Targeting the ERK signaling pathway in cancer therapy

References

• Pages G., Lenormand P., L'Allemain G., Chambard J. C., Meloche S., Pouyssegur J. Mitogen‐activated protein kinases p42mapk and p44mapk are required for fibroblast proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1993; 90: 8319–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seger R., Krebs E. G. The MAPK signaling cascade. FASEB J 1995; 9: 726–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis T. S., Shapiro P. S., Ahn N. G. Signal transduction through MAP kinase cascades. Adv Cancer Res 1998; 74: 49–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouyssegur J., Lenormand P. Fidelity and Spatio‐temporal control in MAP kinase (ERKs) signaling. Eur J Biochem 2003; 270: 3291–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoshino R., Chatani Y., Yamori T., Tsuruo T., Oka H., Yoshida O., et al. Constitutive activation of the 41‐/43‐kDa mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway in human tumors. Oncogene 1999; 18: 813–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gioeli D., Mandell J. W., Petroni G. R., Frierson HF J. r., Weber M. J. Activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase associated with prostate cancer progression. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 279–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oka H., Chatani Y., Hoshino R., Ogawa O., Kakehi Y., Terachi T., et al. Constitutive activation of mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases in human renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 4182–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• English J. M., Cobb M. H. Pharmacological inhibitors of MAPK pathway. Trend Pharmacol Sci 2002; 23: 40–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohno M., Pouyssegur J. Pharmacological inhibitors of the ERK signaling pathway: application as an anticancer drugs. Prog Cell Cycle Res 2003; 5: 219–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sebolt‐Leopold J. S., Herrera R. Targeting the mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascade to treat cancer. Nature Rev Cancer 2004; 4: 937–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arteaga C. L. Epidermal growth factor receptor dependence in human tumors: more than just expression?. Oncologist 2002; 7: 31–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paez J. G., Janne P. A., Lee J. C., Tracy S., Greulich H., Gabriel S., et al. EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to Gefitinib therapy. Science 2004; 304: 1497–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox A. D., Der C. J. Ras family signaling: therapeutic targeting. Cancer Biol Ther 2002; 1: 599–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downward J. Targeting RAS signaling pathways in cancer therapy. Nature Rev. Cancer 2003; 3: 11–2
   Google Scholar
• Davies H., Bignell G. R., Cox C., Stephens P., Edkins S., Clegg S., et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 2002; 417: 949–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan P. T. C., Garnett M. J., Roe S. M., Lee S., Niculescu‐Duvaz D., Good V. M., et al. Mechanism of activation of the RAF‐ERK signaling pathway by oncogenic mutations of B‐RAF. Cell 2004; 116: 855–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodosiou A., Ashworth A. MAP kinase phosphatases. Genome Biol 2002; 3: Reviews 3009
   Google Scholar
• Kim H. J., Bar‐Sagi D. Modulation of signaling by Sprouty: a developing story. Nature Rev Mol Cell Biol 2004; 5: 441–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwabi‐Addo B., Wang J., Erdem H., Vaid A., Castro P., Ayala G., et al. The expression of sprouty1, an inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor signal transduction, is decreased in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 4728–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo T. L., Yusoff P., Fong C. W., Guo K., McCaw B. J., Phillips W. A., et al. The Ras/mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway inhibitor and likely tumor suppressor proteins, sprouty1 and Sprouty2 are deregulated in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 6127–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzano R. G., Montuenga L. M., Dayton M., Dent P., Kinoshita I., Vicent S., et al. CL100 expression is down‐regulated in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer and its re‐expression decreases its malignant potential. Oncogene 2002; 21: 4435–47
   Google Scholar
• Cobb M. H., Goldsmith E. J. How MAP kinases are regulated. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 14843–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbst R. S., Fukuoka M., Baselga J. Gefitinib—a novel targeted approach to treating cancer. Nature Rev Cancer 2004; 4: 956–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebti S. M., Der C. J. Searching for the elusive targets of farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Nature Rev Cancer 2003; 3: 945–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu K., Hamilton A. D., Sebti S. M. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors as anticancer agents: current status. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2003; 4: 1428–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lackner M. R., Kindt R. M., Carroll P. M., Brown K., Cancilla M. R., Chen C., et al. Chemical genetics identifies Rab geranylgeranyl transferase as an apoptotic target of farnesyl transferase inhibitors. Cancer Cell 2005; 7: 325–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshino R., Tanimura S., Watanabe K., Kataoka T., Kohno M. Blockade of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase pathway induces marked G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells in which the pathway is constitutively activated: up‐regulation of p27Kip1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 2686–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauffenburger D. A., Horwitz A. F. Cell migration: a physically integrated molecular process. Cell 1996; 84: 359–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanimura S., Chatani Y., Hoshino R., Sato M., Watanabe S., Kataoka T., et al. Activation of the 41/43·kDa mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway is required for hepatocyte growth factor‐induced cell scattering. Oncogene 1998; 17: 57–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanimura S., Nomura K., Ozaki K., Tsujimoto M., Kondo T., Kohno M. Prolonged nuclear retention of activated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 is required for hepatocyte growth factor‐induced cell motility. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 28256–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddy K. B., Nabha S. M., Atanaskova N. Role of MAP kinase in tumor progression and invasion. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2003; 22: 395–403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch D. R., Sakamaki T., Pioquinto R., Leonard T. O., Goldberg S. F., Hon Q., et al. Transfection of Constitutively Active Mitogen‐activated Protein/Extracellular Signal‐regulated Kinase Kinase Confers Tumorigenic and Metastatic Potentials to NIH3T3 Cells. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 1552–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klemke R. L., Cai S., Giannini A. L., Gallagher P. J., de Lanerolle P., Cheresh D. A. Regulation of cell motility by mitogen‐activated protein kinase. J Cell Biol 1997; 137: 481–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semenza G. L. Targeting HIF‐α for cancer therapy. Nature Rev Cancer 2003; 3: 721–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pages G., Pouyssegur J. Transcriptional regulation of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor gene—a concert of activating factors. Cardiovasc Res 2005; 65: 564–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard D. E., Berra E., Gothie E., Roux D., Pouyssegur J. p42/p44 mitogen‐activated protein kinases phosphorylate hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) and enhance the transcriptional activity of HIF‐1. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 2631–7
   Google Scholar
• Brahimi‐Horn C., Mazure N., Pouyssegur J. Signalling via the hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α requires multiple posttranslational modifications. Cell Signal 2005; 17: 1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliceiri B. P., Klemke R., Stromblad S., Cheresh., D. A. Integrin αvβ3 requirement for sustained mitogen‐activated protein kinase activity during angiogenesis. J Cell Biol 1998; 140: 1255–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebolt‐Leopold J. S., Dudley D. T., Herrera R., Van Becelaera K., Wiland A., Gowan R. C., et al. Blockade of the MAP kinase pathway suppresses growth of colon tumors in vivo. Nature Med 1999; 5: 810–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanimura S., Asato K., Fujishro S., Kohno M. Specific blockade of the ERK pathway inhibits the invasiveness of tumor cells: down‐regulation of matrix metalloproteinase‐3/‐9/‐14 and CD44. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 304: 801–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura E. T., Nikiforova N. M., Zhu Z., Knauf J. A., Nikiforov Y. E., Fagin J. A. High prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid cancer: genetic evidence for constitutive activation of the RET/PTC‐RAS‐BRAF signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 1454–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajagopalan H., Bardelli A., Lengauer C., Kinzler K. W., Vogelstein B., Velculescu V. E. Tumorigenesis: RAF/RAS oncogenes and mismatch‐repair status. Nature 2002; 418: 934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan P. T. C., Garnett M. J., Roe S. M., Lee S., Niculescu‐Duvaz D., Good V. M., et al. Mechanism of activation of the RAF‐ERK signaling pathway by oncogenic mutations of B‐RAF. Cell 2004; 116: 855–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellbrock C., Ogilvie L., Hedley D., Karasarides M., Martin J., Niculescu‐Duvaz D., et al. V599EB‐RAF is an oncogene in melanocytes. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 2338–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hingorani S. R., Jacobetz M. A., Robertson G. P., Herlyn M., Tuveson D. A. Suppression of BRAFV599E in human melanoma abrogates transformation. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 5198–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons J. F., Wilhelm S., Hibner B., Bollag G. Discovery of a novel Raf kinase inhibitor. Endocr Relat Cancer 2001; 8: 219–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhelm S. M., Carter C., Tang L. Y., Wilkie D., McNabola A., Rong H., et al. BAY 43‐9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 7099–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark J. W., Eder J. P., Ryan D., Lathia C., Lenz H‐J. Safety and pharmacokinetics of the dual action Raf kinase and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor, BAY 43‐9006, in patients with advanced, refractory solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 5472–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strumberg D., Richly H., Hilger R. A., Schleucher N., Korfee S., Tewes M., et al. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of the novel Raf kinase and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor BAY 43‐9006 in patients with advanced refractory solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 965–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley D. T., Pang L., Decker S. J., Bridges A. J., Saltiel., A. R. A synthetic inhibitor of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 7686–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favata M. F., Horiuchi K. Y., Manos E. J., Daulerio A. J., Stradley D. A., Feeser W. S., et al. Identification of a Novel Inhibitor of Mitogen‐activated Protein Kinase Kinase. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 18623–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies S. P., Reddy H., Caivano M., Cohen P. Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors. Biochem J 2000; 351: 95–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohren J. F., Chen H., Pavlovsky A., Whitehead C., Zhang E., Kuffa P., et al. Structures of human MAP kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) and MEK2 describe novel noncompetitive kinase inhibition. Nature Struct Mol Biol 2004; 11: 1192–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LoRusso P. M., Adjei A. A., Varterasian M., Gadgeel S., Reid J., Mitchell D. Y., et al. Phase I and pharmacodynamic study of the oral MEK inhibitor CI‐1040 in patients with advanced malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 5281–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinehart J., Adjei A. A., LoRusso P. M., Waterhouse D., Hecht J. R., Natale R. B., et al. Multicenter phase II study of the oral MEK inhibitor, CI‐1040, in patients with advanced non‐small‐cell lung, breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 4456–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon S. S., Whitfield L. R., Sadis S., Meyer M. B., Leopold J., Lorusso P. M., et al. Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of PD 0325901, a second generation MEK inhibitor after multiple oral doses of PD 0325901 to advanced cancer patients. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 3066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyssikatos J., Yeh T., Wallace E., Marsh V., Bernat B., Gross S., et al. ARRY‐14886, a potent and selective MEK inhibitor: I) ATP‐independent inhibition results in high enzymatic and cellular selectivity. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 2004; 45: 3888
   Google Scholar
• Yeh T., Walace E., Lyssikatos J., Winkler J. ARRY‐14886, a potent and selective MEK inhibitor: II) Potency against cellular MEK leads to inhibition of cellular proliferation and induction of apoptosis in cell lines with mutant Ras or B‐Raf. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 2004; 45: 3889
   Google Scholar
• Lee P., Wallace E., Yeh T., Poch G., Litwiler K., Pheneger T., et al. ARRY‐14886, a potent and selective MEK inhibitor: III) Efficacy against human xenograft models correlates with decreased ERK phosphorylation. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 2004; 45: 3890
   Google Scholar
• Dent P., Grant S. Pharmacologic interruption of the mitogen‐activated extracellular‐regulated kinase/mitogen‐activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway: Potential role in promoting cytotoxic drug action. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7: 775–83
   Google Scholar
• Xia Z., Dickens M., Raingeaud J., Davis R. J., Greenberg M. E. Opposing effects of ERK and JNK‐p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis. Science 1995; 270: 1326–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavoie J. N., L'Allemain G., Brunet A., Muller R., Pouyssegur J. Cyclin D1 expression is regulated positively by the p42/p44MAPK and negatively by the p38/HOGMAPK pathway. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 20608–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng X., Ruvolo P., Carr B., May W. S., Jr. Survival function of ERK1/2 as IL‐3‐activated, staurosporine‐resistant Bcl2 kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 1578–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayakawa J., Ohmichi M., Kurachi H., Kanda Y., Hisamoto K., Nishio Y., et al. Inhibition of Bcl‐2 associated death agonist (BAD) phosphorylation either at serine 112 via extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase cascade or at serine 136 via Akt cascade sensitizes human ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 5988–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persons D. L., Yazlovitskaya E. M., Pelling J. C. Effect of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase on p53 accumulation in response to cisplatin. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 35778–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend K. J., Trusty J. L., Traupman M. A., Eastman A., Craig R. W. Expression of the antiapoptotic MCL1 gene product is regulated by a mitogen activated protein kinase‐mediated pathway triggered through microtubule disruption and protein kinase C. Oncogene 1998; 17: 1223–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDaid H. M., Lopez‐Barcons L., Grossman A., Lia M., Keller S., Román Pérez‐Soler R., et al. Enhancement of the therapeutic efficacy of taxol by the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor CI‐1040 in nude mice bearing human heterotransplants. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 2854–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe K., Noda S., Iwashita K., Tanimura S., Ozaki K., Kohno M. Blockade of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase pathway enhances the anti‐tumor activity of microtubule depolymerizing agents in tumor cells in which the pathway is constitutively activated. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 2002; 43: 2891
   Google Scholar
• Ozaki K., Minoda A., Kishikawa F., Kohno M. Blockade of the ERK pathway markedly sensitizes tumor cells to HDAC inhibitor‐induced cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 339: 1171–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivanco I., Sawyers C. L. The phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase–AKT pathway in human cancer. Nature Rev Cancer 2002; 489–501, 2
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson K. M., Anderson N. G. The protein kinase B/Akt signalling pathway in human malignancy. Cell Signal 2002; 14: 381–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo W., Giancotti F. G. Integrin signaling during tumour progression. Nature Rev Mol Cell Biol 2004; 5: 816–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlaepfer D. D., Mitra S. K. Multiple connections link FAK to cell motility and invasion. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2004; 14: 92–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar