Symptom dimensions, social network, and caregiver burden in chronic schizophrenia

REFERENCES

• Crow TJ. Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one process? BMJ 1980;280:66–8.
   Google Scholar
• Liddle PF. The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia. A re-exam-ination of the positive-negative dichotomy. Br J Psychiatry 1987;151:145–51.
   Google Scholar
• Andreasen NC, Arndt S, Alliger R, Miller D, Flaum M. Symptoms of schizophrenia: methods, meanings, and mecha-nisms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:341–51.
   Google Scholar
• Arndt S, Andreasen NC, Flaum M, Miller D, Nopoulos P. A longitudinal study of symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. Prediction and patterns of change. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:352–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenmayer J-P, Bernstein-Hyman R, Grochowski S. Five-fac-tor model of schizophrenia: initial validation. J Nerv Ment Dis 1994;182:631–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenmayer J-P, Grochowski S, Hyman RB. Five factor model of schizophrenia: replication across samples. Schizophre-nia Res 1995;14:229–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salokangas RKR. Structure of schizophrenic symptomatology and its changes over time: prospective factor-analytical study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997;95:32–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay SR, Opler LA, Fiszbein A. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1987;13:261–76.
   Google Scholar
• Lipton FR, Cohen CI, Fischer E, Katz SE. Schizophrenia: a network crisis. Schizophr Bull 1981;7:144–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattison EM, De Francisco D, Wood PE, Frazier H, Crowder JA. A psychosocial kinship model for family therapy. Am J Psychiatry 1975;132:1246–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salokangas RKR. Living situation and social network in schizophrenia: a prospective 5-year follow-up study. Nord J Psychiatry 1996;50:35–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salokangas RKR. Living situation, social network and out-come in schizophrenia: a five-year prospective follow-up study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997;96:459–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsella AJ, Snyder KK. Stress, social supports, and schizophrenic disorders: toward an interactional model. Schizophr Bull 1981;7:152–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam DH. Psychological family intervention in schizophrenia: a review of empirical studies. Psychol Med 1991;21:788–801.
   Google Scholar
• Szmukler GI, Bloch S. Family involvement in the care of peo-ple with psychoses. Br J Psychiatry 1997;171:401–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown S, Birtwistle J. People with schizophrenia and their families: fifteen-year outcome. Br J Psychiatry 1998;173:139–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provencher HL, Mueser KT. Positive and negative symptom behaviors and caregiver burden in the relatives of persons with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1997;26:71–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopinath PS, Chaturvedi SK. Distressing behaviour of schizophrenics at home. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;86:185–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj L, Kulkara P, Avasti A. Social burden of positive and negative symptom schizophrenia. Int .1- Soc Psychiatry 1991;37: 242–50.
   Google Scholar
• Runions J, Prudo R. Problem behaviors encountered by families living with a schizophrenic member. Can J Psychiatry 1983;28:382–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Webb C, Pfeiffer M, Mueser KT, Gladis M, Mensch E, De-Girolamo J, et al. Burden and well-being of caregivers for the severely mentally ill: the role of coping style and social sup-port. Schizophr Res 1998;34:169–80.
   Google Scholar
• Salokangas RKR, Saarijärvi S, Taiminen T, Kallioniemi H, Lehto H, Niemi H, et al. Citalopram as an adjuvant in chronic schizophrenia: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996;94:175–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taiminen TJ, Syvälahti E, Saarijärvi S, Niemi H, Lehto H, Ahola V, et al. Prediction of placebo response among chronic schizophrenic out-patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 1996;184:109–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarijärvi S, Taiminen T, Syvälahti E, Niemi H, Ahola V, Lehto H, et al. Relatives' participation in a clinical drug trial of schizophrenic outpatients improves their psychological well-being. Nord J Psychiatry 1998;52:389–93.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd rev ed., DSM-III-R. Wash-ington (DC): The Association; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Schene AH, Van Wijngaarden B. Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam;1992.
   Google Scholar
• Schene AH. Objective and subjective dimensions of family bur-den: towards an integrative framework for research. Soc Psy-chiatry Psychiatr Epidemiology 1990;25:289–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schene AH, Tessler RC, Gamache GM. Instruments measuring family and caregiver burden in severe mental illness. Soc Psy-chiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1994;29:228–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schene AH, van Wijngaarden B, Koeter MWJ. Family caregiv-ing in schizophrenia: domains and distress. Schizophr Bull 1998;24:609–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyatt RJ. Biochemistry and schizophrenia. IV. The neurolep-tics-their mechanism of action: a review of the biochemical literature. Psychopharmacol Bull 1976;12:5–55.
   Google Scholar
• SAS Institute Inc. SAS statistical software, release 6.12. Cary (NC): SAS Institute Inc; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Taiminen T. Depression among schizophrenic patients--a se-lective review. Psychiatr Fenn 1994;25:185–94.
   Google Scholar
• Scazufca M, Kuipers E. Stability of expressed emotion in rela-tives of those with schizophrenia and its relationship with bur-den of care and perception of patients' social functioning. Psychol Med 1998;28:453–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taiminen TJ, Kujari H. Antipsychotic medication and suicide risk among schizophrenic and paranoid inpatients: a controlled retrospective study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994;90:247–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magliano L, Fadden G, Fiorillo A, Malangone C, Sorrentino D, Robinson A, et al. Family burden and coping strategies in schizophrenia: are key relatives really different to other rela-tives? Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999;99:10–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose LE. Families of psychiatric patients: a critical review and future research directions. Arch Psychiatr Nursing 1996;10:67–76.
   Google Scholar
• Vartiainen H, Tiihonen J, Putkonen A, Koponen H, Virkkunen M, Hakola P, et al. Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in the treatment of aggression in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1995;91:348–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver H, Nassar A. Fluvoxamine improves negative symptoms in treated chronic schizophrenia: an add-on, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Biol Psychiatry 1992;31:698–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spina E, De Domenico P, Ruello P, Longobardo N, Gitto C, Ancione M, et al. Adjunctive fluoxetine in the treatment of negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1994;9:281–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuipers E, Garety P, Fowler D, Dunn G, Bebbington P, Free-man D, et al. London-East Anglia randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 1997;171:319–27.
   Google Scholar
• Tarrier N, Yusupoff L, Kinney C, McCarthy E, Gledhill A, Haddock G, et al. Randomised controlled trial of intensive cognitive behaviour therapy for patients with chronic schizophrenia. BMJ 1998;317:303–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald EM, Pica S, McDonald S, Hayes RL, Baglioni AJ. Stress and coping in early psychosis: role of symptoms, self-efficacy, and social support in coping with stress. Br J Psychi-atry 1998;172 Suppl 33:122–7.
   Google Scholar