‘Poppers Maculopathy’ and the adverse ophthalmic outcomes from the recreational use of alkyl nitrate inhalants: a systematic review

REFERENCES

• Romanelli F, Smith KM, Thornton AC, Pomeroy C. Poppers: epidemiology and clinical management of inhaled nitrite abuse. Pharmacotherapy. 2004;24(1):69–78. doi:10.1592/phco.24.1.69.34801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krilis M, Thompson J, Atik A, Lusthaus J, Jankelowitz S. ‘Popper’-induced vision loss. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2013;32(3):333–334. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00493.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haverkos HW, Kopstein AN, Wilson H, Drotman P. Nitrite inhalants: history, epidemiology, and possible links to AIDS. Environ Health Perspect. 1994;102(10):858–861. doi:10.1289/ehp.94102858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt M, Mao L, Prestage G, Zablotska I, De Wit J. Gay community periodic surverys: national report 2010 [Internet]. Sydney: National Centre in HIV Social Research, The University of New South Wales; http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:10405/SOURCE1?view=true. 2011 Accessed 2021 Sep 14.
   Google Scholar
• Prestage G, Jin F, Kippax S, Zablotska I, Imrie J, Grulich A. Use of illicit drugs and erectile dysfunction medications and subsequent HIV infection among gay men in Sydney, Australia. J Sex Med. 2009;6(8):2311–2320. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01323.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. National drug strategy household survery 2016 [internet]. Canberra: AIHW; https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/2016-ndshs-detailed/summary. 2017 Accessed 2021 Sep 12.
   Google Scholar
• Clemens CR, Alten F, Loos D, Uhlig CE, Heiduschka P, Eter N. Poppers maculopathy or retinopathy? Eye (Lond). 2015;29(1):148–149. doi:10.1038/eye.2014.252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigell LT, Kapp FT, Fusaro GA, Nelson ED, Falck RS. Popping and snorting volatile nitrites: a current fad for getting high. Am J Psychiatry. 1978;135:1216–1218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Alcohol And Drug Foundation. Amyl nitrite. [Internet]. https://cdn.adf.org.au/media/documents/ADF_Drug_factsheets_Amyl_Nitrite.pdf. 2021 Accessed 2021 Sep 18.
   Google Scholar
• Davies AJ, Kelly SP, Naylor SG, et al. Adverse ophthalmic reaction in poppers users: case series of ‘poppers maculopathy’. Eye (Lond). 2012;26(11):1479–1486. doi:10.1038/eye.2012.191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Zhang L, Zhou F, Li Z, Yang J. Knowledge, attitude, and status of nitrite inhalant use among men who have sex with men in Tianjin, China. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):8. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4696-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hunter L, Gordge L, Dargan PI, Wood DM. Methaemoglobinaemia associated with the use of cocaine and volatile nitrites as recreational drugs: a review: recreational drug-related methaemoglobinaemia. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;72(1):18–26. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03950.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pece A, Patelli F, Milani P, Pierro L. Transient visual loss after amyl Isobutyl nitrite abuse. Semin Ophthalmol. 2004;19(3–4):105–106. doi:10.1080/08820530490882292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies AJ, Borschmann R, Kelly SP, Ramsey J, Ferris J, Winstock AR. The prevalence of visual symptoms in poppers users: a global survey. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2017;1(1):6. doi:10.1136/bmjophth-2016-000015.
   Google Scholar
• Audo I, El Sanharawi M, Vignal-Clermont C, et al. Foveal damage in habitual poppers users. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(6):703–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balster RL. Neural basis of inhalant abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998;51(1):207–214. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00078-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein IM, Ostwald P, Roth S. Nitric oxide: a review of its role in retinal function and disease. Vision Res. 1996;36(18):2979–2994. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(96)00017-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatcher GRJ, Nicolescu AC, Bennett BM, Toader V. Nitrates and no release: contemporary aspects in biological and medicinal chemistry. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004;37(8):1122–1143. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan M, Carmody RJ, Cotter TG. Light-induced photoreceptor apoptosis in vivo requires neuronal nitric-oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase activity and is caspase-3-independent. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(25):23000–23008. doi:10.1074/jbc.M005359200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catala-Mora J, Diaz-Cascajosa J, Vidal-Santacana M, Dyrda A, Rey A. Macular hole after poppers (alkyl nitrate) inhalation in a child. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2018;49(11):897–900.doi:10.3928/23258160-20181101-12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Joanna Briggs Institute. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools for use in JBI systematic reviews checklish for case reports. [Internet]. https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools. 2020 Accessed 2021 Sep 10.
   Google Scholar
• The Joanna Briggs Institue. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools for use in JBI systematic reviews checklist for case series. [Internet]. https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools. 2020 Accessed 2021 Sep 10.
   Google Scholar
• Tyndall J. AACODS Checklist. [Internet]. Flinders University. http://dspace.flinders.edu.au/dspace/. 2010 Accessed 2021 Sep 10
   Google Scholar
• Nakano N, Shoman H, Khanduja V. Treatment strategies for ischiofemoral impingement: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;28(9):2772–2787. doi:10.1007/s00167-018-5251-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:71. doi:10.1136/bmj.n71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asensio-Sanchez VM, Gonzalez-Buendia L, Marcos-Fernandez M. Maculopathy due to drug inhalation. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2014;89(8):313–315. doi:10.1016/j.oftal.2013.06.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borrelli E, Sacconi R, Querques G. Middle-aged man with foveal photoreceptor loss. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019;137(11):1325–1326. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.3643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruninx R, and Lepiece G. Didactic image poppers maculopathy. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol . 2013(322)133–135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burgos-Blasco B, Valor-Suarez C, Moreno-Morillo FJ, Jimenez-Santos M. Poppers maculopathy: report of two cases in Spain. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2019;42(10):e465–e7. doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2019.03.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies AJ, Kelly SP, Bhatt PR. ‘Poppers maculopathy’ - an emerging ophthalmic reaction to recreational substance abuse. Eye (London). 2012;26(6):888.doi:10.1038/eye.2012.37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Docherty G, Eslami M, O’Donnell H. “Poppers maculopathy”: a case report and literature review. Can J Ophthalmol. 2018;53(4):154–156. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2017.10.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnerty F, Rewsbury R, Hughes E, Clarke A. “Poppers maculopathy” in three HIV-positive patients. HIV Med. 2016;17:52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores R, Rueda J. Poppers’ maculopathy. Vision Pan-America. 2019;1(1):8.
   Google Scholar
• García-Bella J, Donate J, Gallego-Pinazo R, Benítez Del Castillo JM. Poppers maculopathy? In Spain. A new ophthalmological disease. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2016;91(8):397–399. doi:10.1016/j.oftal.2016.01.024.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gruener AMD, Marmb J, El Housseini ZM, Whitefield LF. Poppers maculopathy. Lancet. 2014;384(9954):1606. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60887-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamann T, Wiest MRJ, Brinkmann M, et al. Assessment of the microvasculature in poppers maculopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021;260(4):1299–1306. doi:10.1007/s00417-021-05453-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes E, Purbrick R, Prior S, Baron M, Rewbury R. Poppers: legal highs with questionable contents? A case series of poppers maculopathy. British J Ophthalmol. 2017;101(11):1530–1534. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-310023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui M, Galvin J, Chilov M, Gabrielle PH, Fung AT. Popper maculopathy: long term follow-up and case series. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2020;14(2):195–199. doi:10.1097/ICB.0000000000000650.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Law G, Ching G, Docherty G, Navajas E. Acquired bilateral central vision loss in a young adult due to “poppers maculopathy”. Jpn J Ophthalmol JPN. 2019;1(1):3.
   Google Scholar
• Luis J, Virdi M, Nabili S. Poppers retinopathy. BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2:369.
   Google Scholar
• Mentes J, Batioglu F. Multimodal imaging of a patient with poppers maculopathy. GMS Ophthalmol Cases. 2020;10:5.
   Google Scholar
• Morrissey RP, Fancis JH, Howland MA, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. Abstracts of the 2010 International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists, 11-14 May 2010, Bordeaux, France. Clin Toxicol. 2010;48(3):240–318.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy R, James M, and Cullinane A. Popper associated maculopathy - case report and literary synthesis. Abstracts from the 2017 European Association for Vision and Eye Research Conference France. 2017;95( 259).
   Google Scholar
• Pahlitzsch M, Mai C, Joussen AM, Bergholz R. Poppers maculopathy: complete restitution of macular changes in OCT after drug abstinence. Semin Ophthalmol. 2016;31(5):479–484. doi:10.3109/08820538.2014.962175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas CN, Fawzi AA, Gill MK. AOSLO imaging in poppers maculopathy shows high resolution loss of central macular cones. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2021;23:101–106. doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2021.101166.
   Google Scholar
• Romano F, Arrigo A, Sperti A, Bandello F, Battaglia Parodi M. Multimodal imaging of poppers maculopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;31(2):71–73. doi:10.1177/1120672119887918.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savary P, Bernard M, Guerrier O, et al. Poppers toxic maculopathy misdiagnosed as atypical optic neuritis. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20(7):90–91. doi:10.1111/ene.12148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sega R, Urbancic M. Waxing and waning poppers maculopathy. Can J Ophthalmol. 2021;56(3):101–103. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2020.12.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trombini M, Zotto A, Rotulo A, et al. Maculopathy after use of isopropyl nitrate poppers documented with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Clin Toxicol. 2019;57(6):438–439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bol LBMD, Ramd K, Pamdf K, Pal BMD, Smdf S. Clinical phenotypes of poppers maculopathy and their links to visual and anatomic recovery. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(9):1425–1427. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.05.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waychoff MF, April MD, Casmaer M. Sexual enhancer-induced vision loss. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(3):517. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2016.09.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Martín-Moro J, Almagro EG, Abreu NV, et al. Poppers maculopathy: a quantitative review of previous literature. Semin Ophthalmol. 2021;36(1–2):1–8. doi:10.1080/08820538.2021.1894889.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rewbury R, Hughes E, Purbrick R, Prior S, Baron M. Poppers: legal highs with questionable contents? A case series of poppers maculopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;101(11):1530–1534. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-310023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fledelius HC. Irreversible blindness after amyl nitrite inhalation. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1999;77(6):719–721. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0420.1999.770625.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruè C, Mariotti C, De Franco E, Fisher Y, Guidotti JM, Giovannini A. Solar retinopathy: a multimodal analysis. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2013;2013:1–5. doi:10.1155/2013/906920.
   Google Scholar
• Fajgenbaum MAP. Is the mechanism of ‘poppers maculopathy’ photic injury? Eye (Lond). 2013;27(12):1420–1421. doi:10.1038/eye.2013.218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar