Experiences of sexual harassment are associated with high self-esteem and social anxiety among adolescent girls

References

• The Ombudsman for equality: sexual harassment and gender-based harassment [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https://www.tasa-arvo.fi/web/EN//sexual-harassment
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald LF, Gelfand MJ, Drasgow F. Measuring sexual harassment: theoretical and psychometric advances. Basic Appl Soc Psychol. 1995;17:425–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan NT, Bluestein BM, Nappa AC, et al. Exploring gender differences in body image, eating pathology, and sexual harassment. Body Image. 2013;10:352–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clear ER, Coker AL, Cook-Craig P, et al. Sexual harassment victimization and perpetration among high school students. Violence Against Women. 2014;20:1203–1219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eom E, Restaino S, Perkins AM, et al. Sexual harassment in middle and high school children and effects on physical and mental health. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2015;54:430–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontes LFC, Conceição OC, Machado S. Childhood and adolescent sexual abuse, victim profile and its impacts on mental health. Ciên Saúde Colet. 2017;22:2919–2928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaltiala-Heino R, Fröjd S, Marttunen M. Sexual harassment and emotional and behavioural symptoms in adolescence: stronger associations among boys than girls. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2016;51:1193–1201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaltiala-Heino R, Fröjd S, Marttunen M. Sexual harassment victimization in adolescence: associations with family background. Child Abuse Negl. 2016;56:11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucchianeri MM, Eisenberg ME, Wall MM, et al. Multiple types of harassment: associations with emotional well-being and unhealthy behaviors in adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2014;54:724–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber J, Fineran S. Sexual harassment, bullying, and school outcomes for high school girls and boys. Violence Against Women. 2016;22:112–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Man Yu L, Frieze I, So-kum Tang C. Understanding adolescent peer sexual harassment and abuse: using the theory of planned behavior. Sex Abuse. 2010;22:157–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendixen M, Daveronis J, Kennair L. The effects of non-physical peer sexual harassment on high school students’ psychological well-being in Norway: consistent and stable findings across studies. Int J Public Health. 2018;63:3–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber JE, Fineran S. The impact of bullying and sexual harassment on middle and high school girls. Violence Against Women. 2007;13:627–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holcomb WR, Holcomb MG. A victim typology of sexual harassment. Psychol Rep. 2008;103:819–826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houle JN, Staff J, Mortimer JT, et al. The impact of sexual harassment on depressive symptoms during the early occupational career. Soc Mental Health. 2011;1:89–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamaru A, Getachew K, Mohammed Y. Prevalence of physical, verbal and nonverbal sexual harassments and their association with psychological distress among Jimma university female students: a cross-sectional study. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2015;5:29.
   Google Scholar
• McDermut JF, Haaga DAF, Kirk L. An evaluation of stress symptoms associated with academic sexual harassment. J Traum Stress. 2000;13:397–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell KJ, Ybarra ML, Korchmaros JD. Sexual harassment among adolescents of different sexual orientations and gender identities. Child Abuse Negl. 2014;38:280–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen MB, Einarsen S. Prospective relationships between workplace sexual harassment and psychological distress. Occup Med. 2012;62:226.
   Google Scholar
• Palmieri PA, Fitzgerald LF. Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in sexually harassed women. J Traum Stress. 2005;18:657–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richman JA, Rospenda KM, Nawyn SJ, et al. Sexual harassment and generalized workplace abuse among university employees: prevalence and mental health correlates. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:358–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinehart SJ, Espelage DL, Bub KL. Longitudinal effects of gendered harassment perpetration and victimization on mental health outcomes in adolescence. J Interpers Violence. 2017;0886260517723746.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ybarra ML, Espelage DL, Mitchell KJ. The co-occurrence of internet harassment and unwanted sexual solicitation victimization and perpetration: associations with psychosocial indicators. J Adolesc Health. 2007;41:S31–S41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein SE, Malanchuk O, Davis-Kean PE, et al. Longitudinal investigation of African American and European American adolescents. J Res Adolesc. 2007;17:285–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiodo D, Wolfe DA, Crooks C, et al. Impact of sexual harassment victimization by peers on subsequent adolescent victimization and adjustment: a longitudinal study. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45:246–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlqvist Zetterström H, Landstedt E, Young R, et al. Dimensions of peer sexual harassment victimization and depressive symptoms in adolescence: a longitudinal cross-lagged study in a Swedish sample. J Youth Adolesc. 2016;45:858–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall SK, Faaborg-Andersen P, Tilton-Weaver LC, et al. Peer sexual harassment and deliberate self-injury: longitudinal cross-lag investigations in Canada and Sweden. J Adolesc Health. 2013;53:717–722. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary MR, Tambor ES, Terdal SK, et al. Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: the sociometer hypothesis. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995;68:518–530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham NJ, Taylor M, Whitten ME, et al. The relationship between self-perception of physical attractiveness and sexual bullying in early adolescence. Aggress Behav. 2010;36:271–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoog T, Özdemir SB, Stattin H. Understanding the link between pubertal timing in girls and the development of depressive symptoms: the role of sexual harassment. J Youth Adolesc. 2016;45:316–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen JL, Hyde JS. A longitudinal investigation of peer sexual harassment victimization in adolescence. J Adolesc. 2009;32:1173–1188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doty JL, Gower AL, Rudi JH, et al. Patterns of bullying and sexual harassment: connections with parents and teachers as direct protective factors. J Youth Adolesc. 2017;46:2289–2304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fineran S, Bolen RM. Risk factors for peer sexual harassment in schools. J Interpers Violence. 2006;21:1169–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haile RT, Kebeta ND, Kassie GM. Prevalence of sexual abuse of male high school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2013;13:24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrer JA, Lehrer EL, Koss MP. Unwanted sexual experiences in young men: evidence from a survey of university students in Chile. Arch Sex Behav. 2013;42:213–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilgrim NA, Ahmed S, Gray RH, et al. Sexual coercion among adolescent women in Rakai, Uganda: does family structure matter? J Interpers Violence. 2013;28:1289–1313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Väänänen J, Isomaa R, Kaltiala-Heino R, et al. Decrease in self-esteem mediates the association between symptoms of social phobia and depression in middle adolescence in a sex-specific manner: a 2-year follow-up of a prospective population cohort study. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Väänänen J, Marttunen M, Helminen M, et al. Low perceived social support predicts later depression but not social phobia in middle adolescence. Health Psychol Behav Med. 2014;2:1023–1037.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beck A, Beck R. Screening depressed patients in family practice. A rapid technic? Postgrad Med. 1972;52:81–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck A, Rial W, Rickels K. Short form of depression inventory: cross-validation. Psychol Rep. 1974;34:1184–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raitasalo R. Mielialakysely. Suomen oloihin Beckin lyhyen depressiokyselyn pohjalta kehitetty masennusoireilun ja itsetunnon kysely. Kela. Sosiaali- ja terveysturvan tutkimuksia 86. Helsinki [Mood questionnaire. Finnish modification of the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory measuring depression symptoms and self-esteem. Abstract in English]. Helsinki, Finland: The Social Insurance Institution; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Bennet DS, Ambrosini PJ, Bianchi M, et al. Relationship of beck depression inventory factors to depression among adolescents. J Affect Disord. 1997;45:127–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaltiala-Heino R, Rimpelä M, Rantanen P, et al. Finnish modification of the 13-item beck depression inventory in screening an adolescent population for depressiveness and positive mood. Nord J Psychiatry. 1999;53:451–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fountoulakis KN, Iacovides A, Kleanthous S, et al. The Greek translation of the symptoms rating scale for depression and anxiety: preliminary results of the validation study. BMC Psychiatry. 2003;3:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranta K, Kaltiala-Heino R, Rantanen P, et al. Screening social phobia in adolescents from general population: the validity of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) against a clinical interview. Eur Psychiatry. 2007;22:244–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor KM, Davidson JRT, Churchill LE, et al. Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN): new self-rating scale. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;176:379–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson HS, Inderbitzen-Nolan H, Anderson ER. The Social Phobia Inventory: validity and reliability in an adolescent community sample. Psychol Assess. 2006;18:269–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self. 1st ed. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press; 1965.
   Google Scholar
• Button EJ, Loan P, Davies J, et al. Self-esteem, eating problems, and psychological well-being in a cohort of schoolgirls aged 15–16: a questionnaire and interview study. Int J Eat Disord. 1997;21:39–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orth U, Robins RW, Roberts BW. Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and young adulthood. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2008;95:695–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raevuori A, Dick DM, Keski-Rahkonen A, et al. Genetic and environmental factors affecting self-esteem from age 14 to 17: a longitudinal study of Finnish twins. Psychol Med. 2007;37:1625–1633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenthal JA, Burg MM, Barefoot J, et al. Social support, type A behavior, and coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med. 1987;49:331–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katainen S, Räikkönen K, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. Adolescent temperament, perceived social support and depressive tendencies in young adulthood. Eur J Pers. 1999;13:183–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinley M, Rospenda KM, Liu L, et al. It isn’t all just fun and games: collegiate participation in extracurricular activities and risk for generalized and sexual harassment, psychological distress, and alcohol use. J Adolesc. 2016;53:152–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinley M, Wolff JM, Rospenda KM, et al. Risk factors and outcomes of chronic sexual harassment during the transition to college: examination of a two-part growth mixture model. Soc Sci Res. 2016;60:297–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillander Gådin K, Hammarström A. A possible contributor to the higher degree of girls reporting psychological symptoms compared with boys in grade nine? Eur J Public Health. 2005;15:380–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan CM, McDougall P. Predicting psychosocial maladjustment in emerging adulthood from high school experiences of peer victimization. J Interpers Violence. 2018;088626051875611. 01/31; 2018/02:0886260518756115.
   Google Scholar
• Väänänen J, Fröjd S, Ranta K, et al. Relationship between social phobia and depression differs between boys and girls in mid-adolescence. J Affect Disord. 2011;133:97–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranta K, Kaltiala-Heino R, Rantanen P, et al. Social phobia in Finnish general adolescent population: prevalence, comorbidity, individual and family correlates, and service use. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26:528–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith BH, Pelham WE, Jr. Gnagy E, et al. The reliability, validity, and unique contributions of self-report by adolescents receiving treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68:489–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galesic M, Tourangeau R. What is sexual harassment? It depends on who asks! Framing effects on survey responses. Appl Cognit Psychol. 2007;21:189–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar