Multilevel modeling of chronotype and weekdays versus weekends to predict nonrestorative sleep

References

• Adan A, Archer SN, Hidalgo MP, Di Milia L, Natale V, Randler C. (2012). Circadian typology: A comprehensive review. Chronobiol Int. 29:1153–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adan A, Natale V. (2002). Gender differences in morningness–eveningness preference. Chronobiol Int. 19:709–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Bei B, Wiley JF, Trinder J, Manber R. (2016). Beyond the mean: A systematic review on the correlates of daily intraindividual variability of sleep/wake patterns. Sleep Med Rev. 28:104–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryk AS, Raudenbush SW. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis methods. 2nd. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Buysse DJ, Hall ML, Strollo PJ, Kamarck TW, Owens J, Lee L, Reis SE, Matthews KA. (2008). Relationships between the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and clinical/polysomnographic measures in a community sample. J Clin Sleep Med. 4:563–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chelminski I, Ferraro FR, Petros T, Plaud JJ. (1997). Horne and ostberg questionnaire: A score distribution in a large sample of young adults. Pers Indiv Differ. 23:647–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake CL, Hays RD, Morlock R, Wang F, Shikiar R, Frank L, Downey R, Roth T. (2014). Development and evaluation of a measure to assess restorative sleep. J Clin Sleep Med. 10:733–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy JF, Dijk DJ, Hall EF, Czeisler CA. (1999). Relationship of endogenous circadian melatonin and temperature rhythms to self-reported preference for morning or evening activity in young and older people. J Investig Med. 47:141–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emert SE, Tutek J, Lichstein KL. (2017). Associations between sleep disturbances, personality, and trait emotional intelligence. Pers Individ Dif. 107:195–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espie CA, Lindsay WR, Espie LC. (1989). Use of the sleep assessment device (Kelley and Lichstein, 1980) to validate insomniacs’ self-report of sleep pattern. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 11:71–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabbian F, Zucchi B, Giorgi AD, Tiseo R, Boari B, Salmi R, Cappadona R, Gianesini G, Bassi E, Signani F, et al. (2016). Chronotype, gender and general health. Chronobiol Int. 33:863–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George D, Mallery P. (2003). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update. 4th. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Giannotti F, Cortesi F, Sebastiani T, Ottaviano S. (2002). Circadian preference, sleep and daytime behaviour in adolescence. J Sleep Res. 11:191–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser D, Hastings RH. (2011). An introduction to multilevel modeling for anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg. 113:877–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griefahn B, Künemund C, Golka K, Thier R, Degen G. (2002). Melatonin synthesis: A possible indicator of intolerance to shiftwork. Am J Ind Med. 42:427–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes AF. (2006). A primer on multilevel modeling. Hum Commun Res. 38:379–405.
   Google Scholar
• Heck RH, Thomas SL, Tabata LN. (2014). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling with IBM SPSS. 2nd. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Horne JA, Östberg O. (1976). A self assessment questionnaire to determine morningness eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol. 4:97–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerkhof GA, Van Dongen HPA. (1996). Morning-type and evening-type individuals differ in the phase position of their endogenous circadian oscillator. Neurosci Lett. 218:153–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavigne G. (2010). Physiology in sleep. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 5th. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. p. 199–200.
   Google Scholar
• McCrae CS, Rowe MA, Tierney CG, Dautovich ND, DeFinis AL, McNamara JP. (2005). Sleep complaints, subjective and objective sleep patterns, health, psychological adjustment, and daytime functioning in community-dwelling older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 60:P182–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Means MK, Edinger JD, Glenn DM, Fins AI. (2003). Accuracy of sleep perceptions among insomnia sufferers and normal sleepers. Sleep Med. 4:285–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neubauer AC. (1992). Psychometric comparison of two circadian rhythm questionnaires and their relationship with personality. Pers Indiv Differ. 13:125–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohayon MM. (2005). Prevalence and correlates of nonrestorative sleep complaints. Arch Intern Med. 165:35–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohayon MM, Roth T. (2001). What are the contributing factors for insomnia in the general population? J Psychosom Res. 51:745–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peugh JL. (2010). A practical guide to multilevel modeling. J Sch Psychol. 48:85–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajaratnam SM, Arendt J. (2001). Health in a 24-h society. Lancet. 358:999–1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roane BM, Seifer R, Sharkey KM, Van Reen E, Bond TL, Raffray T, Carskadon MA. (2015). What role does sleep play in weight gain in the first semester of university? Behav Sleep Med. 13:491–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth T, Jaeger S, Jin R, Kalsekar A, Stang PE, Kessler RC. (2006). Sleep problems, comorbid mental disorders, and role functioning in the national comorbidity survey replication. Biol Psychiat. 60:1364–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth T, Zammit G, Lankford A, Mayleben D, Stern T, Pitman V, Clark D, Werth JL. (2010). Nonrestorative sleep as a distinct component of insomnia. Sleep. 33:449–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sateia MJ, Thorpy MJ. (2016). Classification of sleep disorders. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 6th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. p. 618–26.e4.
   Google Scholar
• Schweitzer PK. (2010). Drugs that disturb sleep and wakefulness. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 5th. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. p. 542–60.
   Google Scholar
• Singer JD, Willett JB. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis. New York: Oxford Press. p. 96–97.
   Google Scholar
• Snijders TAB, Bosker RJ. (1994). Modeled variance in two-level models. Socio Meth Res. 22:342–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone KC, Taylor DJ, McCrae CS, Kalsekar A, Lichstein KL. (2008). Nonrestorative sleep. Sleep Med Rev. 12:275–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh S, Nowakowski S, Bernert RA, Ong JC, Siebern AT, Dowdle CL, Manber R. (2012). Clinical significance of night-to-night sleep variability in insomnia. Sleep Med. 13:469–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terman M, Rifkin JB, Jacobs J, White TM. (2001). Morningness-eveningness questionnaire (Revised). New York, NY: New York State Psychiatric Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Tutek J, Emert SE, Dautovich ND, Lichstein KL. (2016). Association between chronotype and nonrestorative sleep in a college population. Chronobiol Int. 33:1293–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ustinov Y, Lichstein KL, Wal GSV, Taylor DJ, Riedel BW, Bush AJ. (2010). Association between report of insomnia and daytime functioning. Sleep Med. 11:65–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon MK, Dugar A, Revicki D, Treglia M, Buysse D. (2010). Measurement of non-restorative sleep in insomnia: A review of the literature. Sleep Med Rev. 14:205–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson K, Shapiro C. (2012). Nonrestorative sleep: Symptom or unique diagnostic entity? Sleep Med. 13:561–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittmann M, Dinich J, Merrow M, Roenneberg T. (2006). Social jetlag: Misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiol Int. 23:497–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar