Young sex offenders: Background, personality, and crime characteristics in a Swedish forensic psychiatric sample

REFERENCES

• Barbaree HE, Hudson SE, Seto MC. Sexual assault in society: the role of the juvenile offender. In: Barbaree HE, Marshall WL, Hudson SE, editors. The juvenile sex offender. New York: Guilford Press; 1993. p. 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Davis GE, Leitenberg H. Adolescent sex offenders. Psychol Bull 1987;101:417–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vizard E, Monck E, Misch P. Child and adolescent sex abuse perpetrators: a review of the research literature. J Child Psy-chol Psychiatry 1995;36:731–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan M, Holloway J, Bailey S, Kroll L. The psychosocial characteristics of juvenile sexual offenders referred to an ado-lescent forensic service in the UK. Med Sci Law 1996;36:343–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson G, Graham F, Bhate SR, Kelly TP. A British sam-ple of sexually abusive adolescents: abuser and abuse character-istics. Criminal Behav Ment Health 1995;5:187–208.
   Google Scholar
• Fehrenbach PA, Smith W, Monastersky C, Deisher RW. Ado-lescent sexual offenders: offender and offense characteristics. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1986;56:225–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan G, Miyoshi TJ, Metzner JL, Krugman RD, Fryer GE. Trends in a national sample of sexually abusive youths. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:17–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abel GG, Becker JV, Mittelman M, Cunningham-Rathner J, Rouleau JL, Murphy WD. Self-reported sex crimes of non-in-carcerated paraphiliacs. J Interpers Violence 1987;2:3–25.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall WL, Barbaree HE, Eccles A. Early onset and deviant sexuality in child molesters. J Interpers Violence 1991;6:323–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groth AN, Longo RE, McFadin JB. Undetected recidivism among rapists and child molesters. Crime Delinquency 1982;28:450–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight RA, Prentky RA. Exploring characteristics for classify-ing juvenile sex offenders. In: Barbaree HE, Marshall WL, Hudson SE, editors. The juvenile sex offender. New York: Guilford Press; 1993. p. 45–103.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson RK, Bussiere MT. Predicting relapse: a meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies. J Consult Clin Psychol 1998;66:348–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Criminal statistics 1996. Official statistics of Sweden. Stock-holm: National Council for Crime Prevention; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Holmberg G. Forensic psychiatric investigations in Sweden-a brief introduction. Stockholm: The National Board of Forensic Medicine; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Holmberg G. Forensic psychiatric practice in the Nordic coun-tries. Nord J Psychiatry 1997;51 Suppl 39:7–14.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. International statistical classifica-tion of diseases and related health problems. 9th rev. (ICD-9). Geneva: World Health Organisation; 1976.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. (DSM-IV). Washington (DC): The Association; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Loeber R, Farrington DP. Serious and violent juvenile offend-ers: Risk factors and successful interventions. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Langstrom N, Grann M, Tengstrom A, Lindholm N, Wood-house A, Kullgren G. Extracting data in register-based forensic psychiatric research: some methodological considerations. Nord J Psychiatry 1999;53:61–7.
   Google Scholar
• Cicchetti DV, Sparrow SS. Developing criteria for establishing interrater reliability of specific items: applications to assessment of adaptive behaviour. Am J Ment Deficiency 1981;86:127–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shrout PE, Fliess JL. Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing interrater reliability. Psychol Bull 1979;86:420–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grann M, Haggard U, Tengstrom A, Woodhouse A, Langstrom N, Holmberg G, Kullgren G. Short communication: some experiences from registers of interest in forensic psychiatric research in Sweden. Scand J Foren Sci (Rettsmedicin) 1998;3:78–80.
   Google Scholar
• Hare RD. Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-re-vised. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Forth AE, Hart SD, Hare RD. Assessment of psychopathy in male young offenders. Psychol Assess 1990;2:342–4.
   Google Scholar
• Grann M, Lfingstrom N, Tengström A, Stfilenheim EG. The reliability of file-based retrospective ratings of psychopathy with the PCL-R. J Pers Assess 1998;70:416–26.
   Google Scholar
• Hare RD, Harpur TJ, Hakstian AR, Forth AE, Hart SD, Newman JP. The Revised Psychopathy Checklist: reliability and factor structure. Psychol Assess 1990;2:338–41.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein JY, Watson MW. Children who are targets of bully-ing. A victim pattern. J Interpers Violence 1997;12:483–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossman D. Assessing predictions of violence: being accurate about accuracy. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994;62:783–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice ME, Harris GT. Violent recidivism: assessing predictive validity. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995;63:737–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad GA, Saunders E, Levene J. A clinical study of male adolescent sexual offenders. Int J Offender Ther Compar Crim-inol 1984;28:105–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad GA, Saunders E. Adolescent child molesters. Child Psy-chiatry Hum Develop 1989;19:195–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn TJ, Chambers HJ. Assessing reoffense risk with juvenile sexual offenders. Child Welfare 1991;70:333–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis DO, Shanok S, Pincus JH. Juvenile male sexual as-saulters. Am J Psychiatry 1979;136:1194–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker JV, Cunningham-Rathner J, Kaplan MS. Adolescent sexual offenders. Demographics, criminal and sexual histories and recommendations for reducing future offenses. J Interpers Violence 1986;1:431–45.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders E, Awad GA, White GW. Male adolescent sexual offenders. The offender and the offense. Can J Psychiatry 1986;28:105–16.
   Google Scholar
• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AA-CAP). Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with conduct disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36 Suppl 10:122S–39S.
   Google Scholar
• Edgard K. Tonfiringar, sex och samlevnad. Stockholm: Gothia;1992.
   Google Scholar
• Stattin H, Magnusson D, Reichel H. Criminal activity at dif-ferent ages: a study based on a Swedish longitudinal research population. Br J Criminol 1989;29:365–85.
   Google Scholar
• Lfingstrom N, Grann M. The medico-legal status of young sex offenders: forensic psychiatric investigations in Sweden 1998-1995. Behav Sci Law 1999;17:219–25.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw JA, Campo-Bowen AE, Applegate B, Perez D, Antoine LB, Hart EL, et al. Young boys who commit serious sexual offenses: demographics, psychometrics and phenomenology. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1993;21:399–408.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brandt JR, Kennedy WA, Patrick CJ, Curtin JJ. Assessment of psychopathy in a population of incarcerated adolescent offend-ers. Psychol Assess 1997;9:429–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AM, Gacono CB, Kaufman L. A Rorschach comparison of psychopathic and nonpsychopathic conduct disordered ado-lescents. J Clin Psychol 1997;53:289–300.
   Google Scholar
• Quinsey VL, Rice ME, Harris GT. Actuarial prediction of sex-ual recidivism. J Interpers Violence 1995;10:85–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown SL, Forth AE. Psychopathy and sexual assault: static risk factors, emotional precursors, and rapist subtypes. J Con-sult Clin Psychol 1997;65:848–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grann M, Lfingstrom N, Tengstrom A, Kullgren G. Psychopa-thy (PCL-R) predicts violent recidivism among criminal offend-ers with personality disorders in Sweden. Law Hum Behav 1999;23:203–15.
   Google Scholar
• Tengstrom A, Grann M, Lfingström N, Kullgren G. Psychopa-thy (PCL-R) as a predictor of violent recidivism among crimi-nal offenders with schizophrenia. Law Hum Behav 2000;24:45–58.
   Google Scholar
• Lightfoot LO, Barbaree HE. The relationship between sub-stance use and abuse and sexual offending in adolescents. In: Barbaree HE, Marshall WL, Hudson SE, editors. The juvenile sex offender. New York: Guilford Press; 1993. p. 203–24.
   Google Scholar
• Farrington DP. Criminal career research in the United King-dom. Br J Criminol 1992;32:521–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit JL, Kennedy WA. The abuse history of male adolescent sex offenders. J Interpers Violence 1992;7:543–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter M. Relationships between mental disorders in childhood and adulthood. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1995;91:73–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar