References
- Becker SP, Jarrett MA, Luebbe AM, Garner AA, Burns GL, Kofler MJ. Sleep in a large, multi-university sample of college students: sleep problem prevalence, sex differences, and mental health correlates. Sleep Health. 2018;4(2):174–181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2018.01.001.
- Jones RD, Jackson WB, Mazzei A, Chang A, Buxton OM, Jackson CL. Ethnoracial sleep disparities among college students living in dormitories in the United States: a nationally representative study [published online ahead of print November 20, 2019]. Sleep Health. 2019;42(Suppl 1):A65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz067.156.
- Besedovsky L, Lange T, Born J. Sleep and immune function. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol. 2012;463(1):121–137. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-011-1044-0.
- Buysse D. Sleep health: can we define it? Does it matter? Sleep. 2014;37(1):9–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3298.
- Medic G, Wille M, Hemels M. Short- and long-term consequences of sleep disruption. NSS. 2017;9:151–161. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S134864.
- Wald A, Muennig PA, O'Connell KA, Garber CE. Associations between healthy lifestyle behaviors and academic performance in U.S. undergraduates: a secondary analysis of the American College Health Association’s National College Health Assessment II. Am J Health Promot. 2014;28(5):298–305. doi:https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.120518-QUAN-265.
- Dregan A, Armstrong D. Adolescence sleep disturbances as predictors of adulthood sleep disturbances—a cohort study. J Adolesc Health. 2010;46(5):482–487. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.11.197.
- Singh I, Bard I, Jackson J. Robust resilience and substantial interest: a survey of pharmacological cognitive enhancement among university students in the UK and Ireland. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e105969. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105969.
- Statistics Canada. Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol & Drugs Survey. Ottawa, Ontario: Statistics Canada; 2015.
- Schulenberg JE, Johnston LD, O’Malley PM, Bachman JG, Miech RA, Patrick ME. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2016: Volume II, College Students and Adults Ages 19–55. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research; 2017.
- American College Health Association. American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Canadian Reference Group Data Report Spring 2013. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association; 2013.
- American College Health Association. American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Canadian Reference Group Data Report Spring 2016. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association; 2016.
- Bossaer J, Gray J, Miller S, Enck G, Gaddipati V, Enck R. The use and misuse of prescription stimulants as “cognitive enhancers” by students at one academic health sciences center. Acad Med. 2013;88(7):967–971. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e318294fc7b.
- Desantis A, Hane A. Adderall is definitely not a drug”: justifications for the illegal use of ADHD stimulants. Subst Use Misuse. 2010;45(1–2):31–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/10826080902858334.
- Johnston L, O’Malley P, Bachman J, Schulenberg J. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2011: Volume II, College Students And Adults Ages 19-50. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research; 2012.
- Franke A, Lieb K, Hildt E. What users think about the differences between caffeine and illicit/prescription stimulants for cognitive enhancement. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e40047. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040047.
- Westover AN, Halm EA. Do prescription stimulants increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events?: A systematic review. BMC Cardiovasc Disor. 2012;12:41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-12-41.
- McKnight-Eily LR, Eaton DK, Lowry R, Croft JB, Presley-Cantrell L, Perry GS. Relationships between hours of sleep and health-risk behaviors in US adolescent students. Prev Med. 2011;53(4–5):271–273. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.06.020.
- Hildt E, Lieb K, Bagusat C, Franke AG. Reflections on addiction in students using stimulants for neuroenhancement: a preliminary interview study. Biomed Res Int. 2015:621075. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/621075.
- Lund H, Reider B, Whiting A, Prichard J. Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students. J Adolesc Health. 2010;46(2):124–132. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.016.
- Herrmann ES, Johnson PS, Bruner NR, Vandrey R, Johnson MW. Morning administration of oral methamphetamine dose-dependently disrupts nighttime sleep in recreational stimulant users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;178:291–295. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.013.
- McCabe S, West B, Teter C, Boyd C. Trends in medical use, diversion, and nonmedical use of prescription medications among college students from 2003 to 2013: connecting the dots. Addict Behav. 2014;39(7):1176–1182. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.03.008.
- Weyandt LL, Oster DR, Marraccini ME, et al. Prescription stimulant medication misuse: where are we and where do we go from here? Exp Clin Psychopharmocol. 2016;24(5):400–414. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000093.
- Benson K, Flory K, Humphreys KL, Lee SS. Misuse of stimulant medication among college students: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2015;18(1):50–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-014-0177-z.
- Verdi G, Weyandt L, Zavras B. Non-medical prescription stimulant use in graduate students: relationship with academic self-efficacy and psychological variables. J Atten Disord. 2016;20(9):741–753. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714529816.
- Bodenlos JS, Malordy A, Noonan M, Mayrsohn A, Mistler B. Prescription drug attitudes questionnaire: development and validation. PSYCH. 2014;05(14):1687–1693. doi:https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.514176.
- Snaith RP, Zigmond AS. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. BMJ Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)). 1986;292(6516):344. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
- Bjelland I, Dahl AA, Haug TT, Neckelmann D. The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: an updated literature review. J Psychosom Res. 2002;52(2):69–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00296-3.
- Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiat Res. 1989;28(2):193–213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4.
- Morin CM, Belleville G, Bélanger L, Ivers H. The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep. 2011;34(5):601–608. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/34.5.601.
- Miletin MS, Hanly PJ. Measurement properties of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep Med. 2003;4(3):195–199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-9457(03)00031-5.
- SPSS Statistics for Windows [computer software]. Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM; 2016.
- Stata Statistical Software [computer software] Version 12. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP; 2011.
- Memorial University of Newfoundland. Memorial University of Newfoundland Annual Report 2016-2017. St. John’s, NL: Memorial University of Newfoundland; 2017. Retrieved from https://www.mun.ca/ciap/Planning/MUN_Annual_Report_2016-17.pdf
- Fucito L, DeMartini K, Hanrahan T, Yaggi H, Heffern C, Redeker N. Using sleep interventions to engage and treat heavy-drinking college students: A randomized pilot study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017;41(4):798–809. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13342.
- LaBelle S, Ball H, Weber K, White A, Hendry A. The Rethink campaign to reduce the normalization of prescription stimulant misuse on college campuses. Commun Quart. 2020;68(1):1–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2019.1668446.