Taser-Related Ocular Injuries: A Review of the Literature and Medico-Legal Implications

REFERENCES

• Kunz SN, Zinka B, Fieseler S, Graw M, Peschel O. Functioning and effectiveness of electronic control devices such as the TASER® M- and X-series: a review of the current literature. J Forensic Sci. 2012;57(6):1591–1594. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02167.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todak NE, Cesar GT, Louton B. Forensic reporting of TASER exposure: an examination of situational and exposure characteristics. J Forensic Leg Med. 2015;35:4–8. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2015.06.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpert GP, Smith MR, Kaminski RJ, Fridell LA, MacDonald J, Kubu B. Police use of force, tasers and other less-lethal weapons. NIJ Research in Brief. 2011:1–28.
   Google Scholar
• RCMP Use of the Conducted Energy Weapon (CEW). December 11, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Electrical safety: safety and health for electrical trades. 2002:12.
   Google Scholar
• Certified lesson plan taser X26 advanced taser M26. 2003:114.
   Google Scholar
• The conducted electrical weapon: historical overview of the technology. Atlas of conducted electrical weapon wounds and forensic analysis. 2012; 6–8.
   Google Scholar
• Gates DF. Use of force: Taser electronic con- trol device. Train Bulletin Of The Los Angeles Police Depart. 1984;XVI:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• DiVincenti FC, Moncrief JA, Pruitt BA Jr. Electrical injuries: a review of 65 cases. J Trauma. 1969;9(6):497–507. doi:10.1097/00005373-196906000-00004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haileyesus T, Annest JL, Mercy JA. Non-fatal conductive energy device-related injuries treated in US emergency departments, 2005–2008. Inj Prev. 2011;17(2):127–30. doi:10.1136/ip.2010.028704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ordog GJ, Wasserberger J, Schlater T, Balasubramanium S. Electronic gun (taser) injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 1987;16(1):73–78. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(87)80292-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroll MW, Ritter MB, Kennedy EA, et al. Eye injuries from electrical weapon probes: incidents, prevalence, and legal implications. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;55:52–57. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2018.02.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng W, Chehade M. Taser penetrating ocular injury. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139(4):713–5. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.11.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen SL, Richard CK, Murthy RC, Lauer AK. Perforating ocular injury by Taser. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006;34(4):378–80. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2006.01228.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seth RK, Abedi G, Daccache AJ, Tsai JC. Cataract secondary to electrical shock from a Taser gun. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007;33(9):1664–1665. doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.04.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teymoorian S, San Filippo AN, Poulose AK, Lyon DB. Perforating globe injury from Taser trauma. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;26(4):306–8. doi:10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181c15c36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayegh RR, Madsen KA, Adler JD, Johnson MA, Mathews MK. Diffuse retinal injury from a non-penetrating TASER dart. Doc Ophthalmol. 2011;123(2):135–9. doi:10.1007/s10633-011-9287-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JY, Hamill MB. Catastrophic globe disruption as a result of a TASER injury. J Emerg Med. 2013;44(1):65–67. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.03.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Runz A, Minetti C, Brix M, Simon E. New TASER injuries: lacrimal canaliculus laceration and ethmoid bone fracture. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;43(6):722–724. doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2013.12.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafailov L, Temnogorod J, Tsai FF, Shinder R. Impaled orbital TASER probe injury requiring primary enucleation. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;33(3S Suppl 1):S176–s7. doi:10.1097/IOP.0000000000000486.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moysidis SN, Koulisis N, Rodger DC, et al. Thomas A. Swift’s electric rifle injuries to the eye and ocular adnexa: the management of complex trauma. Ophthalmol Retina. 2019;3(3):258–69. doi:10.1016/j.oret.2018.10.005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thiel MA, Kaufmann C. Eyeshot: Ocular Injuries caused by TASER pistols. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(41):3984–3985. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharabura AB, Fong JW, Pemberton JD. Ocular TASER probe injury managed with primary evisceration: case report. Case Rep Ophthalmol. 2021;12(3):934–9. doi:10.1159/000520460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han JS, Chopra A, Carr D. Ophthalmic injuries from a TASER. CJEM. 2009;11(1):90–3. doi:10.1017/S1481803500010976.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cahill C, Jardeleza M. Histopathology of the retina from a three year-old suspected to have Joubert syndrome. Austin J Clini Ophthalmo. 2015;2(4):1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Gapsis BC, Hoang A, Nazari K, Morcos M. Ocular manifestations of TASER-induced trauma. Trauma Case Rep. 2017;12:4–7. doi:10.1016/j.tcr.2017.10.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stevenson R, Drummond-Smith I. Medical implications of conducted energy devices in law enforcement. J Forensic Leg Med. 2020;73:101948. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2020.101948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strote J, Walsh M, Angelidis M, Basta A, Hutson HR. Conducted electrical weapon use by law enforcement: an evaluation of safety and injury. J Trauma. 2010;68(5):1239–46. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181b28b78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pasquier M, Carron PN, Vallotton L, Yersin B. Electronic control device exposure: a review of morbidity and mortality. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;58(2):178–88. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.01.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner AR, Hauda WE 2nd, Bozeman WP. Conducted electrical weapon (TASER) use against minors: a shocking analysis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012;28(9):873–877. doi:10.1097/PEC.0b013e31826763d1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroll MW, Ritter MB, Kennedy EA, Siegal NK, Shinder R, Brave MA, et al. Eye injury from electrical weapon probes: mechanisms and treatment. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(3):427–32. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.06.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho J, Dawes D, Miner J, Kunz S, Nelson R, Sweeney J. Conducted electrical weapon incapacitation during a goal-directed task as a function of probe spread. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2012;8(4):358–66. doi:10.1007/s12024-012-9346-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowrishankar TR, Esser AT, Smith KC, Burns SK, Weaver JC. In silico estimates of cell electroporation by electrical incapacitation waveforms. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2009; 6505–6508.
   Google Scholar
• Kroll MW, Ritter MB, Guilbault RA, Panescu D. Infection risk from conducted electrical weapon probes: what do we know? J Forensic Sci. 2016;61(6):1556–1562. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawley K, Taylor R, Sandhu A. Frontal sinus injury secondary to TASER Dart: a narrative review. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2023;22(3):666–668. doi:10.1007/s12663-022-01790-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jauchem JR. TASER® conducted electrical weapons: misconceptions in the scientific/medical and other literature. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2015;11(1):53–64. doi:10.1007/s12024-014-9640-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin SN. Criminal Procedure-Search and Seizure-Law Officer’s Use of Deadly Force against Nondangerous Fleeing Felon Held Violative of Fourth Amendment-Tennessee v. Garner, 471 US 1. Seton Hall L. Rev. 1985;17:17758.
   Google Scholar
• Aulino G, Beccia F, Siodambro C, et al. An evaluation of Italian medical students attitudes and knowledge regarding forensic medicine. J Forensic Leg Med. 2023;94:102484. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peel M. Assessing and managing people exposed to conducted energy device (Taser) discharge. Emerg Nurse. 2022;30(4):33–40. doi:10.7748/en.2022.e2126.
   Google Scholar
• Directives relatives à l’utilisation des dispositifs à impulsion électrique par les services de police. 2019.
   Google Scholar