The effects of thiazolidinediones on blood pressure levels – A systematic review

References

• Alberti K. G. M. M., Zimmet P. Z. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus, provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998; 15: 539–553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Final report. Circulation 2002; 106: 3143–3421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Despres J. P., Lamarche B., Mauriege P., Cantin B., Dagenais G. R., Moorjani S., et al. Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 952–957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyorala M., Mietinnen H., Laakso M., Pyorala K. Plasma insulin and all‐cause cardiovascular, and noncardiovascular mortality. The 22‐year follow‐up results of the Helsinki Policemen Study. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1097–1102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard G., O'Leary D. H., Zaccaro D., Haffner S., Rewers M., Hamman R., et al. Insulin sensitivity and atherosclerosis. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Investigators. Circulation 1996; 93: 1809–1817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonora E., Formentini G., Calcaterra F., Lombardi S., Marini F., Zenari L., et al. HOMA‐estimated insulin resistance is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic subjects: Prospective data from the Verona Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1135–1141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meigs J. B., D'Agostino R. B Sr., Wilson P. W., Cupples L. A., Nathan D. M., Singer D. E. Risk variable clustering in the insulin resistance syndrome. The Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes 1997; 46: 1594–1600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakka H. M., Laaksonen D. E., Lakka T. A., Niskanen L. K., Kumpusalo E., Tuomilehto J., Salonen J. T. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle‐aged men. JAMA 2002; 288: 2709–2716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven G. M. Banting Lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595–1607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Fronzo R. A., Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance – A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 1991; 14: 173–194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hare J. A., Minaker K. L., Meneilly G. S., Rowe J. W., Pallotta J. A., Young J. B. Effect of insulin on plasma norepinephrine and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine in obese men. Metabolism 1989; 38: 322–329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lembo G., Napoli R., Capaldo B., Rendina V., Iaccarino G., Volpe M., et al. Abnormal sympathetic overactivity evoked by insulin in skeletal muscle of patients with essential hypertension. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 24–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven G. M., Lithell H., Landsberg L. Hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities – The role of insulin resistance and the sympathoadrenal system. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 374–381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landsberg L. Insulin‐mediated sympathetic stimulation: Role in the pathogenesis of obesity‐related hypertension (or, how insulin affects blood pressure, and why). J Hypertens 2001; 19: 523–528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocchini A. P., Katch V., Kveselis D., Moorehead C., Martin M., Lampman R., et al. Insulin and renal sodium retention in obese adolescents. Hypertension 1989; 14: 367–374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natali A., Quinones Galvan A., Santoro D., Santoro D., Pecori N., Taddei S., et al. Relationship between insulin release, antinatriuresis and hypokalaemia after glucose ingestion in normal and hypertensive man. Clin Sci (Lond) 1993; 85: 327–335
   Google Scholar
• Muscelli E., Natali A., Bianchi S., Bigazzi R., Galvan A. Q., Sironi A. M., et al. Effect of insulin on renal sodium and uric acid handling in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 746–752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laakso M., Edelman S. V., Brechtel G., Baron A. D. Decreased effect of insulin to stimulate muscle blood flow in obese man: A novel mechanism for insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 1990; 85: 1844–1852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg H. O., Chaker H., Leaming R., Johnson A., Brechtel G., Baron A. D. Obesity/insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction: Implications for the syndrome of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 2601–2610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laakso M., Edelman S. V., Brechtel G., Baron A. D. Impaired insulin‐mediated skeletal muscle blood flow in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 1992; 41: 1076–1083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudbjörnsdottir S., Elam M., Sellgren J., Anderson E. A. Insulin increases forearm vascular resistance in obese, insulin‐resistant hypertensives. J Hypertens 1996; 14: 91–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson E. A., Mark A. L. The vasodilator action of insulin: Implications for the insulin hypothesis of hypertension. Hypertension 1993; 21: 136–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartori C., Scherrer U. Insulin, nitric oxide and the sympathetic nervous system: At the crossroads of metabolic and cardiovascular regulation. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 1517–1525
   Google Scholar
• Tedde R., Sechi L. A., Marigliano A., Scano L., Pala A. In vitro action of insulin on erythrocyte sodium transport mechanisms: Its possible role in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 1988; 10: 545–559
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolisso G., Marrazzo G., De Riu S., Sgambato S., Varricchio M., D'Onofrio F. Insulin resistance as cause of increased blood pressure in the elderly: Effects on intracellular ion contents. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1990; 11: 23–32
   Google Scholar
• Barbagallo M., Gupta R. K., Bardicef O., Bardicef M., Resnick L. M. Altered ionic effects of insulin in hypertension: Role of basal ion levels in determining cellular responsiveness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1761–1765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Z. Y., Lin Y‐W., Clemont A., Feener E. P., Hein K. D., Igarashi M., et al. Characterization of selective resistance to insulin signaling in the vasculature of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: 447–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusi K., Maezono K., Osman A., Pendergrass M., Patti M. E., Pratipanawatr T., et al. Insulin resistance differentially affects the PI 3‐kinase‐ and MAP kinase‐mediated signaling in human muscle. J Clin Invest 2000; 105: 311–320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trovati M., Anfossi G. Influence of insulin and of insulin resistance on platelet and vascular smooth muscle cell function. J Diabetes Complications 2002; 16: 35–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olefsky J. M. Treatment of insulin resistance with peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ agonists. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 467–472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebovitz H. E., Banerji M. A. Insulin resistance and its treatment by thiazolidinediones. Recent Prog Horm Res 2001; 56: 265–294
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stolar M. W., Chilton R. J. Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular risk, and the link to insulin resistance. Clin Ther 2003; 25(Suppl B)B4–B31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yki‐Järvinen H. Thiazolidinediones. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1106–1118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson T. M., Lambert M. H., Kliewer S. A. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ and metabolic disease. Ann Rev Biochem 2001; 70: 341–367
   Google Scholar
• Pershadsingh H. A., Szollosi J., Benson S., Hyun W. C., Feuerstein B. G., Kurtz T. W. Effects of ciglitazone on blood pressure and intracellular calcium metabolism. Hypertension 1993; 21: 1020–1023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshioka S., Nishino H., Shiraki I., Ikeda K., Koike H., Okuno A., et al. Antihypertensive effects of CS‐045 treatment in obese Zucker rats. Metabolism 1993; 42: 75–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara K., Hayashi K., Matsuda H., Kubota E., Honda M., Ozawa Y., et al. Altered pressure‐natriuresis in obese Zucker rats. Hypertension 1999; 33: 1470–1475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S., Noguchi Y., Izumida T., Tatebe J., Katayama S. A comparison of the hypotensive and hypoglycaemic actions of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, an AT1a antagonist and troglitazone. J Hypertens 1996; 14: 1325–1330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saku K., Zhang B., Ohta T., Arakawa K. Troglitazone lowers blood pressure and enhances insulin sensitivity in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Am J Hypertens 1997; 10: 1027–1033
   Google Scholar
• Kosegawa I., Chen S., Awata T., Negishi K., Katayama S. Troglitazone and metformin, but not glibenclamide, decrease blood pressure in Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 1999; 21: 199–211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamagishi T., Saito Y., Nakamura T., Takeda S., Kanai H., Sumino H., et al. Troglitazone improves endothelial function and augments renal klotho mRNA expression in Otsuka Long‐Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats with multiple atherogenic risk factors. Hypertens Res 2001; 24: 705–709
   Google Scholar
• Yoshioka S., Uemura K., Tamaya N., Tamagawa T., Miura H., Iguchi A., et al. Dietary fat‐induced increase in blood pressure and insulin resistance in rats. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 1857–1864
   Google Scholar
• Fujiwara K., Hayashi K., Ozawa Y., Tokuyama H., Nakamura A., Saruta T. Renal protective effect of troglitazone in Wistar fatty rats. Metabolism 2000; 49: 1361–1364
   Google Scholar
• Chen C. C., Wang H. J., Shih H. C., Sheen L. Y., Chang C. T., Chen R. H., Wang T. Y. Comparison of the metabolic effects of metformin and troglitazone on fructose‐induced insulin resistance in male Sprague–Dawley rats. J Formos Med Assoc 2001; 100: 176–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida K., Kohzuki M., Xu H. L., Wu X. M., Kamimoto M., Sato T. Effects of troglitazone and temocapril in spontaneously hypertensive rats with chronic renal failure. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 503–510
   Google Scholar
• Fujioka Y., Masai M., Tsuboi S., Okumura T., Morimoto S., Tsujino T., et al. Troglitazone reduces activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger in fructose‐fed borderline hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2003; 26: 111–116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii M., Takemura R., Yamaguchi M., Hasegawa G., Shigeta H., Nakano K., et al. Troglitazone (CS‐045) ameliorates albuminuria in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. Metabolism 1997; 46: 981–983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholas S. B., Kawano Y., Wakino S., Collins A. R., Hsueh W. A. Expression and function of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma in mesangial cells. Hypertension 2001; 37: 722–777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita H., Nagai Y., Takamura T., Nohara E., Kobayashi K. Thiazolidinedione derivatives ameliorate albuminuria in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic spontaneous hypertensive rat. Metabolism 2002; 51: 403–408
   Google Scholar
• Ma L. J., Marcantoni C., Linton M. F., Fazio S., Fogo A. B. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma agonist troglitazone protects against nondiabetic glomerulosclerosis in rats. Kidney Int 2001; 59: 1899–1910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosaka K., Kuzuya T., Akanuma Y. Clinical evaluation of a new oral hypoglycemic drug CS‐045 in patients with non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus poorly controlled by diet alone – A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. J Clin Ther Med 1993; 9(Suppl 3)61–93
   Google Scholar
• Nolan J. J., Ludvik B., Beerdsen P., Joyce M., Olefsky J. Improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in obese subjects treated with troglitazone. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1188–1193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogihara T., Rakugi H., Ikegami H., Mikami H., Masuo K. Enhancement of insulin sensitivity by troglitazone lowers blood pressure in diabetic hypertensives. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 316–320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghazzi M. N., Perez J. E., Antonucci T. K., Driscoll J. H., Huang S. M., Faja B. W., Whitcomb R. W. Cardiac and glycemic benefits of troglitazone treatment in NIDDM. The Troglitazone Study Group. Diabetes 1997; 46: 433–439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tack C. J., Ong M. K., Lutterman J. A., Smits P. Insulin‐induced vasodilatation and endothelial function in obesity/insulin resistance. Effects of troglitazone. Diabetologia 1998; 41: 569–576
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sung B. H., Izzo J. L., Jr., Dandona P., Wilson M. F. Vasodilatory effects of troglitazone improve blood pressure at rest and during mental stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hypertension 1999; 34: 83–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawai T., Takei I., Oguma Y., Ohashi N., Tokui M., Oguchi S., et al. Effects of troglitazone on fat distribution in the treatment of male type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 1999; 48: 1102–1107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura T., Funahashi T., Yamashita S., Nishida M., Nishida Y., Takahashi M., et al. Thiazolidinedione derivative improves fat distribution and multiple risk factors in subjects with visceral fat accumulation – Double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2001; 54: 181–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawano Y., Okuda N., Minami J., Takishita S., Omae T. Effects of a low‐energy diet and an insulin sensitizing agent on ambulatory blood pressure in overweight hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 1451–1455
   Google Scholar
• Imano E., Kanda T., Nakatani Y., Nishida T., Arai K., Motomura M., et al. Effect of troglitazone on microalbuminuria in patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 2135–2139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura T., Ushiyama C., Suzuki S., Shimada N., Sekizuka K., Ebihara L., Koide, et al. Effect of troglitazone on urinary albumin excretion and serum type IV collagen concentrations in Type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria. Diabet Med 2001; 18: 308–313
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gitlin N., Julie N. L., Spurr C. L., Lim K. N., Juarbe H. M. Two cases of severe clinical and histologic hepatotoxicity associated with troglitazone. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 36–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins P. B., Whitcomb R. W. Hepatic dysfunction associated with troglitazone. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 916–917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe K., Komatsu J., Kurata M., Inaba S., Ikeda S., Sueda S., et al. Improvement of insulin resistance by troglitazone ameliorates cardiac sympathetic nervous dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 1761–1768
   Google Scholar
• Dubey R. K., Zhang H. Y., Reddy S. R., Boegehold M. A., Kotchen T. A. Pioglitazone attenuates hypertension and inhibits growth of renal arteriolar smooth muscle in rats. Am J Physiol 1993; 265: R726–R732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H. Y., Reddy S. R., Kotchen T. A. Antihypertensive effect of pioglitazone is not invariably associated with increased insulin sensitivity. Hypertension 1994; 24: 106–110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemnitz J. W., Elson D. F., Roecker E. B., Baum S. T., Bergman R. N., Meglasson M. D. Pioglitazone increases insulin sensitivity, reduces blood glucose, insulin, and lipid levels, and lowers blood pressure, in obese, insulin‐resistant rhesus monkeys. Diabetes 1994; 43: 204–211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan T. A., Meehan W. P., Jeng Y. Y., Yang D., Chan T. M., Nadler J. L., et al. Blood pressure lowering by pioglitazone. Evidence for a direct vascular effect. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 354–360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman L. N., Peterson M. M., DeGrange L. M. Pioglitazone attenuates diet‐induced hypertension in rats. Metabolism 1995; 44: 1105–1109
   Google Scholar
• Dobrian A. D., Schriver S. D., Khraibi A. A., Prewitt R. L. Pioglitazone prevents hypertension and reduces oxidative stress in diet‐induced obesity. Hypertension 2004; 43: 48–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida A., Nakata T., Hatta T., Kiyama M., Kawa T., Morimoto S., et al. Reduction of insulin resistance attenuates the development of hypertension in sucrose‐fed SHR. Life Sci 1997; 61: 455–464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma S., Bhanot S., Arikawa E., Yao L., McNeill J. H. Direct vasodepressor effects of pioglitazone in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pharmacology 1998; 56: 7–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grinsell J. W., Lardinois C. K., Swislocki A., Gonzalez R., Sare J. S., Michaels J. R., et al. Pioglitazone attenuates basal and postprandial insulin concentrations and blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13: 370–375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakino S., Hayashi K., Kanda T., Tatematsu S., Homma K., Yoshioka K., et al. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma ligands inhibit Rho/Rho kinase pathway by inducing protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP‐2. Circ Res 2004; 95: e45–e55
   Google Scholar
• Wakino S., Hayashi K., Tatematsu S., Hasegawa K., Takamatsu I., Kanda T., et al. Pioglitazone lowers systemic asymmetric dimethylarginine by inducing dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase in rats. Hypertens Res 2005; 28: 255–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimoto T., Naruse M., Nishikawa M., Naruse K., Tanabe A., Seki T., et al. Antihypertensive and vasculo‐ and renoprotective effects of pioglitazone in genetically obese diabetic rats. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: E989–E996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki M., Nomura C., Odaka H., Ikeda H. Effect of an insulin sensitizer, pioglitazone, on hypertension in fructose‐drinking rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 1997; 74: 297–302
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kotchen T. A., Reddy S., Zhang H. Y. Increasing insulin sensitivity lowers blood pressure in the fructose‐fed rat. Am J Hypertens 1997; 10: 1020–1026
   Google Scholar
• Yoshimoto T., Naruse M., Shizume H., Naruse K., Tanabe A., Tanaka M., et al. Vasculo‐protective effects of insulin sensitizing agent pioglitazone in neointimal thickening and hypertensive vascular hypertrophy. Atherosclerosis 1999; 145: 333–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diep Q. N., Amiri F., Benkirane K., Paradis P., Schiffrin E. L. Long‐term effects of the PPARgamma activator pioglitazone on cardiac inflammation in stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2004; 82: 976–985
   Google Scholar
• Diep Q. N., El Mabrouk M., Cohn J. S., Endemann D., Amiri F., Virdis A., et al. Structure, endothelial function, cell growth, and inflammation in blood vessels of angiotensin II‐infused rats: Role of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma. Circulation 2002; 105: 2296–2302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majithiya J. B., Paramar A. N., Balaraman R. Pioglitazone, a PPARgamma agonist, restores endothelial function in aorta of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. Cardiovasc Res 2005; 66: 150–161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishibashi M., Egashira K., Hiasa K., Inoue S., Ni W., Zhao Q., et al. Antiinflammatory and antiarteriosclerotic effects of pioglitazone. Hypertension 2002; 40: 687–693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanimoto M., Fan Q., Gohda T., Shike T., Makita Y., Tomino Y. Effect of pioglitazone on the early stage of type 2 diabetic nephropathy in KK/Ta mice. Metabolism 2004; 53: 1473–1479
   Google Scholar
• Hirose H., Kawai T., Yamamoto Y., Taniyama M., Tomita M., Matsubara K., et al. Effects of pioglitazone on metabolic parameters, body fat distribution, and serum adiponectin levels in Japanese male patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2002; 51: 314–317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullert S., Schneider F., Haak E., Rau H., Badenhoop K., Lubben G., et al. Effects of pioglitazone in nondiabetic patients with arterial hypertension: A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 5503–5506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber P., Lubben G., Heusler S., Dodo A. Effects of pioglitazone on metabolic control and blood pressure: A randomised study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Med Res Opin 2003; 19: 532–539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negro R., Dazzi D., Hassan H., Pezzarossa A. Pioglitazone reduces blood pressure in non‐dipping diabetic patients. Minerva Endocrinol 2004; 29: 11–17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belcher G., Lambert C., Goh K. L., Edwards G., Valbuena M. Cardiovascular effects of treatment of type 2 diabetes with pioglitazone, metformin and gliclazide. Int J Clin Pract 2004; 58: 833–837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horio T., Suzuki M., Suzuki K., Takamisawa I., Hiuge A., Kamide K., et al. Pioglitazone improves left ventricular diastolic function in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18: 949–957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu A., Rizza R. A., Joyner M. J., Jensen M. D. Increased body water content is the major cause of weight gain with pioglitazone despite improved hemodynamic parameters in type 2 diabetes [Abstract]. Diabetologia 2005; 48(Suppl 1)A282
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura T., Ushiyama C., Shimada N., Hayashi K., Ebihara I., Koide H. Comparative effects of pioglitazone, glibenclamide, and voglibose on urinary endothelin‐1 and albumin excretion in diabetes patients. J Diabetes Complications 2000; 14: 250–254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura T., Ushiyama C., Osada S., Hara M., Shimada N., Koide H. Pioglitazone reduces urinary podocyte excretion in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria. Metabolism 2001; 50: 1193–1196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satoh N., Ogawa Y., Usui T., Tagami T., Kono S., Uesugi H., et al. Antiatherogenic effect of pioglitazone in type 2 diabetic patients irrespective of the responsiveness to its antidiabetic effect. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 2493–2499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal R., Saha C., Battiwala M., Vasavada N., Curley T., Chase S. D., et al. A pilot randomized controlled trial of renal protection with pioglitazone in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2005; 68: 285–292
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dormandy J. A., Charbonnel B., Eckland D. J., Erdmann E., Massi‐Benedetti M., Moules I. K., et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 1279–1289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker A. B., Chattington P. D., Buchingham R. E., Williams G. The thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone (BRL‐49653) lowers blood pressure and protects against impairment of endothelial function in Zucker fatty rats. Diabetes 1999; 48: 1448–1453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umrani D. N., Banday A. A., Hussain T., Lokhandwala M. F. Rosiglitazone treatment restores renal dopamine receptor function in obese Zucker rats. Hypertension 2002; 40: 880–885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan O., Riazi S., Hu X., Song J., Wade J. B., Ecelbarger C. A. Regulation of the renal thiazide‐sensitive Na‐Cl cotransporter, blood pressure, and natriuresis in obese Zucker rats treated with rosiglitazone. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289: F442–F450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iglarz M., Touyz R. M., Amiri F., Lavoie M. F., Diep Q. N., Schiffrin E. L. Effect of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐alpha and ‐gamma activators on vascular remodeling in endothelin‐dependent hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 45–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song J., Knepper M. A., Hu X., Verbalis J. G., Ecelbarger C. A. Rosiglitazone activates renal sodium‐ and water‐reabsortive pathways and lowers blood pressure in normal rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 308: 426–433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St‐Pierre P., Bouffard L., Maheux P. Rosiglitazone increases extravasation of macromolecules and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscles of the fructose‐fed rat model. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67: 1997–2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oron‐Herman M., Sela B. A., Rosenthal T. Risk reduction therapy for syndrome X: Comparison of several treatments. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18: 372–378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan M. J., Didion S. P., Mathur S., Faraci F. M., Sigmund C. D. PPAR(gamma) agonist rosiglitazone improves vascular function and lowers blood pressure in hypertensive transgenic mice. Hypertension 2004; 43: 661–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu L., Wang R., De Champlain J., Wilson T. W. Beneficial and deleterious effects of rosiglitazone on hypertension development in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 749–756
   Google Scholar
• St John Sutton M., Rendell M., Dandona P., Dole J. F., Murphy K., Patwardhan R., et al. A comparison of the effects of rosiglitazone and glyburide on cardiovascular function and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 2058–2064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raji A., Seely E. W., Bekins S. A., Williams G. H., Simonson D. C. Rosiglitazone improves insulin sensitivity and lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 172–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shargorodsky M., Wainstein J., Gavish D., Leibovitz E., Matas Z., Zimlichman R., et al. Treatment with rosiglitazone reduces hyperinsulinemia and improves arterial elasticity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16: 617–622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honisett S. Y., Stojanovska L., Sudhir K., Kingwell B. A., Dawood T., Komesaroff P. A. Rosiglitazone lowers blood pressure and increases arterial compliance in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 11: 3194–3195
   Google Scholar
• Wang T. D., Chen W. J., Lin J. W., Chen M. F., Lee Y. T. Effects of rosiglitazone on endothelial function, C‐reactive protein, and components of the metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic patients with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93: 362–365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett S. M., Agrawal A., Elasha H., Heise M., Jones N. P., Walker M., et al. Rosiglitazone improves insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and ambulatory blood pressure in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabet Med 2004; 21: 415–422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natali A., Baldeweg S., Toschi E., Capaldo B., Barbaro D., Gastaldelli A., et al. Vascular effects of improving metabolic control with metformin or rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1349–1357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yosefy C., Magen E., Kiselevich A., Priluk R., London D., Volchek L., et al. Rosiglitazone improves, while Glibenclamide worsens blood pressure control in treated hypertensive diabetic and dyslipidemic subjects via modulation of insulin resistance and sympathetic activity. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2004; 44: 215–222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarafidis P. A., Lasaridis A. N., Nilsson P. M., Pagkalos E. M., Hitoglou‐Makedou A. D., Pliakos C. I., et al. Ambulatory blood pressure reduction after rosiglitazone treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension correlates with insulin sensitivity increase. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 1769–1777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y. M., Cha B. S., Kim D. J., Choi S. H., Kim S. K., Ahn C. W. Predictive clinical parameters for therapeutic efficacy of rosiglitazone in Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 67: 43–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negro R., Mangieri T., Dazzi D., Pezzarossa A., Hassan H. Rosiglitazone effects on blood pressure and metabolic parameters in nondipper diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 70: 20–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosak C., Petzoldt R., Wolf R., Reblin T., Dehmel B., Seidel D. Rosiglitazone plus metformin is effective and well tolerated in clinical practice: Results from large observational studies in people with type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Pract 2005; 59: 1131–1136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck‐Nielsen H., Hanefeld M., Komajda M., Dargie H., Curtis P., Zambanini A., et al. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of rosiglitazone in combination therapy on ambulatory blood pressure in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus followed for 12 months [Abstract]. Diabetologia 2005; 48(Suppl 1)A279
   Google Scholar
• Ruilope L. M., Bakris G. L., McMorn S. O., Weston W. M., Huang C., Heise M. A., et al. Rosiglitazone added to metformin reduces urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and ambulatory blood pressure in subjects with microalbuminuria and type 2 diabetes [Abstract]. Diabetologia 2005; 48 (Suppl 1)A283
   Google Scholar
• Manley H. J., Allcock N. M. Thiazolidinedione safety and efficacy in ambulatory patients receiving hemodialysis. Pharmacotherapy 2003; 23: 861–865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin S. H., Lin Y. F., Kuo S. W., Hsu Y. J., Hung Y. J. Rosiglitazone improves glucose metabolism in nondiabetic uremic patients on CAPD. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42: 774–780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baillargeon J. P., Jakubowicz D. J., Iuomo M. J., Jakubowicz S., Nestler J. E. Effects of metformin and rosiglitazone, alone and in combination, in nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal indices of insulin sensitivity. Fertil Steril 2004; 82: 893–902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacic J. C., Martin A., Carey D., Wand H., Mallon P. W., Feneley M. P., et al. Influence of rosiglitazone on flow‐mediated dilation and other markers of cardiovascular risk in HIV‐infected patients with lipoatrophy. Antivir Ther 2005; 10: 135–143
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gavrila A., Hsu W., Tsiodras S., Doweiko J., Gautam S., Martin L., et al. Improvement in highly active antiretroviral therapy‐induced metabolic syndrome by treatment with pioglitazone but not with fenofibrate: A 2 x 2 factorial, randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40: 745–749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strowig S. M., Raskin P. The effect of rosiglitazone on overweight subjects with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1562–1567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317: 703–713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prospective Studies Collaboration: Age‐specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: A meta‐analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360: 1903–1913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar