Melatonin Entrains Free‐running Blind People According to a Physiological Dose‐response Curve

References

• Armstrong S. M. Melatonin: the internal zeitgeber of mammals?. Pineal Research Reviews, R. J. Reiter. Alan R. Liss., New York, NY 1989; 7: 157–202
   Google Scholar
• Axelrod J. The pineal gland: a neurochemical transducer. Science 1974; 184: 1341–1348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cajochen C., Jewett M. E., Dijk D. J. Human circadian melatonin rhythm phase delay during a fixed sleep‐wake schedule interspersed with nights of sleep deprivation. J. Pineal Res. 2003; 35: 149–157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassone V. M. Melatonin's role in vertebrate circadian rhythms. Chronobiol. Int. 1998; 15: 457–473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassone V. M., Chesworth M. J., Armstrong S. M. Dose‐dependent entrainment of rat circadian rhythms by daily injection of melatonin. J. Biol. Rhythms 1986; 1: 219–229
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deacon S., Arendt J. Melatonin‐induced temperature suppression and its acute phase‐shifting effects correlate in a dose‐dependent manner in humans. Brain Res. 1995; 688: 77–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earl C., O′Occhio M., Kennaway D., Seamark R. Serum melatonin profiles and endocrine responses of ewes exposed to a pulse of light late in the dark phase. Endocrinol. 1985; 117: 226–230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emens J. S., Lewy A. J., Lefler B. J., Sack R. L. Relative coordination to unknown “weak zeitgebers” in free‐running blind individuals. J. Biol. Rhythms 2005; 20: 159–167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerdin M. J., Masana M. I., Rivera‐Bermudez M. A., Hudson R. L., Earnest D. J., Gillette M. U., Dubocovich M. L. Melatonin desensitizes endogenous MT2 melatonin receptors in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: relevance for defining the periods of sensitivity of the mammalian circadian clock to melatonin. The FASEB Journal 2004; 18: 1646–1656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordijn M., Beersma D., Korte H. J., Van Den Hoofdakker R. H. Effects of light exposure and sleep displacement on dim light melatonin onset. J. Sleep Res. 1999; 8: 163–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwinner E., Brandstatter R. Complex Bird Clocks. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London—Ser. B: Biol. Sci. 2001; 356: 1801–1810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hack L. M., Lockley S. W., Arendt J., Skene D. J. The effects of low‐dose 0.5‐mg melatonin on the free‐running circadian rhythms of blind subjects. J. Biol. Rhythms 2003; 18: 420–429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattar S., Lucas R. J., Mrosovsky N., Tompson S., Douglas R. H., Hankins M. W., Lem J., Biel M., Hofmann F., Foster R. G., Yau K. W. Melanopsin and rod‐cone photoreceptive systems account for all major accessory visual functions in mice. Nature 2003; 424: 76–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibenluft E., Feldman‐Naim S., Turner E. H., Schwartz P. J., Wehr T. A. Salivary and plasma measures of dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) in patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Biol. Psych. 1996; 40: 731–735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J. Clinical applications of melatonin in circadian disorders. Dialog. Clin. Neurosci. 2003; 5: 399–413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Markey S. P. Analysis of melatonin in human plasma by gas chromatography negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Science 1978; 201: 741–743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Wehr T. A., Goodwin F. K., Newsome D. A., Markey S. P. Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science 1980; 210: 1267–1269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Ahmed S., Jackson J. M.L., Sack R. L. Melatonin shifts circadian rhythms according to a phase‐response curve. Chronobiol. Int. 1992; 9: 380–392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Sack R. L., Boney R. S., Clemons A. A., Anderson N. R., Pen S. D., Bauer V. K., Cutler N. L., Harker C. T. Assays for measuring the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) in human plasma. Sleep Res. 1997; 26: 733
   Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Bauer V. K., Ahmed S., Thomas K. H., Cutler N. L., Singer C. M., Moffit M. T., Sack R. L. The human phase response curve (PRC) to melatonin is about 12 hours out of phase with the PRC to light. Chronobiol. Int. 1998; 15: 71–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Cutler N. L., Sack R. L. The endogenous melatonin profile as a marker for circadian phase position. J. Biol. Rhythms 1999; 14: 227–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Bauer V. K., Hasler B. P., Kendall A. R., Pires L. N., Sack R. L. Capturing the circadian rhythms of free‐running blind people with 0.5 mg melatonin. Brain Res. 2001; 918: 96–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Emens J. S., Sack R. L., Hasler B. P., Bernert R. A. Low, but not high, doses of melatonin entrained a free‐running blind person with a long circadian period. Chronobiol. Int. 2002; 19: 649–658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Emens J. S., Sack R. L., Hasler B. P., Bernert R. A. Zeitgeber hierarchy in humans: resetting the circadian phase positions of blind people using melatonin. Chronobiol. Int. 2003; 20: 837–852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Emens J. S., Bernert R. A., Lefler B. J. Eventual entrainment of the human circadian pacemaker by melatonin is independent of the circadian phase of treatment initiation: clinical implications. J. Biol. Rhythms 2004; 19: 68–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas R. J., Freedman M. S., Munoz M., Garcia‐Fernandez J., Foster R. G. Regulation of the mammalian pineal by non‐rod, non‐cone, ocular photoreceptors. Science 1999; 284: 505–507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menaker M. Circadian Photoreception. Science 2003; 299: 213–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore R. Y., Klein D. C. Visual pathways and the central neural control of a circadian rhythm in the pineal serotonin N‐acetyltransferase activity. Brain Res. 1974; 71: 17–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore‐Ede M., Sulzman F. M., Fuller C. A. The Clocks that Time Us. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1982
   Google Scholar
• Nagtegaal J. E., Kerkhof G. A., Smits M. G., Swart A. C.W., Van Der Meer Y. G. Delayed sleep phase syndrome: a placebo‐controlled cross‐over study on the effects of melatonin administered five hours before the individual dim light melatonin onset. J. Sleep. Res. 1998; 7: 135–143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panda S., Sato T. K., Castrucci A. M., Rollag M. D., DeGrip W. J., Hogenesch J. B., Provencio I., Kay S. A. Melanopsin (Opn4) requirement for normal light‐induced circadian phase‐shifting. Science 2002; 298: 2213–2216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittendrigh C. S., Daan S. A functional analysis of circadian pacemakers in nocturnal rodents: IV. Entrainment: pacemaker as a clock. J. Comp. Physiol. 1976; 106: 291–331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redman J., Armstrong S., Ng K. T. Free‐running activity rhythms in the rat: entrainment by melatonin. Science 1983; 219: 1089–1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reppert S. M., Weaver D. R. Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature 2002; 418: 935–941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sack R. L., Brandes R. W., Kendall A. R., Lewy A. J. Entrainment of free‐running circadian rhythms by melatonin in blind people. New Engl. J. Med. 2000; 343: 1070–1077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner D. C., Malpaux B. High melatonin concentrations in third ventricular cerebrospinal fluid are not due to Galen vein blood recirculating through the choroid plexus. Endocrinol. 1999; 140: 4399–4405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touitou Y., Portaluppi F., Smolensky M. H., Rensing L. Ethical principles and standards for the conduct of human and animal biological rhythm research. Chronobiol. Int. 2004; 21: 161–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voultsios A., Kennaway D. J., Dawson D. Salivary melatonin as a circadian phase marker: validation and comparison to plasma melatonin. J. Biol. Rhythms 1997; 12: 457–466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren W. S., Hodges D. B., Cassone V. M. Pinealectomized rats entrain and phase‐shift to melatonin injections in a dose‐dependent manner. J. Biol. Rhythms 1993; 8: 233–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhdanova I. V., Wurtman R. J., Regan M. M., Taylor J. A., Shi J. P., LeClair O. U. Melatonin treatment for age‐related insomnia. J. Clin. Endocronol. Metab. 2001; 86: 4727–4730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar