Negative symptoms in schizophrenia—A review

References

• Saha S, Chant D, Welham J, McGrath J. A systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia. PLoS Medicine 2005; 2: e141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauronen E, Miettunen J, Veijola J, Karhu M, Jones PB, Isohanni M. Outcome and its predictors in schizophrenia within the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. Eur Psychiatry 2007; 22: 129–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sass H. The historical evolution of the concept of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 155(Suppl 7)26–31
   Google Scholar
• Kraepelin E. Demential praecox and paraphrenia. ES Livingston, Barclay RM, trans. Edinburgh 1919
   Google Scholar
• Crow TJ. The two-syndrome concept: Origins and current status. Schizophr Bull 1985; 11: 471–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter WT, Heinrichs DW, Alphs LD. Treatment of negative symptoms. Schizophr Bull 1985; 11: 440–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick B, Fenton WS, Carpenter WT, Marder SR. The NIMH-MATRICS consensus statement on negative symptoms. Schizophr Bull 2006; 32: 214–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rami′rez N, Arranz B, Sa′nchez J, Centeno M, San L. Depression in schizophrenia, can it be treated? A review of the evidence. Curr Psychiatry Rev 2006; 2: 371–9
   Google Scholar
• Emsley R, Rabinowitz J, Torreman M. The factor structure for the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in recent-onset psychosis. Schizophr Res 2003; 61: 47–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salokangas RKR. Structure of schizophrenic symptomatology and its changes over time: Prospective factor-analytical study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997; 95: 32–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottlender R, Sato T, Groll C, Jäger M, Kunze I, Möller H-J. Negative symptoms in depressed and schizophrenic patients: How do they differ?. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64: 954–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick B, Fischer B. Subdomains within the negative symptoms of schizophrenia: Commentary. Schizophr Bull 2006; 32: 246–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard JJ, Cohen AS. The structure of negative symptoms within schizophrenia: Implications for assessment. Schizophr Bull 2006; 32: 238–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaturvedi SK, Prasad Rao G, John Mathai P, Sarmukaddam S, Gopinath PS. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia and depression. Indian J Psychiatry 1985; 27: 237–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alexander JP, Mathai JP. The negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. Indian J Psychiatry 1988; 11: 33–42
   Google Scholar
• Winograd-Gurvich C, Fitzgerald PB, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Bradshaw JL, White OB. Negative symptoms: A review of schizophrenia, melancholic depression and Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Bull 2006; 70: 312–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter WT, Heinrichs DW, Wagman AM. Deficit and non-deficit forms of schizophrenia: The concept. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 578–583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husted JA, Beiser M, Iacono WG. Negative symptoms and the early course of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1992; 43: 215–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malla AK, Takhar JJ, Norman RMG, Manchanda R, Cortese L, Haricharan R, et al. Negative symptoms in first episode non-affective psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002; 105: 431–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malla AK, Norman RGM, Takhar J, Manchanda R, Townsend L, Scholten D, et al. Can patients at risk for persistent negative symptoms be identified during their first episode of psychosis. J Nerv Ment Dis 2004; 192: 455–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan RW. Persistent negative symptoms in schizophrenia: An overview. Schizophr Bull 2006; in press.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick B, Kopelowicz A, Buchanan RW, Carpenter WT, Jr. Assessing the efficacy of treatments for the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000; 22: 303–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimhy D, Yale S, Goetz RR, McFarr LM, Malaspina D. The factorial structure of the schedule for the deficit syndrome in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2006; 32: 274–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW, McKenney PD, Alphs LD, Carpenter WT, Jr. The Schedule for the Deficit syndrome: An instrument for research in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1989; 30: 119–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW, Ross DE, Carpenter WT, Jr. A separate disease within the syndrome of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 165–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lader M. Rating scales in schizophrenia—A review of their usefulness for assessing atypical antipsychotics. CNS Drugs 2000; 14: 23–32
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasen NC. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Definition and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39: 784–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andeasen NC, Carpenter WT, Kane JM, Lasser RA, Marder SR, Weinberger DR. Remission in schizophrenia: Proposed criteria and rationale for consensus. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 441–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay SR, Opler LA, Lindenmayer JP. Reliability and validity of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1988; 23: 99–110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selten J-P, Wiersma D, van den Bosch R. Distress attributed to negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2000; 26: 737–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottlender R, Wegner U, Wittmann J, Strauß A, Möller H-J. Deficit syndromes in schizophrenic patients 15 years after their first hospitalisation: Preliminary results of a follow-up study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999; 249: 27–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arajärvi R, Varilo T, Haukka J, Suvisaari J, Suokas J, Juvonen H, et al. Affective flattening and alogia associate with the familial form of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2006; 141: 161–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton WW, Thara R, Federman B, Melton B, Liang K-Y. Structure and course of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 127–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbener ES, Harrow M. Longitudinal assessment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia/schizoaffective patients, other psychotic patients, and depressed patients. Schizophr Bull 2001; 27: 527–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pogue-Geile MF, Zubin J. Negative symptomatology and schizophrenia: A conceptual and empirical review. Int J Ment Health 1988; 16: 3–45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasen N, Nasrallah HA, Dunn V, Olson SC, Grove WM, Ehrhardt JC, et al. Structural abnormalities in the frontal system in schizophrenia. A magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43: 136–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigmundsson T, Suckling J, Maier M, Williams SCR, Bullmore ET, Greenwood KE, et al. Structural abnormalities in frontal, temporal, and limbic regions and interconnecting white matter tracts in schizophrenic patients with prominent negative symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 234–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JE, Wible CG, McCarley RW, Jakab M, Kasai K, Shenton ME. An MRI study of temporal lobe abnormalities and negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2002; 58: 123–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanfilipo M, Lafargue T, Rusinek H, Arena L, Loneragan C, Lautin A, et al. Volumetric measure of the frontal and temporal lobe regions in schizophrenia: Relationship to negative symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 471–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolkin A, Choi SJ, Szilagyi S, Sanfilipo M, Rotrosen JP, Lim KO. Inferior frontal white matter anisotropy and negative symptoms of schizophrenia: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 572–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth RM, Saykin LA, McAllister AJ, Vidaver TW. Apathy in schizophrenia. reduced frontal lobe volume and neuropsychological deficits. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 157–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua SE, McKenna PJ. Schizophrenia—A brain disease? A critical review of structural and functional cerebral abnormality in the disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 166: 563–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honey GD, Pomarol-Clotet E, Corlett PR, Honey RAE, McKenna PJ, McKenna ET, et al. Functional dysconnectivity in schizophrenia associated with attentional modulation of motor function. Brain 2005; 128: 2597–611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucci A, Galderisi S, Kirkpatrick B, Bucci P, Volpe U, Merlotti E, et al. Double dissociation of N1 and P3 abnormalities in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007; 92: 252–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potkin SG, Alva G, Fleming K, Anand R, Keator D, Carreon D, et al. A PET study of the pathophysiology of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 227–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min SK, An SK, Jon DI, Lee JD. Positive and negative symptoms and regional cerebral perfusion in antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenic patients: A high-resolution SPECT study. Psychiatry Res 1999; 90: 159–168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl SM, Buckley PF. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: A problem that will not go away. Acta Psychiatric Scand 2007; 115: 4–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper S. Optimisation of long-term treatment in schizophrenia. Treating the true spectrum of symptoms. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2006; 16(Suppl 3)135–41
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg SC. Negative and deficit symptoms in schizophrenia do respond to neuroleptics. Schizophr Bull 1985; 11: 453–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King DJ. Drug treatment of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1998; 8: 33–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller HJ. Atypical neuroleptics: A new approach in the treatment of negative symptoms. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999; 249(Suppl 4)99–107
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Möller HJ. Management of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia: New treatment options. CNS Drugs 2003; 17: 793–823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javitt DC. Management of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2001; 3: 413–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis JM, Chen N, Glick ID. A Meta-analysis of the efficacy of second-generation antipsychotics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 553–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuunainen A, Wahlbeck K, Gilbody S. Newer atypical antipsychotic medication in comparison to clozapine: A systematic review of randomized trials. Schizophr Res 2002; 56: 1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sayeh HG, Morganti C. Aripiprazole for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2006, Issue 2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornley B, Rathbone J, Adams CE, Awad G. Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2003, Issue 2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wahlbeck K, Cheine MV, Essali A. Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 1999, Issue 4.
   Google Scholar
• Tuunainen A, Wahlbeck K, Gilbody SM. Newer atypical antipsychotic medication versus clozapine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2000, Issue 2.
   Google Scholar
• Duggan L, Fenton M, Rathbone J, Dardennes R, El-Dosoky A, Indran S. Olanzapine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2005, Issue 2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartung B, Wada M, Laux G, Leucht S. Perphenazine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2005, Issue 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srisurapanont M, Maneeton B, Maneeton N. Quetiapine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2004, Issue 2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hunter RH, Joy CB, Kennedy E, Gilbody SM, Song F. Risperidone versus typical antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2003, Issue 2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbody SM, Bagnall AM, Duggan L, Tuunainen A. Risperidone versus other atypical antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2000, Issue 3.
   Google Scholar
• DeSilva P, Fenton M, Rathbone J. Zotepine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2006, Issue 4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley PF, Stahl SM. Pharmacological treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia: Therapeutic opportunity or Cul-de-sac?. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007; 115: 93–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keefe RSE, Bilder RM, Davis SM, Harvey PD, Palmer BW, Gold JM, et al. Neurocognitive effects of antipsychotic medications in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64: 633–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller HJ. Non-neuroleptic approaches to treating negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004; 254: 108–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauriello J, Lenroot R, Bustillo JR. Maximizing the synergy between pharmacotherapy and psychosocial therapies for schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2003; 26: 191–211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pharoah F, Mari J, Rathbone J, Wong W. Family intervention for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2006, Issue 4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekkala E, Merinder L. Psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2002, Issue 2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeffery DP, Ley A, McLaren S, Siegfried N. Psychosocial treatment programmes for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2000, Issue 2.
   Google Scholar
• Buckley LA, Pettit T. Supportive therapy for schizophrenia Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2007, Issue 1.
   Google Scholar
• Rathod S, Turkington D. Cognitive–behaviour therapy for schizophrenia: A review. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2005; 18: 159–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arndt S, Andreasen NC, Flaum M, Miller D, Nopoulos P. A longitudinal study of symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. Prediction and patterns of change. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 352–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwu HG, Tan H, Chen CC, Yeh LL. Negative symptoms at discharge and outcome in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 166: 61–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tek C, Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW. A five-year follow-up study of deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2001; 49: 253–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alptekin K, Erkoc S, Gogus AK, Kultur S, Mete L, Ucok A, et al. Disability in schizophrenia: Clinical correlates and prediction over 1-year follow-up. Psychiatry Res 2005; 135: 103–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenmayer J-P, Yeshiva U, Kay SR, Friedman C. Negative and positive schizophrenic syndromes after the acute phase: A prospective follow-up. Compr Psychiatry 1986; 27: 276–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay SR, Murrill LM. Predicting outcome of schizophrenia: Significance of symptom profiles and outcome dimensions. Compr Psychiatry 1990; 31: 91–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenton WS, McGlashan TH. Natural history of schizophrenia subtypes: II. Positive and negative symptoms and long-term course. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 978–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho B, Nopoulos P, Flaum M, Arndt S, Andreasen NC. Two-year outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: Predictive value of symptoms for quality of life. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1196–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueser KT, Douglas MS, Bellack AS, Morrison RL. Assessment of enduring deficit and negative symptom subtypes in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1991; 17: 565–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwu H-G, Chen C-H, Whang T-J, Liu C-H, Cheng JJ, Lin S-K, et al. Symptom patterns and subgrouping of schizophrenic patients: Significance of negative symptoms assessed on admission. Schizophr Res 2002; 56: 105–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar