Hospitalisation time is associated with weight gain in forensic mental health patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder

References

• Walker ER, McGee RE, Druss BG. Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(4):334–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordentoft M, Wahlbeck K, Hällgren J, et al. Excess mortality, causes of death and life expectancy in 270,770 patients with recent onset of mental disorders in Denmark, Finland and Sweden. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e55176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill S, O’Driscoll L. Metabolic syndrome: a closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies. Obes Rev. 2015;16(1):1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringen PA, Engh JA, Birkenaes AB, et al. Increased mortality in schizophrenia due to cardiovascular disease - a non-systematic review of epidemiology, possible causes, and interventions. Front Psychiatry. 2014;5:137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen ALW, Lindekilde CR, Andersen K, et al. Health behaviours of forensic mental health service users, in relation to smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary behaviours and physical activity-A mixed methods systematic review. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2021;28(3):444–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Hert M, Detraux J, van Winkel R, et al. Metabolic and cardiovascular adverse effects associated with antipsychotic drugs. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;8(2):114–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damkier P, et al. 2011. Kliniske retningslinjer for behandling med antipsykotika. Tværgående retningslinje, ID-nr. 54708, Lægemiddelkomitéen for Psykiatri i RSD.
   Google Scholar
• Ojansuu I, Putkonen H, Tiihonen J. Mortality among forensic psychiatric patients in Finland. Nord J Psychiatry. 2015;69(1):25–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner GEJ, Gorczynski PF, Cohn TA. Psychiatric illness and obesity: recognizing the “obesogenic” nature of an inpatient psychiatric setting. Psychiatr Serv. 2009;60(4):538–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regioner D. 2016. Benchmarking af psykiatrien 2016. Retrieved from:https://www.regioner.dk/media/5702/benchmarking-af-psykiatrien-2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell AJ, Vancampfort D, Sweers K, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities in schizophrenia and related Disorders-A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2013;39(2):306–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cormac I, Ferriter M, Benning R, et al. Physical health and health risk factors in a population of long-stay psychiatric patients. Psychiatr Bull. 2005;29(1):18–20.
   Google Scholar
• Haw C, Rowell A. Obesity and its complications: a survey of inpatients at a secure psychiatric hospital. Br J For Practice. 2011;13(4):270–277.
   Google Scholar
• Hilton NZ, Ham E, Lang C, et al. Weight gain and its correlates among forensic inpatients. Can J Psychiatry. 2015;60(5):232–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huthwaite M, Elmslie J, Every-Palmer S, et al. Obesity in a forensic and rehabilitation psychiatric service: a missed opportunity? J For Practice. 2017;19(4):269–277.
   Google Scholar
• Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, et al. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)-a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StataCorp. 2021. Stata statistical software: release 17. College Station (TX): StataCorp LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Arellano M. PRACTITIONERS’ CORNER: computing robust standard errors for within-groups estimators*. Oxford Bull Econ Stat. 2009;49(4):431–434.
   Google Scholar
• WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, WHO. 2021. ATC/DDD Index 2021. Available from: https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/
   Google Scholar
• Fink-Jensen A. 2021. Klassifikation af antipsykotika, Vol. 2021. Retrieved from: https://pro.medicin.dk/Laegemiddelgrupper/Grupper/237000
   Google Scholar
• WHO. 2021. Body mass index - BMI, Vol. 2021. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/a-healthy-lifestyle/body-mass-index-bmi
   Google Scholar
• Johnson M, Day M, Moholkar R, et al. Tackling obesity in mental health secure units: a mixed method synthesis of available evidence. BJPsych Open. 2018;4(4):294–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challa F, Getahun T, Sileshi M, Geto Z, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with schizophrenia in Ethiopia. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkworth GD, Wycherley TP, Noakes M, et al. Reductions in blood pressure following energy restriction for weight loss do not rebound after re-establishment of energy balance in overweight and obese subjects. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2008;30(5):385–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gostynski M, Gutzwiller F, Kuulasmaa K, et al. Analysis of the relationship between total cholesterol, age, body mass index among males and females in the WHO MONICA project. Int J Obes. 2004;28(8):1082–1090.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shantha GPS, Kumar AA, Kahan S, et al. Association between glycosylated hemoglobin and intentional weight loss in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Educ. 2012;38(3):417–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn T, Prud’homme D, Streiner D, et al. Characterizing coronary heart disease risk in chronic schizophrenia: high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Can J Psychiatry. 2004;49(11):753–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Caluwe L, van Buitenen N, Gelan PJ, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated risk factors in an African-Caribbean population with severe mental illness. Psychiatry Res. 2019;281:112558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugai T, Suzuki Y, Yamazaki M, et al. Difference in prevalence of metabolic syndrome between japanese outpatients and inpatients with schizophrenia: a nationwide survey. Schizophr Res. 2016;171(1–3):68–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asaye S, Bekele S, Tolessa D, et al. Metabolic syndrome and associated factors among psychiatric patients in Jimma University specialized hospital, South West Ethiopia. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2018;12(5):753–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellani LN, Costa-Dookhan KA, McIntyre WB, et al. Preclinical and clinical sex differences in Antipsychotic-Induced metabolic disturbances: a narrative review of adiposity and glucose metabolism. J Psychiatry Brain Sci. 2019;4(4):e190013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO. 2008. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: results of a WHO expert consultation. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. ISBN: 9789241501491.
   Google Scholar
• Dubath C, Gholam-Rezaee M, Sjaarda J, et al. Socio-economic position as a moderator of cardiometabolic outcomes in patients receiving psychotropic treatment associated with weight gain: results from a prospective 12-month inception cohort study and a large population-based cohort. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar