VA‐mycorrhiza in the heavy metal tolerance of Agrostis capillaris L. . Agric. Ecosys. Environ. , 29 : 173
  • Walters , D. T. and Gilmore , A. R. 1976 . Allelopathic effects of fescue on the growth of sweetgum . J. Chem. Ecol. , 2 : 469
  • Ponder , F. Jr. 1981 . “ The effects of soil and foliar fertilization and of mycorrhizae on growth of potted black walnut ” . In 5th NACOM — Program and Abstracts , 15 Quebec : Université Laval .
  • Khan , M. S. 1966 . Possible Mycorrhizal Associates of Black Walnut , 90 Ames : Iowa State University . Master's thesis
  • Friend , J. 1981 . Plant phenolics, lignification and plant disease . Prog. Phytochem. , 7 : 197
  • Vance , C. P. , Sherwood , R. T. and Kirk , T. K. 1980 . Lignification as a mechanism of disease resistance . Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. , 18 : 259
  • Link , K. P. and Walker , J. C. 1933 . The isolation of catechol from pigmented onion scales and its significance in relation to disease resistance in onions . J. Biol. Chem. , 100 : 379
  • Dixon , R. A. , Deyond , P. M. and Lamb , C. J. 1983 . Phytoalexins: enzymology and molecular biology . Adv. Enzymol. , 53 : 1
  • Schönbeck , F. and Schlosses , E. 1976 . “ Preformed substances as potential protectants ” . In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology , New Series Vol 4 , 653
  • Bailey , J. A. and Mansfield , J. W. 1982 . Phytoalexins , Glasgow : Blackie & Son .
  • Keen , N. T. and Littlefield , L. J. 1979 . The possible association of phytoalexins with resistance gene expression in flax Melampsora lini . Physiol. Plant Pathol. , 14 : 265
  • Hammerschmidt , R. and Kuć , J. 1982 . Lignification as a mechanism for induced systemic resistance in cucumber . Physiol. Plant Pathol. , 20 : 61
  • Stoessl , A. and Unwin , C. H. 1970 . The antifungal factors of barley. V. Antifungal activity of the hordatines . Can. J. Bot. , 48 : 465
  • Grambow , H. J. and Grambow , G. E. 1978 . The involvement of epicuticular and cell wall phenols of the host plant in the in vitro development of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici . Z. Pfanzenphysiol. , 90 : 1
  • Mayama , S. , Matsuura , Y. , Iida , H. and Tani , T. 1982 . The role of avenalumin in the resistance of oat to crown rust, Puccinia coronata f.sp. avenae . Physiol. Plant Pathol. , 20 : 189
  • Nicholson , R. L. , Kollipara , S. S. , Vincent , J. R. , Lyons , P. C. and Cadena‐Gomez , G. 1987 . Phytoalexin synthesis by sorghum mesocotyl in response to infection by pathogenic and non‐pathogenic fungi . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 84 : 5520
  • Inhgam , J. L. 1976 . Fungal modification of pterocarpan phytoalexins from Melilotus alba and Trifolium pratense . Phytochemistry , 15 : 1791
  • Gäuman , E. 1964 . Untersuchungen über die chemische infektabwer der Orchideen . Phytopathol. Z. , 38 : 274
  • Jaworski , J. and Kuć , J. 1974 . Effect of ethrel and Ceratocystis fimbriata on the synthesis of fatty acids and 6‐methoxy mellein in carrot root . Plant Physiol. , 53 : 331
  • Stipanovich , R. D. , Greenblatt , G. A. , Beier , R. C. and Bell , A. A. 1981 . 2‐Hydroxy‐7‐methoxyca‐dalene. The precursor of lacinilene C7‐methyl ether in Gossypium . Phytochemistry , 20 : 729
  • Hammerschmidt , R. 1985 . Determination of natural and wound‐induced potato tuber suberin phenolics by thioglycolic acid derivatization and cupric oxide oxidation . Potato Res. , 28 : 123
  • Ride , J. P. 1978 . The role of cell wall alterations in resistance to fungi . Ann. Appl. Biol. , 89 : 302
  • Keen , N. T. 1981 . “ Evaluation of the role of phytoalexins ” . In Plant Disease Control , Edited by: Staples , R. C. and Toenniesser , G. H. 155 New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Yoshikawa , M. , Matuma , M. and Masago , H. 1978 . Glyceollin: its role in restricting fungal growth in resistant soybean hypocotyls infected with Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae . Physiol. Plant Pathol. , 12 : 73
  • Grisebach , H. 1985 . “ Induction of glyceollin biosynthesis in soybeans ” . In Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plant Stress , Edited by: Likey , J. and Kosuge , T. 275 New York : Alan R. Liss .
  • Moesta , P. and Grisebach , H. 1982 . L‐2‐Aminooxy‐3‐ ‘ phenylpropionic acid inhibits phytoalexin accumulation of soybean with concomitant loss of resistance against Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea . Physiol. Plant Pathol. , 21 : 65
  • Van Etten , H. D. , Matthews , D. E. and Matthews , P. S. 1989 . Phytoalexin detoxification: importance for pathogenicity and practical implications . Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. , 27 : 143
  • Van Etten , H. D. , Matthews , P. S. , Tegtmeier , K. H. , Oietert , M. F. and Stein , J. I. 1980 . The association of pisatin tolerance and demethylation with virulence on pea in Nectria heamatoccoa . Physiol. Plant Pathol. , 16 : 257
  • Van Etten , H. D. and Matthews , P. S. 1984 . Naturally occurring variation in the inducibility of pisatin demethylating activity of Nectria haematococca mating populating. VI . Physiol. Plant Pathol. , 25 : 149
  • Tegtmeier , K. J. and Van Etten , H. D. 1982 . The role of pisatin tolerance and degradation in the virulence of Nectria haematocca on peas: genetic analysis . Phytopathology , 72 : 608
  • Weltring , K. M. , Burgeon , B. G. , Yoder , O. C. and Van Etten , H. D. 1988 . Isolation of a phytoalexindetoxifying gene from plant pathogenic fungus Nectria haematococca by detecting its expression in Aspergillus nidulans . Gene , 68 : 335
  • Ciuffetti , L. M. , Weltring , K. M. , Turgeon , B. G. , Yoder , O. C. and Van Etten , H. D. 1988 . J. Cell Biochem. , 12 C : 278
  • Schäfer , W. , Straney , D. , Ciuffetti , L. , Van Etten , H. D. and Yoder , O. C. 1989 . One enzyme makes a fungal pathogen, but not a saprophyte, virulent on a new host plant . Science , 246 : 247
  • Cangelosi , G. A. and Nester , E. W. 1988 . Initial interaction between plant cells and Agrobacterium tumefaciens in crown gall tumor formation . Recent Adv. Phytochem. , 22 : 99
  • Lippincott , J. A. and Lippincott , B. B. 1976 . “ Morphogenic determinants as exemplified by the crown gall disease ” . In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology , New Series Vol. 4 , 356
  • Stachel , S. E. , Messens , E. , van Montagu , N. and Zambryski , P. 1985 . Identification of the signal molecules produced by wounded plant cells that activate T‐DNA transfer in Agrobacterium tumefasciens . Nature , 318 : 624
  • Bolton , G. W. , Nester , E. W. and Gordon , M. P. 1986 . Plant phenolic compounds induce expression of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens, loci needed for virulence . Science , 232 : 983
  • Spencer , P. A. and Towers , G. H. N. 1988 . Specificity of signal compounds detected by Agrobacterium tumefasciens . Phytochemistry , 27 : 2781
  • Melchers , L. S. , Regensburg‐Tuink , A. J. G. , Schilperoort , R. A. and Hooykas , P. J. J. 1989 . Specificity of signal molecule in the activation of Agrobacterium virulence gene expression . Mol. Microbiol. , 3 : 969
  • Morris , R. O. , Morris , J. W. and Castle , L. A. Native agrobacterium induce≪ in conifers and the potential role of a bacterial glucosidase in tumorogenesis . Proc. of U.S.‐Japan Seminar on Molecular Strategies of Plant‐Pathogen Interactions . Edited by: Patil , S. S. , Ouchi , S. and Vance , C. P. in press
  • Salir , S. V. , Chilton , M. D. and Chilton , W. S. 1990 . Corn metabolites affect growth and virulence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 87 : 3879

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.