1,285
Views
90
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Pharmacotherapy of Methamphetamine Addiction: An Update

, , , , &
Pages 31-49 | Published online: 12 Oct 2008

REFERENCES

  • Simon , S L , Domier , C , Carnell , J , Brethen , P , Rawson , R and Ling , W . 2000 . Cognitive impairment in individuals currently using methamphetamine . Am J Addict , 9 : 222 – 231 .
  • Newton , T , Kalechstein , A , Duran , S , Vansluis , N and Ling , W . 2004 . Methamphetamine abstinence syndrome: preliminary findings . Am J Addict , 13 : 248 – 255 .
  • Hanson , G R , Bush , L , Keefe , K A and Alburges , M E . 2002 . Distinct responses of basal ganglia substance P systems to low and high doses of methamphetamine . J Neurochem , 82 : 1171 – 1178 .
  • Volkow , N D , Chang , L , Wang , G J , Fowler , J S , Ding , Y S , Sedler , M , Logan , J , Franceschi , D , Gatley , J , Hitzemann , R , Gifford , A , Wong , C and Pappas , N . 2001 . Low level of brain dopamine D2 receptors in methamphetamine abusers: association with metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex . Am J Psychiatry , 158 : 2015 – 2021 .
  • Wang , G J , Volkow , N D , Chang , L , Miller , E , Sedler , M , Hitzemann , R , Zhu , W , Logan , J , Ma , Y and Fowler , J S . 2004 . Partial recovery of brain metabolism in methamphetamine abusers after protracted abstinence . Am J Psychiatry , 161 : 242 – 248 .
  • Ernst , T , Chang , L , Leonido-Yee , M and Speck , O . 2000 . Evidence for long-term neurotoxicity associated with methamphetamine abuse: A 1H MRS study . Neurology , 54 : 1344 – 1349 .
  • United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention . 2002 . ODCCP Studies on drugs and crime control: global illicit drug trends 2002 , New York : United Nations Publications .
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime . 2003 . Ecstasy and amphetamines, global survey , New York : United Nations Publications .
  • Klee , H . 1992 . A new target for behavioural research—amphetamine misuse . Brit J Addict , 87 : 439 – 446 .
  • Klee , H . 1997 . “ Amphetamine misusers in contemporary Britain: the emergence of a hidden population ” . In Amphetamine misuse: international perspectives on current trends , Edited by: Klee , H . 19 – 34 . Amsterdam, , The Netherlands : Harwood Academic Publishers .
  • Suwaki , H . 1991 . Methamphetamine abuse in Japan . NIDA Res Monogr , 115 : 84 – 98 .
  • Suwaki , H , Fukui , S and Konuma , K . 1997 . “ Methamphetamine abuse in Japan: its 45 year history and the current situation ” . In Amphetamine misuse: international perspectives on current trends , Edited by: Klee , H . 199 – 214 . Amsterdam, , The Netherlands : Harwood Academic Publishers .
  • Hando , J and Hall , W . 1994 . HIV risk-taking behavior among amphetamine users in Sydney, Australia . Addiction , 89 : 79 – 85 .
  • Hando , J and Hall , W . 1997 . “ Patterns of amphetamine use in Australia ” . In Amphetamine misuse: international perspectives on current trends , Edited by: Klee , H . 81 – 110 . Amsterdam, , The Netherlands : Harwood Academic Publishers .
  • Makkai , T and McAllister , I . 1993 . Patterns of drug use in Australian society , Canberra : Australian Government Printing Services .
  • Klee , H , ed. 1997 . Amphetamine misuse: international perspectives on current trends , Amsterdam, , The Netherlands : Harwood Academic Publishers .
  • Office of National Drug Control Policy . http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/drugfact/pulsechk/apr02/index.html Pulse check accessed March 18, 2005
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies . 2004 . Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS). Highlights—2002 , Rockville, MD : National admissions to substance abuse treatment services. DHHS, (US) Department of Health and Human Services . DASIS Series: S-22, DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 04-3946
  • Newton , T F , Roache , J D , De La Garza , R 2nd , Fong , T , Wallace , C L , Li , S H , Elkashef , A , Chiang , N and Kahn , R . 2005 . Safety of intravenous methamphetamine administration during treatment with bupropion . Psychopharmacology (Berl) , 182 : 426 – 435 .
  • Newton , T F , De La Garza , R 2nd , Fong , T , Chiang , N , Holmes , T H , Bloch , D A , Anderson , A and Elkashef , A . 2005 . A comprehensive assessment of the safety of intravenous methamphetamine administration during treatment with selegiline . Pharmacol Biochem Behav , 82 : 704 – 711 .
  • Galloway , G , Newmeyer , J , Knapp , T , Stalcup , S A and Smith , D . 1996 . A controlled trial of imipramine for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence . J Subst Abuse , 13 : 493 – 497 .
  • Heinzerling , K G , Shoptaw , S , Peck , J A , Yang , X , Liu , J , Roll , J and Ling , W . 2006 . Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of baclofen and gabapentin for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence . Drug Alcohol Depend , 85 : 177 – 184 .
  • Shoptaw , S , Hubert , A , Peck , J , Yang , X , Liu , J , Dang , J , Roll , R , Shapiro , B , Rotheram-Fuller , E and Ling , W . 2006 . Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sertraline and contingency management for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence . Drug Alcohol Depend , 85 : 12 – 18 .
  • Johnson , B A , Roache , J D , Ait-Daoud , N , Wallace , C , Wells , L T and Wang , Y . 2005 . Effects of isradipine on methamphetamine-induced changes in attentional and perceptual-motor skills of cognition . Psychopharmacology (Berl) , 178 : 296 – 302 .
  • Johnson , B A , Roache , J D , Ait-Daoud , N , Wallace , C , Wells , L , Dawes , M and Wang , Y . 2005 . Effects of isradipine, a dihydropyridine-class calcium-channel antagonist, on d-methamphetamine's subjective and reinforcing effects . Int J Neuropsychopharmacol , 8 : 203 – 213 .
  • Johnson , B A , Wells , L T , Roache , J D , Wallace , C , Ait-Daoud , N and Wang , Y . 2005 . Isradipine decreases the hemodynamic response of cocaine and methamphetamine: results from two human laboratory studies . Am J Hypertens , 18 : 813 – 822 .
  • Johnson , B A , Wells , L T , Roache , J D , Wallace , C L , Ait-Daoud , N , Dawes , M , Liu , L , Wang , X Q and Javors , M A . 2007 . Kinetic and cardiovascular effects of acute topiramate dosing among non-treatment-seeking, methamphetamine-dependent individuals . Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , 31 : 455 – 461 .
  • Johnson , B A , Roache , J D , Ait-Daoud , N , Wells , L T , Wallace , C L , Dawes , M A , Liu , L and Wang , X Q . 2007 . Effects of topiramate on methamphetamine-induced changes in attentional and perceptual-motor skills of cognition in recently abstinent methamphetamine-dependent individuals . Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , 31 : 123 – 130 .
  • Tiihonen , J , Kuoppasalmi , K , Fohr , J , Tuomola , P , Kuikanmaki , O , Vorma , H , Sokero , P , Haukka , J and Meririnne , E . 2007 . A comparison of aripiprazole, methylphenidate, and placebo for amphetamine dependence . Am J Psychiatry , 164 : 160 – 162 .
  • Batki , S L , Bui , L , Mendelson , J , Benowitz , N , Bradley , J M , Jones , R T , Deluchi , P and Jacob , P III . 2002 . “ Methamphetamine-amlodipine interactions: preliminary analysis ” . In Poster session College on Problems of Drug Dependency (CPDD)
  • Batki , S L , Moon , J , Delucchi , K , Bradley , M , Hersh , D , Smolar , S , Mengis , M , Lefkowitz , E , Sexe , D , Morello , L , Evenhart , T , Jones , R T and Jacob , P 3rd . 2000 . Methamphetamine quantitative urine concentrations during a controlled trial of fluoxetine treatment: preliminary analysis . Annual NY Acad Sci , 909 : 260 – 263 .
  • Johnson , B A , Roache , J D , Ait-Daoud , N , Wells , L T , Wallace , C L , Dawes , M A , Liy , L and Wang , X Q . 2007 . Effects of acute topiramate dosing on methamphetamine-induced subjective mood . Int J Neuropsychopharmacol , 10 : 85 – 98 .
  • Jayaram-Lindstrom , N , Wennberg , P and Hurd , J . 2004 . Effects of naltrexone on the subjective response to amphetamine in healthy volunteers Poster session, CPDD
  • Koob , G F . 1999 . Stress, corticotrophin-releasing factor, and drug addiction . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 897 : 27 – 45 .
  • Stewart , J . 2000 . Pathways to relapse: the neurobiology of drug-and stress-induced relapse to drug-taking . J Psychiatry Neurosci , 25 : 125 – 136 .
  • Sarnyai , Z , Shaham , Y and Heinrichs , S C . 2001 . The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in drug addiction . Pharmacol Rev , 53 : 209 – 243 .
  • Erb , S , Shaham , Y and Stewart , J . 1998 . The role of corticotropin-releasing factor and corticosterone in stress-and cocaine-induced relapse to cocaine seeking in rats . J Neurosci , 18 : 4429 – 5536 .
  • Shaham , Y , Erb , S , Leung , S and Buczek , Y . 1998 . CP-154-526, a selective, non-peptide antagonist of the corticotropin-releasing factor1 receptor attenuates stress-induced relapse to drug seeking cocaine-and heroin-trained rats . Psychopharmacology (Berl) , 137 : 184 – 190 .
  • Shaham , Y , Funk , D , Erb , S , Brown , T J , Walker , C D and Stewart , J . 1997 . Corticotropin-releasing factor, but not corticosterone, is involved in stress-induced relapse to heroin-seeking in rats . J Neurosci , 17 : 2605 – 2614 .
  • Le , A D , Harding , S , Juzytsch , W , Watchus , J , Shalev , U and Shaham , Y . 2000 . The role of corticotrophin-releasing factor in stress-induced relapse to alcohol-seeking behavior in rats . Psychopharmacology (Berl) , 150 : 317 – 324 .
  • Sokoloff , P , Le , F B , Perachon , S , Bordet , R , Ridray , S and Schwartz , J C . 2001 . The dopamine D3 receptor and drug addiction . Neurotox Res , 3 : 433 – 441 .
  • Heidbreder , C A , Gardner , E L , Xi , Z X , Thanos , P K , Mugnaini , M , Hagan , J J and Ashby , C R Jr. 2005 . The role of central dopamine D3 receptors in drug addiction: a review of pharmacological evidence . Brain Res Brain Res Rev , 49 : 77 – 105 .
  • Joyce , J N and Millan , M J . 2005 . Dopamine D3 receptor antagonists as therapeutic agents . Drug Discov Today , 10 : 917 – 925 .
  • Newman , A H , Grundt , P and Nader , M A . 2005 . Dopamine D3 receptor partial agonists and antagonists as potential drug abuse therapeutic agents . J Med Chem , 48 : 3663 – 3679 .
  • Sokoloff , P , Giros , B , Martres , M P , Bouthenet , M L and Schwartz , J C . 1990 . Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel dopamine receptor (D3) as a target for neuroleptics . Nature , 347 : 146 – 151 .
  • Mash , D C . 1997 . D3 receptor binding in human brain during cocaine overdose . Mol Psychiatry , 2 : 5 – 6 .
  • Geter-Douglass , B , Katz , J L , Alling , K , Acri , J B and Witkin , J M . 1997 . Characterization of unconditioned behavioral effects of dopamine D3/D2 receptor agonists . J Pharmacol Exp Ther , 283 : 7 – 15 .
  • Acri , J B , Carter , S R , Alling , K , Geter-Douglass , B , Kijkstra , D , Wikstrom , H , Katz , J L and Witkin , J M . 1995 . Assessment of cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects of dopamine D3 receptor ligands . Eur J Pharmacology , 281 ( 2 ) : R7 – R9 .
  • Spealman , R D . 1996 . Dopamine D3 receptor agonists partially reproduce the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in squirrel monkeys . J Pharmacol Exp Ther , 278 : 1128 – 1137 .
  • Caine , S B , Koob , G F , Parsons , L H , Everitt , B J , Schwartz , J C and Sokoloff , P . 1997 . D3 receptor test in vitro predicts decreased cocaine self-administration in rats . Neuroreport , 8 : 2373 – 2377 .
  • Pilla , M , Perachon , S , Sautel , F , Garrido , F , Mann , A , Wermuth , C G , Schwartz , J C , Everitt , B J and Sokoloff , P . 1999 . Selective inhibition of cocaine-seeking behaviour by a partial dopamine D3 receptor agonist . Nature , 400 : 371 – 375 .
  • Andreoli , M , Tessari , M , Pilla , M , Valerio , E , Hagan , J J and Heidbreder , C A . 2003 . Selective antagonism at dopamine D3 receptors prevents nicotine-triggered relapse to nicotine-seeking behavior . Neuropsychopharmacology , 28 : 1272 – 1280 .
  • Di Ciano , P , Underwood , R J , Hagan , J J and Everitt , B J . 2003 . Attenuation of cue-controlled cocaine-seeking by a selective D3 dopamine receptor antagonist SB-277011-A . Neuropsychopharmacology , 28 : 329 – 338 .
  • Gilbert , J G , Newman , A H , Gardner , E L , Ashby , C R Jr. , Heidbreder , C A , Pak , A C , Peng , X Q and Xi , Z X . 2005 . Acute administration of SB-277011A, NGB 2904, or BP 897 inhibits cocaine cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior in rats: role of dopamine D3 receptors . Synapse , 57 : 17 – 28 .
  • Xi , Z X , Gilbert , J , Campos , A C , Kline , N , Ashby , C R Jr. , Hagan , J J , Heidbreder , C A and Gardner , E L . 2004 . Blockade of mesolimbic dopamine D3 receptors inhibits stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking rats . Psychopharmacology (Berl) , 176 : 57 – 65 .
  • Vorel , S R , Ashby , C R Jr. , Paul , M , Liu , X , Hayes , R , Hagan , J J , Middlemiss , D N , Stemp , G and Gardner , E L . 2002 . Dopamine D3 receptor antagonism inhibits cocaine-seeking and cocaine-enhanced brain reward in rats . J Neurosci , 22 : 9595 – 9603 .
  • Le Foll , B , Sokoloff , P , Stark , H and Goldberg , S R . 2005 . Dopamine D3 receptor ligands block nicotine-induced conditioned place preferences through a mechanism that does not involve discriminative-stimulus or antidepressant-like effects . Neuropsychopharmacology , 30 : 720 – 730 .
  • Ashby , C R , Paul , M , Gardner , E L , Heidbreder , C A and Hagan , J J . 2003 . Acute administration of the selective D3 receptor antagonist SB-277011A blocks the acquisition and expression of the conditioned place preference response to heroin in male rats . Synapse , 48 ( 3 ) : 154 – 156 .
  • Le Foll , B and Goldberg , S R . 2005 . Cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists as promising new medications for drug dependence . J Pharmacol Exp Ther , 312 : 875 – 883 .
  • Beardsley , P M and Thomas , B F . 2005 . Current evidence supporting a role of cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) antagonists as potential pharmacotherapies for drug abuse disorders . Behav Pharmacol , 16 ( 5-6 ) : 275 – 296 .
  • Tzschentke , T M and Schmidt , W J . 2003 . Glutamatergic mechanisms in addiction . Mol Psychiatry , 8 : 373382
  • Kalivas , P W , Volkow , N and Seamans , J . 2005 . Unmanageable motivation in addiction: a pathology in prefrontal-accumbens glutamate transmission . Neuron , 45 : 647 – 650 .
  • Kenny , P J and Markou , A . 2004 . The ups and downs of addiction: role of metabotropic glutamate receptors . Trends Pharmacol Sci , 25 ( 5 ) : 265 – 272 .
  • Chiamulera , C , Epping-Jordan , M P , Zocchi , A , Marcon , C , Cottiny , C , Tacconi , S , Corsi , M , Orzi , F and Conquet , F . 2001 . Reinforcing and locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine are absent in mGluR5 null mutant mice . Nat Neurosci , 4 : 873 – 874 .
  • Kenny , P J , Paterson , N E , Boutrel , B , Semenova , S , Harrison , A A , Gasparini , F , Koob , G F , Skoubis , P D and Markou , A . 2003 . Metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor antagonist MPEP decreased nicotine and cocaine self-administration but not nicotine-and cocaine-induced facilitation of brain reward function in rats . Ann N Y Acad Sci , 1003 : 415 – 418 .
  • Olive , M F , McGeehan , A J , Kinder , J R , McMahon , T , Hodge , C W , Janak , P H and Messing , R O . 2005 . The mGluR5 antagonist 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine decreases ethanol consumption via a protein kinase C epsilon-dependent mechanism . Mol Pharmacol , 67 : 349 – 355 .
  • Baptista , M A , Martin-Fardon , R and Weiss , F . 2004 . Preferential effects of the metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 on conditioned reinstatement versus primary reinforcement: comparison between cocaine and a potent conventional reinforcer . J Neurosci , 24 : 4723 – 4727 .
  • Bossert , J M , Busch , R F and Gray , S M . 2005 . The novel mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 attenuates cue-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking . Neuroreport , 16 : 1013 – 1016 .
  • Cornish , J L and Kalivas , P W . 2000 . Glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens mediates relapse in cocaine addiction . J Neurosci , 20 : RC89
  • Backstrom , P and Hyytia , P . 2004 . Ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists modulate cue-induced reinstatement of ethanol-seeking behavior . Alcohol Clin Exp Res , 28 : 558 – 565 .
  • Slusher , B S , Thomas , A , Paul , M , Schad , C A and Ashby , C R Jr. 2001 . Expression and acquisition of the conditioned place preference response to cocaine in rats is blocked by selective inhibitors of the enzyme N-acetylated-alpha-linked-acidic dipeptidase (NAALADASE) . Synapse , 41 : 22 – 28 .
  • Bourtrel , B , Kenny , P I , Specio , S E , Martin-Fardon , R , Markou , A , Koob , G F and de Lecea , L . 2005 . Role of r hypocretin in mediating stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 102 : 19168 – 19173 .
  • Harris , G C , Wimmer , M and Aston-Jones , G . 2005 . A role for lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons in reward seeking . Nature , 437 : 556 – 559 .
  • Ciccocioppo , R , Economidou , D , Fedeli , A , Angeletti , S , Weiss , F , Heilig , M and Massi , M . 2004 . Attenuation of ethanol self-administration and of conditioned reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behaviour by the antiopioid peptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ in alcohol-preferring rats . Psychopharmacology (Berl) , 172 ( 2 ) : 170 – 178 .
  • Ciccocioppo , R , Economidou , D , Fedeli , A and Massi , M . 2003 . The nociceptin/orphanin FQ/NOP receptor system as a target for treatment of alcohol abuse: a review of recent work in alcohol-preferring rats . Physiol Behav , 79 : 121 – 128 .
  • Basile , A S , Fedorova , I , Zapata , A , Liu , X , Shippenberg , T , Duttaroy , A , Yamada , M and Wess , J . 2002 . Deletion of the M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor attenuates morphine reinforcement and withdrawal but not morphine analgesia . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 99 : 11452 – 11457 .
  • Fink-Jensen , A , Fedorova , I , Wortwein , G , Woldbye , D P , Rasmussen , T , Thomsen , M , Bolwig , T G , Knitowski , K M , McKinzie , D L , Yamada , M , Wess , J and Basile , A . 2003 . Role for M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in cocaine addiction . J Neurosci Res , 74 : 91 – 96 .
  • Dewey , S L , Chaurasia , C S , Chen , C E , Volkow , N D , Clarkson , F A , Porter , S P , Straughter-Moore , R M , Alexoff , D L , Tedeschi , D , Russo , N B , Fowler , J S and Brodie , J D . 1997 . GABAergic attenuation of cocaine-induced dopamine release and locomotor activity . Synapse , 25 : 393 – 398 .
  • Brodie , J D , Figueroa , E , Laska , E M and Dewey , S L . 2005 . Safety and efficacy of gamma-vinyl GABA (GVG) for the treatment of methamphetamine and/or cocaine addiction . Synapse , 55 : 122 – 125 .
  • Harrod , S B , Dwoskin , L P , Crooks , P A , Klebaur , J E and Bardo , M T . 2001 . Lobeline attenuates d-methamphetamine self-administration in rats . J Pharmacol Exp Ther , 298 : 172 – 179 .
  • Australian Crime Commission . 2003 . Australian illicit drug report 2001–2002 , Canberra : Australian Crime Commission .
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare . 2005 . National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings , Canberra : AIHW . Drug Statistics Series No. 16
  • Topp , L and Darke , S . 1997 . The applicability of the dependence syndrome to amphetamine . Drug Alcohol Depend , 48 : 113 – 118 .
  • Vincent , N , Shoobridge , J , Ask , A , Allsop , S and Ali , R . 1998 . Physical and mental health problems in amphetamine users from metropolitan Adelaide, Australia . Drug Alcohol Rev , 17 : 187 – 195 .
  • Srisurapanont , M , Jarasuraisin , N and Kittiratanapaiboon , P . 2003 . Treatment for amphetamine dependence and abuse , Oxford : Update Software . Cochrane Library, Issue 2
  • Ward , J , Mattick , R and Hall , W . 1992 . Key issues in methadone maintenance treatment , Sydney : University of New South Wales Press .
  • Gowing , L , Ali , R and White , J . 2002 . Buprenorphine for the management of opioid withdrawal . Cochrane Database Systematic Review , CD002025
  • Charnaud , B and Griffiths , V . 1998 . Levels of intravenous drug misuse among clients prescribed oral dexamphetamine or oral methadone: a comparison . Drug Alcohol Depend , 52 : 79 – 84 .
  • Fleming , P and Roberts , D . 1994 . Is the prescription of amphetamine justified as a harm reduction measure? . J Royal Soc Health , 114 : 127 – 131 .
  • Klee , H , Wright , S , Carnwath , T and Merrill , J . 2001 . Role of substitute therapy in the treatment of problem amphetamine use . Drug Alcohol Rev , 20 : 417 – 429 .
  • McBride , A J , Sullivan , G , Blewett , A E and Morgan , S . 1997 . Amphetamine prescribing as a harm reduction measure: a preliminary study . Addict Res , 5 : 95 – 112 .
  • Pates , R , Coombes , N and Ford , N . 1996 . A pilot programme in prescribing dexamphetamine for amphetamine users . J Subst Misuse , 1 : 80 – 84 .
  • White , R . 2000 . Dexamphetamine substitution in the treatment of amphetamine abuse: an initial investigation . Addiction , 95 : 229 – 238 .
  • Shearer , J , Wodak , A , Mattick , R P , Van Beek , I , Lewis , J , Hall , W and Dolan , K . 2001 . Pilot randomized controlled study of dexamphetamine substitution for amphetamine dependence . Addiction , 96 : 1289 – 1296 .
  • Sherman , J P . 1990 . Dexamphetamine for “speed” addiction . Med J Aust , 153 : 306
  • Efron , D , Jarman , F and Barker , M . 1997 . Side effects of methylphenidate and dexamphetamine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind, crossover trial . Pediatrics , 100 : 662 – 666 .
  • Paterson , R , Douglas , C , Hallmayer , J , Hagan , M and Krupenia , Z . 1999 . A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of dexamphetamine in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Aust N Z J Psychiatry , 33 : 494 – 502 .
  • Iwanami , A , Sugiyama , A , Kuroki , N , Toda , S , Kato , N , Nakatani , Y , Horita , N and Kaneko , T . 1994 . Patients with methamphetamine psychosis admitted to a psychiatric hospital in Japan. A preliminary report . Acta Psychiatr Scand , 89 : 428 – 432 .
  • Bradbeer , T M , Fleming , P M , Charlton , P and Crichton , J S . 1998 . Survey of amphetamine prescribing in England and Wales . Drug Alcohol Rev , 17 : 299 – 304 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.