References
- Pope HG, Jr, Wood RI, Rogol A, et al. Adverse health consequences of performance-enhancing drugs: an endocrine society scientific statement. Endocr Rev. 2014;35(3):341–375.
- Kanayama G, Pope HG. History and epidemiology of anabolic androgens in athletes and non-athletes. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017;In press.
- Pope HG, Kanayama G, Ionescu-Pioggia M, Hudson JI. Anabolic steroid users' attitudes towards physicians. Addiction. 2004;99(9):1189–1194.
- Yu J, Hildebrandt T, Lanzieri N. Healthcare professionals’ stigmatization of men with anabolic androgenic steroid use and eating disorders. Body Image. 2015;15:49–53.
- Dunn M, Henshaw R, McKay FH. Do performance and image enhancing drug users in regional Queensland experience difficulty accessing health services? Drug Alcohol Rev. 2016;35(4):377–382.
- Larance B, Degenhardt L, Copeland J, Dillon P. Injecting risk behaviour and related harm among men who use performance- and image-enhancing drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2008;27(6):679–686.
- Brennan BP, Kanayama G, Pope HG. Performance-enhancing drugs on the web: a growing public-health issue. Am J Addict. 2013;22(2):158–161.
- Underwood M. Exploring the social lives of image and performance enhancing drugs: An online ethnography of the Zyzz fandom of recreational bodybuilders. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;39:78–85.
- Brennan R, Wells JSG, Van Hout MC. The injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population: a systematic review. Health Soc Care Community. 2017;25(5):1459–1531.
- van de Ven K, Mulrooney K. Social suppliers: Exploring the cultural contours of the performance and image enhancing drug (PIED) market among bodybuilders in the Netherlands and Belgium. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;40:6–15.
- Tighe B, Dunn M, McKay FH, Piatkowski T. Information sought, information shared: exploring performance and image enhancing drug user-facilitated harm reduction information in online forums. Harm Reduct J. 2017;14(1):48.
- van Beek I, Chronister KJ. Performance and image enhancing drug injectors’ access to needle syringe programs: Responding to a public policy dilemma. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(9):868–874.
- Iversen J, Topp L, Wand H, Maher L. Are people who inject performance and image-enhancing drugs an increasing population of Needle and Syringe Program attendees? Drug Alcohol Rev. 2013;32(2):205–207.
- Day CA, Topp L, Iversen J, Maher L. Blood-borne virus prevalence and risk among steroid injectors: results from the Australian Needle and Syringe Program Survey. Drug Alcohol Rev 2008;27(5):559–561.
- Iversen J, Hope VD, McVeigh J. Access to needle and syringe programs by people who inject image and performance enhancing drugs. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;31:199–200.
- Rowe R, Berger I, Copeland J. No pain, no gainz”? Performance and image-enhancing drugs, health effects and information seeking. Drugs 2016;24(5):400–408.
- Kerlinger FN. Foundations of Behavioral Research. 3rd ed. Japan: CBS Publishing Limited; 1986.
- Peters R, Copeland J, Dillon P. Anabolic-androgenic steroids: User characteristics, motivations, and deterrents. Psychol Addict Behav. 1999;13(3):232–242.
- Sagoe D, Andreassen CS, Pallesen S. The aetiology and trajectory of anabolic-androgenic steroid use initiation: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2014;9(1):27.
- Parkinson AB, Evans NA. Anabolic androgenic steroids: A survey of 500 users. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(4):644–651.
- Grogan S, Shepherd S, Evans R, Wright S, Hunter G. Experiences of anabolic steroid use: In-depth interviews with men and women body builders. J Health Psychol. 2006;11(6):845–856.
- Kimergård A. A qualitative study of anabolic steroid use amongst gym users in the United Kingdom: motives, beliefs and experiences. J Subst Use. 2015;20(4):288–294.
- Dodge T, Hoagland MF. The use of anabolic androgenic steroids and polypharmacy: a review of the literature. Drug Alcohol Depen. 2011;114(2-3):100–9.
- Sagoe D, McVeigh J, Bjørnebekk A, et al. Polypharmacy among anabolic-androgenic steroid users: a descriptive metasynthesis. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2015;10(1):12.
- Zahnow R, McVeigh J, Ferris J, Winstock A. Adverse effects, health service engagement, and service satisfaction among anabolic androgenic steroid users. Contemporary Drug Problems. 2017;44(1):69–83.
- Ip EJ, Yadao MA, Shah BM, et al. Polypharmacy, infectious diseases, sexual behavior, and psychophysical health among anabolic Steroid-Using homosexual and heterosexual gym patrons in San Francisco's castro district. Substance Use and Misuse. 2017;52(7):959–968.
- Hope VD, McVeigh J, Marongiu A, et al. Injection site infections and injuries in men who inject image- and performance-enhancing drugs: prevalence, risks factors, and healthcare seeking. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143(1):132–140.
- van Beek I, Chronister KJ. Needs-based public health service provision ensures equity. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;31:201–202.
- Dunn M, McKay FH, Iversen J. Steroid users and the unique challenge they pose to needle and syringe program workers. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2014;33(1):71–77.
- Watters JK, Biernacki P. Targeted sampling: options for the study of hidden populations. Social Problems. 1989;36(4):416–430.
- Copeland J, Peters R, Dillon P. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use disorders among a sample of Australian competitive and recreational users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2000;60(1):91–96.
- Seear K, Fraser S, Moore D, Murphy D. Understanding and responding to anabolic steroid injecting and hepatitis C risk in Australia: A research agenda. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy. 2015;22(5):449–455.