Physical activity: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions

References

• Adamo, K. B., Prince, S. A., Tricco, A. C., Connor-Gorber, S., & Tremblay, M. (2009). A comparison of indirect versus direct measures for assessing physical activity in the pediatric population: A systematic review. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 4, 2–27. doi:901464156 [pii] 10.1080/17477160802315010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akande, V. O, Hendriks, A. M., Ruiter, R. A. C., & Kremers, S. P. J. (2015). Determinants of dietary behavior and physical activity among Canadian Inuit: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12, 84.
   Google Scholar
• Antikainen, L., & Ellis, R. (2011). A re-aim evaluation of theory-based physical activity interventions. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 33, 198–214.10.1123/jsep.33.2.198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arem, H., Moore, S. C., Patel, A., Hartge, P., Berrington de Gonzalez, A., Visvanathan, K., … Matthews, C. E. (2015). Leisure time physical activity and mortality: A detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship. JAMA Internal Medicine, 175, 959–967. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balady, G. J., Williams, M. A., Ades, P. A., Bittner, V., Comoss, P., Foody, J. M., … Southard, D. (2007). Core components of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs: 2007 update: A scientific statement from the american heart association exercise, cardiac rehabilitation, and prevention committee, the council on clinical cardiology; the councils on cardiovascular nursing, epidemiology and prevention, and nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism; and the american association of cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation. Circulation, 115, 2675–2682.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.180945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1998). Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory. Psychology and Health, 13, 623–649.10.1080/08870449808407422
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman, A. (2005). The physical environment and physical activity: Moving from ecological associations to intervention evidence. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59, 535–536.10.1136/jech.2004.032342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman, A., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J. F., Martin, B. W., & Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group (2012). Correlates of physical activity: Why are some people physically active and others not? Lancet, 380, 258–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman, A., Sallis, J. F., Dzewaltowski, D. A., & Owen, N. (2002). Toward a better understanding of the influences on physical activity: The role of determinants, correlates, causal variables, mediators, moderators, and confounders. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23, 5–14.10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00469-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, S. N., Kampert, J. B., Kohl, H. W., 3rd, Barlow, C. E., Macera, C. A., Paffenbarger, R. S., Jr., & Gibbons, L. W. (1996). Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 276, 205–210.10.1001/jama.1996.03540030039029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, W. J., Pavey, T., & Bauman, A. E. (2015). Comparing population attributable risks for heart disease across the adult lifespan in women. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49, 1069–1076. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. (2016). Canadian physical activity guidelines for the early years (0–4 years). Retrieved from http://csep.ca/CMFiles/Guidelines/CSEP_PAGuidelines_early-years_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cavill, N., & Bauman, A. (2004). Changing the way people think about health-enhancing physical activity: Do mass media campaigns have a role? Journal of Sports Sciences, 22, 771–790.10.1080/02640410410001712467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase, J. A. D. (2015). Interventions to increase physical activity among older adults: A meta-analysis. The Gerontologist, 55, 706–718.10.1093/geront/gnu090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159.10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colley, R. C., Garriguet, D., Adamo, K. B., Carson, V., Janssen, I., Timmons, B. W., & Tremblay, M. S. (2013). Physical activity and sedentary behavior during the early years in Canada: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10, 54. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-10-541479-5868-10-54 [pii].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conn, V. S., Hafdahl, A. R., & Mehr, D. R. (2011). Interventions to increase physical activity among healthy adults: Meta-analysis of outcomes. American Journal of Public Health, 101, 751–758.10.2105/AJPH.2010.194381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, E. P., O’Dwyer, N., Cook, R., Vetter, M., Cheng, H. L., Rooney, K., & O’Connor, H. (2016). Relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in apparently healthy young to middle-aged adults: A systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19, 616–628. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2015.09.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, K. (2016). Built environmental correlates of physical activity in China: A review. Preventive Medicine Reports, 3, 303–316.10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.03.007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press.10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7
   Google Scholar
• Engbers, L. H., van Poppel, M. N., Paw, M. J. C. A., & van Mechelen, W. (2005). Worksite health promotion programs with environmental changes: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29, 61–70.10.1016/j.amepre.2005.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., Triandis, H. C., Kanfer, F. H., Becker, M., Middlestadt, S. E., & Eichler, A. (2001). Factors influencing behavior and behavior change. In A. Baum & T. A. Revenson (Eds.), Handbook of health psychology (pp. 3–17). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Foulds, H. J., Bredin, S. S., Charlesworth, S. A., Ivey, A. C., & Warburton, D. E. (2014). Exercise volume and intensity: A dose-response relationship with health benefits. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114, 1563–1571. doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2887-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gimeno-Santos, E., Frei, A., Steurer-Stey, C., de Batlle, J., Rabinovich, R. A., & Raste, Y. (2014). Determinants and outcomes of physical activity in patients with COPD: A systematic review. Thorax, 69, 731–739.10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greaves, C. J., Sheppard, K. E., Abraham, C., Hardeman, W., Roden, M., Evans, P. H., & Schwarz, P. (2011). Systematic review of reviews of intervention components associated with increased effectiveness in dietary and physical activity interventions. BMC Public Health, 11, 451.10.1186/1471-2458-11-119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guangwei Li, G., Zhang, P., Wang, J., Gregg, E. W., Yang, W., Gong, Q., … Bennett, P. H. (2008). The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing diabetes prevention study: A 20-year follow-up study. Lancet, 371, 1783–1789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallal, P. C., Andersen, L. B., Bull, F. C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W., & Ekelund, U. (2012). Global physical activity levels: Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. The Lancet, 380, 247–257. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60646-1S0140-6736(12)60646-1 [pii]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallal, P. C., Martins, R. C., & Ramírez, A. (2014). The Lancet physical activity observatory: Promoting physical activity worldwide. The Lancet, 384, 471–472. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61321-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamm, L. F., Sanderson, B. K., Ades, P. A., Berra, K., Kaminsky, L. A., Roitman, J. L., & Williams, M. A. (2011). Core competencies for cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention professionals: 2010 update: Position statement of the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, 31, 2–10. doi:10.1097/HCR.0b013e318203999d01273116-201101000-00002 [pii].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiss, V., & Petosa, R. (2014). Correlates of physical activity among adults with Type 2 diabetes: A systematic literature review. American Journal of Health Education, 45, 278–287.10.1080/19325037.2014.933139
   Google Scholar
• Hupin, D., Roche, F., Gremeaux, V., Chatard, J. C., Oriol, M., Gaspoz, J. M., … Edouard, P. (2015). Even a low-dose of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity reduces mortality by 22% in adults aged >/=60 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49, 1262–1267. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynynen, S. T., van Stralen, M. M., Sniehotta, F. F., Araújo-Soares, V., Hardeman, W., Chinapaw, M. J. M., … Hankonen, N. (2016). A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9, 22–44.10.1080/1750984X.2015.1081706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kampshoff, C. S., Jansen, F., van Mechelen, W., May, A. M., Brug, J., & Chinapaw, M. J. M. (2014). Determinants of exercise adherence and maintenance among cancer survivors: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11, 80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzmarzyk, P. T., & Craig, C. L. (2002). Musculoskeletal fitness and risk of mortality. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34, 740–744.10.1097/00005768-200205000-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzmarzyk, P. T., Craig, C. L., & Gauvin, L. (2007). Adiposity, physical fitness and incident diabetes: The physical activity longitudinal study. Diabetologia, 50, 538–544.10.1007/s00125-006-0554-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, S. A., & Pomp, D. (2013). Genetic determinants of voluntary exercise. Trends in Genetics, 29, 348–357.10.1016/j.tig.2012.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohl, L. F. M., Crutzen, R., & de Vries, N. K. (2013). Online prevention aimed at lifestyle behaviors: A systematic review of reviews. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15, e146.10.2196/jmir.2665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushi, L. H., Fee, R. M., Folsom, A. R., Mink, P. J., Anderson, K. E., & Sellers, T. A. (1997). Physical Activity and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 1287–1292.10.1001/jama.1997.03540400037028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larkin, L., & Kennedy, N. (2014). Correlates of physical activity in adults with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11, 1248–1261.10.1123/jpah.2012-0194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauretani, F., Russo, C. R., Bandinelli, S., Bartali, B., Cavazzini, C., Di Iorio, A., … Ferrucci, L. (2003). Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: An operational diagnosis of sarcopenia. Journal of Applied Physiology, 95, 1851–1860. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00246.2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Learmonth, Y. C., & Motl, R. W. (2016). Physical activity and exercise training in multiple sclerosis: A review and content analysis of qualitative research identifying perceived determinants and consequences. Disability and Rehabilitation., 38, 1227–1242.10.3109/09638288.2015.1077397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. C., Pate, R. R., Lavie, C. J., Sui, X., Church, T. S., & Blair, S. N. (2014). Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 64, 472–481. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, I. M., Rexrode, K. M., Cook, N. R., Manson, J. E., & Buring, J. E. (2001). Physical activity and coronary heart disease in women: Is ‘no pain, no gain’ passe? JAMA, 285, 1447–1454.10.1001/jama.285.11.1447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, I. M., & Skerrett, P. J. (2001). Physical activity and all-cause mortality: What is the dose-response relation? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, S459–471; discussion S493–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon, A. S., Connett, J., Jacobs, D. R. Jr., & Rauramaa, R. (1987). Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death. The multiple risk factor intervention trial. JAMA, 258, 2388–2395.10.1001/jama.1987.03400170074026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, R., Sit, C. H. P., Yu, J. J., Duan, J. Z. J., Fan, T. M., & McKenzie, T. L. (2016). Correlates of physical activity in children and adolescents with physical disabilities: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 89, 184–193.10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.05.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, C., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2012). Longitudinal and prospective studies of parental correlates of physical activity in young people: A systematic review. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 211–220.10.1080/1612197X.2012.672006
   Google Scholar
• Löllgen, H., Böckenhoff, A., & Knapp, G. (2009). Physical activity and all-cause mortality: An updated meta-analysis with different intensity categories. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30, 213–224. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loprinzi, P. D., Cardinal, B. J., Loprinzi, K. L., & Lee, H. (2012). Benefits and environmental determinants of physical activity in children and adolescents. Obesity Facts, 5, 597–610.10.1159/000342684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, C., Brien, S. E., Craig, C. L., Gauvin, L., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2007). Musculoskeletal fitness and weight gain in Canada. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39, 38–43.10.1249/01.mss.0000240325.46523.cf
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezzani, A., Hamm, L. F., Jones, A. M., McBride, P. E., Moholdt, T., Stone, J. A., … Williams, M. A. (2013). Aerobic exercise intensity assessment and prescription in cardiac rehabilitation: A joint position statement of the European association for cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation, the American association of cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation and the Canadian association of cardiac rehabilitation. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 20, 442–467. doi:10.1177/2047487312460484 [pii].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michie, S., Abraham, C., Whittington, C., McAteer, J., & Gupta, S. (2009). Effective techniques in healthy eating and physical activity interventions: A meta-regression. Health Psychology, 28, 690–701.10.1037/a0016136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michie, S., Ashford, S., Sniehotta, F. F., Dombrowski, S. U., Bishop, A., & French, D. P. (2011). A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: The CALO-RE taxonomy. Psychology and Health, 26, 1479–1498.10.1080/08870446.2010.540664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michie, S., Richardson, M., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J., Hardeman, W., … Wood, C. E. (2013). The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: Building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46, 81–95.10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, S. C., Patel, A. V., Matthews, C. E., Berrington de Gonzalez, A., Park, Y., Katki, H. A., … Lee, I. M. (2012). Leisure time physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity and mortality: A large pooled cohort analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9, e1001335. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthuri, S. K., Wachira, L. J. M., Leblanc, A. G., Francis, C. E., Sampson, M., & Onywera, V. O. (2014). Temporal trends and correlates of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and physical fitness among school-aged children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11, 3327–3359.10.3390/ijerph110303327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, J., Kaykha, A., George, S., Abella, J., Zaheer, N., Lear, S., … Froelicher, V. (2004). Fitness versus physical activity patterns in predicting mortality in men. The American Journal of Medicine, 117, 912–918.10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.06.047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, J., Prakash, M., Froelicher, V., Do, D., Partington, S., & Atwood, J. E. (2002). Exercise Capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 793–801.10.1056/NEJMoa011858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paffenbarger, R. S., Jr, Hyde, R. T., Wing, A. L., & Hsieh, C. C. (1986). Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. New England Journal of Medicine, 314, 605–613.10.1056/NEJM198603063141003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paffenbarger, R. S., Jr., Hyde, R. T., Wing, A. L., Lee, I. M., Jung, D. L., & Kampert, J. B. (1993). The association of changes in physical-activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. New England Journal of Medicine, 328, 538–545.10.1056/NEJM199302253280804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson, D. H., & Warburton, D. E. (2010). Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: A systematic review related to Canada’s physical activity guidelines. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 38. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-38 [pii].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne, N., Gledhill, N., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Jamnik, V., & Ferguson, S. (2000). Health implications of musculoskeletal fitness. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 25, 114–126.10.1139/h00-008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prestwich, A., Sniehotta, F. F., Whittington, C., Dombrowski, S. U., Rogers, L., & Michie, S. (2014). Does theory influence the effectiveness of health behavior interventions? Health Psychology, 33, 465–474.10.1037/a0032853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince, S. A., Adamo, K. B., Hamel, M. E., Hardt, J., Gorber, S. C., & Tremblay, M. (2008). A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5, 56. doi:1479-5868-5-56 [pii] 10.1186/1479-5868-5-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1982). Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 19, 276–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rantanen, T., Masaki, K., Foley, D., Izmirlian, G., White, L., & Guralnik, J. M. (1998). Grip strength changes over 27 yr in Japanese–American men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85, 2047–2053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebar, A., Stanton, R., Geard, D., Short, C. E., Duncan, M., & Vandelanotte, C. (2015). A meta-meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity on depression and anxiety in non-clinical adult populations. Health Psychology Review, 9, 366–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiner, M., Niermann, C., Jekauc, D., & Woll, A. (2013). Long-term health benefits of physical activity–A systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health, 13, 209. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, R. E., & Blanchard, C. M. (2007). Just how special are the physical activity cognitions in diseased populations? Preliminary evidence for integrated content in chronic disease prevention and rehabilitation. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 302–311.10.1007/BF02879912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, R. E., Blanchard, C. M., & Blacklock, R. E. (2008). Do physical activity beliefs differ by age and gender? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30, 412–423.10.1123/jsep.30.3.412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. T. Cacioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social Psychophysiology (pp. 153–176). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sallis, J. F., Bull, F., Guthold, R., Heath, G. W., Inoue, S., Kelly, P., … Hallal, P. C. (2016). Progress in physical activity over the Olympic quadrennium. The Lancet, 388, 1325–1336.10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30581-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallis, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., & Taylor, W. C. (2000). A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 963–975.10.1097/00005768-200005000-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattelmair, J., Pertman, J., Ding, E. L., Kohl, H. W., 3rd, Haskell, W., & Lee, I. M. (2011). Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis. Circulation, 124, 789–795. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.010710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton, C. E., Betts, J. F., Demnitz, N., Dawes, H., Ebmeier, K. P., & Johansen-Berg, H. (2016). A systematic review of MRI studies examining the relationship between physical fitness and activity and the white matter of the ageing brain. NeuroImage, 131, 81–90. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2015). CANSIM table 117–0019: Distribution of the household population meeting/not meeting the Canadian physical activity guidelines, by sex and age group. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, J. A., McCartney, N., Millar, P. J., Tremblay, G., & Warburton, D. E. R. (2007). Risk stratification, exercise testing, exercise prescription, and program safety. In J. A. Stone (Ed.), Canadian guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation and cardiovascular disease prevention (3rd ed., pp. 341–385). Winnipeg, MB: Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation.
   Google Scholar
• Streber, R., Peters, S., & Pfeifer, K. (2016). Systematic review of correlates and determinants of physical activity in persons with multiple sclerosis presented in part to the mobility and education group of the European network rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 97, 633–645.10.1016/j.apmr.2015.11.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stubbs, B., Eggermont, L., Soundy, A., Probst, M., Vandenbulcke, M., & Vancampfort, D. (2014). What are the factors associated with physical activity (PA) participation in community dwelling adults with dementia? A systematic review of PA correlates. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 59, 195–203.10.1016/j.archger.2014.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stubbs, B., Hurley, M., & Smith, T. (2015). What are the factors that influence physical activity participation in adults with knee and hip osteoarthritis? A systematic review of physical activity correlates. Clinical Rehabilitation, 29, 80–94.10.1177/0269215514538069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonge, K. L., Jones, R. A., & Okely, A. D. (2016). Correlates of children’s objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior in early childhood education and care services: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 89, 129–139.10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.05.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troiano, R. P., McClain, J. J., Brychta, R. J., & Chen, K. Y. (2014). Evolution of accelerometer methods for physical activity research. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48, 1019–1023. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093546 [pii]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trost, S. G., Owen, N., Bauman, A., Sallis, J. F., & Brown, W. (2002). Correlates of adult’s participation in physical activity: Review and update. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34, 1996–2001.10.1097/00005768-200212000-00020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vancampfort, D., Correll, C. U., Probst, M., Sienaert, P., Wyckaert, S., & De Herdt, A. (2013). A review of physical activity correlates in patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 145, 285–291.10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vancampfort, D., De Hert, M., Stubbs, B., Soundy, A., De Herdt, A., & Detraux, J. (2015). A systematic review of physical activity correlates in alcohol use disorders. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 29, 196–201.10.1016/j.apnu.2014.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vancampfort, D., Knapen, J., Probst, M., Scheewe, T., Remans, S., & De Hert, M. (2012). A systematic review of correlates of physical activity in patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125, 352–362.10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01814.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vancampfort, D., Stubbs, B., Sienaert, P., Wyckaert, S., De Hert, M., & Rosenbaum, S. (2015). What are the factors that influence physical activity participation in individuals with depression? A review of physical activity correlates from 59 studies. Psychiatria Danubina, 27, 210–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vancampfort, D., Vanderlinden, J., Stubbs, B., Soundy, A., Pieters, G., & Hert, M. D. (2014). Physical activity correlates in persons with binge eating disorder: A systematic review. European Eating Disorders Review, 22, 1–8.10.1002/erv.v22.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villeneuve, P. J., Morrison, H. I., Craig, C. L., & Schaubel, D. E. (1998). Physical activity, physical fitness, and risk of dying. Epidemiology, 9, 626–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburton, D. E. & Bredin, S. S. (2016). Reflections on physical activity and health: What should we recommend? Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 32, 495–504. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2016.01.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburton, D. E., Charlesworth, S., Ivey, A., Nettlefold, L., & Bredin, S. S. (2010). A systematic review of the evidence for Canada’s physical activity guidelines for adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 39. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburton, D. E., Gledhill, N., & Quinney, A. (2001a). The effects of changes in musculoskeletal fitness on health. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 26, 161–216.10.1139/h01-012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warburton, D. E., Gledhill, N., & Quinney, A. (2001b). Musculoskeletal fitness and health. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 26, 217–237.10.1139/h01-013
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warburton, D. E., Nicol, C., & Bredin, S. S. (2006a). Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174, 801–809.10.1503/cmaj.051351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburton, D. E., Nicol, C., & Bredin, S. S. (2006b). Prescribing exercise as preventive therapy. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174, 961–974.10.1503/cmaj.1040750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburton, D. E. R. (2015). The health benefits of physical activity: A brief review. In D. E. R. Warburton (Ed.), Health-related exercise prescription for the qualified exercise professional (5th ed., pp. 1–17). Vancouver: Health & Fitness Society of BC.
   Google Scholar
• Warburton, D. E. R., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Rhodes, R. E., & Shephard, R. J. (2007). Evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for Canadian adults. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 32, S16–S68.10.1139/H07-123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburton, D. E. R., Taunton, J., Bredin, S. S. D., & Isserow, S. (2016). The risk-benefit paradox of exercise. BC Medical Association Journal, 58, 210–218.
   Google Scholar
• Wen, C. P., Wai, J. P., Tsai, M. K., Yang, Y. C., Cheng, T. Y., Lee, M. C., … Wu, X. (2011). Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: A prospective cohort study. The Lancet, 378, 1244–1253. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60749-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windle, G., Hughes, D., Linck, P., Russell, I., & Woods, B. (2010). Is exercise effective in promoting mental well-being in older age? A systematic review. Aging Ment Health, 14, 652–669. doi:10.1080/13607861003713232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisloff, U., Nilsen, T. I., Droyvold, W. B., Morkved, S., Slordahl, S. A., & Vatten, L. J. (2006). A single weekly bout of exercise may reduce cardiovascular mortality: How little pain for cardiac gain? ‘The HUNT study, Norway’. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 13, 798–804.10.1097/01.hjr.0000216548.84560.ac
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2010). Global Recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: Author.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2012). Recommended levels of physical activity for adults aged 18 – 64 years. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_adults/en/index.html
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2016). Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: Prevalence of insufficient physical activity. Retrieved July 14, 2016, from http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/physical_activity/en/
   Google Scholar
• Young, J., Angevaren, M., Rusted, J., & Tabet, N. (2015). Aerobic exercise to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD005381. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005381.pub4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar