Advanced phases and reduced amplitudes are suggested to characterize the daily rest-activity cycles in depressed adolescent boys

References

• American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4thedition, ( DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Ancoli-Israel S, Cole R, Alessi C, et al. (2003). The role of actigraphy in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms. Sleep. 26:342–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angold A, Costello EJ, Erkanli A, Worthman CM. (1999). Pubertal changes in hormone levels and depression in girls. Psychol Med. 29:1043–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angold A, Costello EJ, Worthman CM. (1998). Puberty and depression: The roles of age, pubertal status and pubertal timing. Psychol Med. 28:51–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage R, Emslie G, Rintelmann J. (1997). The effect of fluoxetine on sleep EEG in childhood depression: A preliminary report. Neuropsychopharmacology. 17:241–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage R, Hoffmann R, Emslie G, et al. (2004). Rest-activity cycles in childhood and adolescent depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 43:761–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora T, Taheri S. (2015). Associations among late chronotype, body mass index and dietary behaviors in young adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond). 1:39–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 56:893–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 4:561–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broms U, Pitkäniemi J, Bäckmand H, et al. (2014). Long-term consistency of diurnal-type preferences among men. Chronobiol Int. 31:182–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks SJ, Kutcher S. (2001). Diagnosis and measurement of adolescent depression: A review of commonly utilized instruments. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 11:341–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chelminski I, Ferraro FR, Petros TV, Plaud JJ. (1999). An analysis of the “eveningness-morningness” dimension in “depressive” college students. J Affect Disord. 52:19–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke G, Debar L, Lynch F, et al. (2005). A randomized effectiveness trial of brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for depressed adolescents receiving antidepressant medication. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 44:888–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley SJ, Van Reen E, LeBourgeois MK, et al. (2014). A longitudinal assessment of sleep timing, circadian phase, and phase angle of entrainment across human adolescence. Plos One. 9:e112199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagys N, McGlinchey EL, Talbot LS, et al. (2012). Double trouble? The effects of sleep deprivation and chronotype on adolescent affect. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 53:660–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daimon K, Yamada N, Tsujimoto T, Takahashi S. (1992). Circadian rhythm abnormalities of deep body temperature in depressive disorders. J Affect Disord. 26:191–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake C, Nickel C, Burduvali E, et al. (2003). The pediatric daytime sleepiness scale (PDSS): Sleep habits and school outcomes in middle-school children. Sleep. 26:455–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drennan MD, Klauber MR, Kripke DF, Goyette LM. (1991). The effects of depression and age on the Horne-Ostberg morningness-eveningness score. J Affect Disord. 23:93–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy J, Dijk D, Hall E, Czeisler C. (1999). Relationship of endogenous circadian melatonin and temperature rhythms to self-reported preference for morning or evening activity in young and older people. J Investig Med. 47:141–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy JF, Rimmer DW, Czeisler CA. (2001). Association of intrinsic circadian period with morningness–eveningness, usual wake time, and circadian phase. Behav Neurosci. 115:895–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzaja A, Arber S, Hislop J, et al. (2005). Women’s sleep in health and disease. J Psychiatr Res. 39:55–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emens JS, Yuhas K, Rough J, et al. (2009). Phase angle of entrainment in morning- and evening-types under naturalistic conditions. Chronobiol Int. 26:474–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emslie GJ, Findling RL, Yeung PP, et al. (2007). Venlafaxine ER for the treatment of pediatric subjects with depression: Results of two placebo-controlled trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 46:479–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson JM. (2001). SSRI antidepressant medications: Adverse effects and tolerability. Prim. Care Companion. J Clin. Psychiatry. 3:22–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finazzi ME, Mesquita ME, Lopes JR, et al. (2010). Motor activity and depression severity in adolescent outpatients. Neuropsychobiology. 61:33–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golley RK, Maher CA, Matricciani L, Olds TS. (2013). Sleep duration or bedtime? Exploring the association between sleep timing behaviour, diet and BMI in children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond). 37:546–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golub MS, Hogrefe CE. (2016). Sleep disturbance as detected by actigraphy in pre-pubertal juvenile monkeys receiving therapeutic doses of fluoxetine. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 55:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin FK, Wirz-Justice A, Wehr TA. (1982). Evidence that the pathophysiology of depression and the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs both involve alterations in circadian rhythms. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol. 32:1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grierson AB, Hickie IB, Naismith SL, et al. (2016). Circadian rhythmicity in emerging mood disorders: State or trait marker? Int J Bipolar Disord. 4:3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 23:56–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne JA, Östberg O. (1976). A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol. 4:97–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, et al. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 36:980–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewy AJ. (2010). Depressive disorders may more commonly be related to circadian phase delays rather than advances: Time will tell. Sleep Med. 11:117–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marton P, Churchard M, Kutcher S, Korenblum M. (1991). Diagnostic utility of the Beck Depression Inventory with adolescent psychiatric outpatients and inpatients. Can J Psychiatry. 36:428–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikanto I, Kronholm E, Peltonen M, et al. (2012). Relation of Chronotype to sleep complaints in the general Finnish population. Chronobiol Int. 29:311–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikanto I, Kronholm E, Peltonen M, et al. (2015). Circadian preference links to depression in general adult population. J Affect Disord. 188:143–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikanto I, Lahti T, Kronholm E, et al. (2013). Evening types are prone to depression. Chronobiol Int. 30:719–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikanto I, Suvisaari J, Lahti T, Partonen T. (2016). Eveningness relates to burnout and seasonal sleep and mood problems among young adults. Nord J Psychiatry. 70:72–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mufson L, Dorta KP, Wickramaratne P, et al. (2004). A randomized effectiveness trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 61:577–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naismith SL, Hermens DF, Ip TK, et al. (2012). Circadian profiles in young people during the early stages of affective disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2:e123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robillard R, Naismith SL, Rogers NL, et al. (2013). Delayed sleep phase in young people with unipolar or bipolar affective disorders. J Affect Disord. 145:260–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robillard R, Naismith SL, Smith KL, et al. (2014). Sleep-wake cycle in young and older persons with a lifetime history of mood disorders. Plos One. 9:e87763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Pramstaller PP, et al. (2004). A marker for the end of adolescence. Curr Biol. 14:R1038–R1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, et al. (1993). Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption‐II. Addiction. 88:791–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjöberg RL, Nilsson KW, Leppert J. (2005). Obesity, shame, and depression in school-aged children: A population-based study. Pediatrics. 116:e389–e392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snell EK, Adam EK, Duncan GJ. (2007). Sleep and the body mass index and overweight status of children and adolescents. Child Dev. 78:309–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soldatos CR, Dikeos DG, Paparrigopoulos TJ. (2000). Athens insomnia scale: Validation of an instrument based on ICD-10 criteria. J Psychosom Res. 48:555–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teicher MH, Glod CA, Harper D, et al. (1993). Locomotor activity in depressed children and adolescents: I. Circadian dysregulation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 32:760–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urrila AS, Karlsson L, Kiviruusu O, et al. (2012). Sleep complaints among adolescent outpatients with major depressive disorder. Sleep Med. 13:816–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urrila AS, Paunio T, Palomäki E, Marttunen M. (2015). Sleep in adolescent depression: Physiological perspectives. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 213:758–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulff K, Gatti S, Wettstein JG, Foster RG. (2010). Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 11:589–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xian H, Gonzalez C, Deych E, et al. (2015). Age-related effects on circadian phase in the sleep of patients with depression and insomnia. Behav Sleep Med. 13:208–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar