3,865
Views
131
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Validation of the Probiotic Concept: Lactobacillus reuteri Confers Broad-spectrum Protection against Disease in Humans and Animals

&
Pages 247-285 | Published online: 11 Jul 2009

References

  • Fuller R., editor Probiotics: the scientific basis. London: Chapman and Hall; 1992.
  • Freter R. Factors affecting the microecology of the gut. In: Fuller R, editor Probiotics: the scientific basis. Lon-don: Chapman and Hall, 1992: 111–114.
  • Mead GC, Impey CS. The present status of the Nurmi concept for reducing carriage of food poisoning salmonel-lae and other pathogens in poultry. In: Smulders FJM, ed. Elimination of pathogenic organisms from meat and poultry. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987: 55–77.
  • Hentges DH. Gut flora and disease resistance. In: Fuller R, ed. Probiotics: the scientific basis. London: Chapman and Hall, 1992: 87–110.
  • Tannock GW. Genetic manipulation of gut microorgan-isms. In: Fuller R, ed. Probiotics: the Scientific Basis. London: Chapman and Hall, 1992.
  • Havenaar R, Huis in't Veld JHJ. Probiotics: a general view. In: Wood BJB, ed The lactic acid bacteria. v. 1. The lactic acid bacteria in health and disease. New York: Elsevier Applied Science, 1992: 209–24.
  • Barrow PA. Probiotics for chickens. In: Fuller R, editor. Probiotics: the scientific basis. London: Chapman and Hall, 1992: 225–57.
  • Gilliland SE, Speck ML. Enumeration and identification of lactobacilli in dietary products. J Food Prot 1977; 40: 760–7.
  • Wren WB. Probiotics: Fact or fiction? Large Animal Vet-erinarian 1987; Nov/Dec: 28–30.
  • Gadd J. Are probiotics a confidence trick? Pigs 1990; Jan/Feb: 14–5.
  • Berg RD. Probiotics, prebiotics or `conbiotics'? Trends Microbiol 1998; 6: 89–92.
  • Sullivan MG, Thornton G, O'Sullivan GC, Collins JK. Probiotic bacteria: myth or reality. Trends Food Sci Technol 1992; 3: 309–14.
  • Fuller RB. Synergetics: explorations in the geometry of thinking. New York: Macmillan; 1975.
  • Reid G. The scientific basis for probiotic strains of Lac-tobacillus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65: 3763–6.
  • a. Naidu AS, Bidlack WR, Clemens RA. Probiotic spectra of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1999; 38: 13–126.
  • Casas IA, Edens FW, Dobrogosz WJ. Lactobacillus reuteri: an effective probiotic for poultry and other ani-mals. In: Salminen S, von Wright A, eds Lactic acid bacteria, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998: 475–518.
  • Casas IA, Dobrogosz WJ. Lactobacillus reuteri: An overview of a new probiotic for humans and animals. Microecol Therap 1997; 25: 221–31.
  • Falk PG, Hooper LV, Midtvedt T, Gordon JI. Creating and maintaining the gastrointestinal ecosystem: what we know and need to know from gnotobiology. Microb Mol Biol Rev 1998; 62: 1157–70.
  • Cane C. Ueber antagonisten unter den bacterien. Cone-spondencz-Blatt fuer Schweizer Aerzte 1887; 17: 385–92.
  • Metchnikoff E The prolongation of life. Optimistic stud-ies. London: Heinemann; 1907.
  • Bibel DJ. Elie Metchnikoffs 13arillus of long life. Ameri-can Soc Microbiol News 1988; 54: 661–5.
  • Wood RIB, editor. The lactic acid bacteria. v. 1. The lactic acid bacteria in health and disease, New York: El-sevier Applied Science; 1992.
  • Fuller R, editor. Probiotics 2: applications and practical aspects. London: Chapman and Hall; 1997.
  • Salminen S, von Wright A, editors. Lactic acid bacteria. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993.
  • Salminen S, von Wright A, eds. Lactic acid bacteria: mi-crobiology and functional aspects. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1998.
  • Rettger L F, Cheplin HA. A treatise on the transforma-tion of the intestinal flora with special reference to the implantation of Bacillus acidiphilus. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press; 1921.
  • Rettger LF, Levy MN., Weinstein L, Weiss, JE. Lacto-bacillus acidophilus and its therapeutic application. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press; 1935.
  • Bonhoff M, Miller PC, Martin WR. Effect of strepto-mycin in susceptibility of intestinal tract to experimental Salmonella infection. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1954; 86: 132–7.
  • Freter R Fatal enteric cholera infection in the guinea pig achieved by inhibition of the normal enteric flora. J In-fect Dis 1956; 104: 411–8.
  • Wilson KH. The microecology of Clostridium difficile. Chin Inf Dis 1993; 16: S214–8.
  • Nurmi 1E, Rantala M. New aspects of Salmonella infec-tion in broiler production. Nature 1973; 241: 210–1.
  • Snoeyenbos GH, Weinack 0 M, Soejadi A. Protecting chicks and poults from salmonellae by oral administra-tion of normal gut microflora. Avian Dis 1978; 22: 273–8.
  • Weinack OM, Snoeyenbos G H, Smyser C F, Soejadi Competitive exclusion of intestinal colonization of Es-cherichia coli in chicks. Avian Dis 1981; 25: 696–705.
  • Soejadi AS, Snoeyenbos GH, Weinack OM. Intestinal colonization and competitive exclusion of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni in young chicks. Avian Dis 1982; 26: 520–4.
  • Soejadi-Liem AS, Snoeyenbos GH, Weinack OM. Compar-ative studies on competitive exclusion of three isolates of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni in chickens by native gut microflora. Avian Dis 1984; 28: 139–46.
  • Snoeyenbos GH, Weinack OM, Soejadi A. Competitive exclusion of some pathogens other than salmonellae by native intestinal microflora of chickens. In: Proceedings of the 22nd World Veterinary Congress; 1983, Perth, Aus-tralia: 1983.
  • Soejadi-Liem AS, Snoeyenbos GH, Weinack OM. Estab-lishment and competitive exclusion of Yersenia enterocolit-ica in the gut of monoxenic and holoxenic chickens. Avian Dis 1984; 28: 256–60.
  • Impey CS, Mead GC, George SM. Competitive exclusion of salmonellas from the chick caecum using a defined mixture of bacterial isolates from the caecal microflora of an adult bird. J Hygiene 1982; 89: 479–90.
  • Collins FM, Carter PB. Growth of salmonellae in orally infected germfree mice. Infect Immun 1978; 21: 41–7.
  • Kandler 0, Stetter K, Kohl R. Lactobacilus reuteri sp. nov. a new species of heterofermentative lactobacilli. Zbl Bakt Hyg Abt Orig 1980; Cl: 264–9.
  • Reuter G. Das vorkommen von laktobazillen in lebensmit-teln und ihr verhalten im menschlichen intestinaltrakt. Zbl Bak Parasit Infec Hyg I Orig 1965; 197 S: 468–87.
  • Lerche M, Reuter G. Das vorkommen aerob wachsender grampositiver stabchen des genus Lactobacuillus beijerinck im darminhalt erwachsener menchen. Zbl Bak Parasit Infec Hyg I Orig 1965; 185 S: 446–81.
  • Kandler 0, Weiss N. Regular nonsporing Gram positive rods. In: Sneath DHA, Mair NC, Sharpe ME, Holt JH, eds Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology. v. 2. New York: Williams and Wilkins, 1986: 1208–34.
  • Axelsson L. Lactic acid bacteria: Classification and physiol-ogy. In: Salminen S, von Wright A, eds. Lactic acid bacte-ria. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1993: 1–63.
  • Axelsson L, Lindgren SE Characterization and DNA ho-mology of Lactobacillus reuteri strains isolated from pig intestine. J Appl Bacteriol 1987; 62: 433–40.
  • Versalovic J, Koeuth T, Lupski JR. Distribution of repeti-tive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to finger-printing of bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19: 6823–31.
  • a. Klaenhammer TR, Kullen MJ. Selection and design of probiotics. Int J Food Microbiol 1999; 50: 45–57.
  • Dellagjio F, Arrizza FS, Leda A. Classification of citrate-fermenting lactobacilli isolated from lamb stomach, sheep milk, and pecorino romano cheese. Zbl Bakt Hyg Abt Orig 1981; C2: 349–56.
  • Okada S, Ishikawa M, Yoshida I, Uchimura T, Ohara N, Kozaki M. Identification and characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from sour dough sponges. Biosci Biotech-nol Biochem 1992; 56: 572–5.
  • Vogel RF, Bocker G, Stolz P, et al. Identification of lactobacilli from sourdough and description of Lactobacil-lus pontis sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1994; 44: 223–9.
  • Uchimura T, Takao T, Kikuchi K, et al. Identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented rice noodle khanom jeen of Thailand. Studies on the red orange pig-ment producing lactic acid bacteria L 622 in the fermented rice noodle khanom jeen of Thailand. J Jpn Soc Food Sci Tech 1991; 38: 465–75.
  • Kaneuchi C, Seki M, Komagata K. Production of succinic acid from citric acid and related acids by Lactobacillus strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54: 3053–6.
  • Molin G, Jeppsson B, Johansson M-L, et al. Numerical taxonomy of Lactobacillus spp. associated to healthy and diseased mucosa of the human intestines. J Appl Microbiol 1993; 74: 314–23.
  • Sarra PG, Dellaglio F, Bottazzi V. Taxonomy of lacto-bacilli isolated from the alimentary tract of chickens. Syst Appl Microbiol 1985; 6: 86–9.
  • Dobrogosz WJ, Casas IA, Pagano GA, Talarico TL, Sjor-berg B-M, Karlson M. Lactobacillus reuteri and the enteric microbiota. In: Grubb R, Midtvedt T, Norin E, eds The regulatory and protective role of the normal microflora. London: Macmillan, 1989: 283–92.
  • Naito S, Hayashidani H, Kaneko K, Ogawa M, Benno Y. Development of intestinal lactobacilli in normal piglets. J Appl Bacteriol 1995; 79: 230–6.
  • Molin G, Johansson M-L, Stahl M, et al. Systematics of the Lactobacillus population on rat mucosa with special reference to Lactobacillus reuteri. Antonie Van Leeuwen-hoek 1992a; 61: 175–83.
  • Sudenko VI, Groma LI, Podgorskii VS. The antagonistic properties of microaerophilic bacteria isolated from the human and mink digestive tracts. Mikrobiol Z 1996; 5: 58–66.
  • Mitsuoka T. The human gastrointestinal tract. In: Wood BJB, ed The lactic acid bacteria. v. 1. The lactic acid bacteria in health and disease. New York: Elsevier Applied Science, 1992: 69–114.
  • a. Fujisawa T, Yaeshima T, Mitsuoka T. Lactobacilli in hu-man feces. Biosci Microflora 1996; 15: 69–75.
  • b. Johnson JL, Phelps CF, Cummings CS, London L. Taxon-omy of the Lactobacillus acidophilus group. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1980; 30: 53–68.
  • Carbajal N, Casas IA, Dobrogosz WJ. Effect of host-spe-cific Lactobacillus reuteri on ileal tissue development in gnotobiotic BALB/c mice. Microbial Ecol Health Dis 1999; 11 (Abst.): 184.
  • Blanchard P, Gill P, Schulze H. Efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri 1063-IA in pre and post-weaning pigs. Hertfordshire 5G5 4JG (UK): MLC Stotfold Pig Development Unit; 1998. Study Reference No. FF9801.
  • Casas IA, Shomikova AV, Vesikari T. Lactobacillus reuteri: presence during early age of infants. Gastroenterol Int 1998; 11 (51, Abst.): 136.
  • Casas IA, Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, Dobrogosz WJ. Pro-biotic administrations of Lactobacillus reuteri moderate avian growth depression in turkeys. Biosci Microflora 1998; 17: 125–31.
  • Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, Casas IA, Dobrogosz WJ. Prin-ciples of ex ovo competitive exclusion and in ovo adminis-tration of Lactobacillus reuteri. Poult Sci 1997; 76: 179–96.
  • Dunham HJ, Casas IA, Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, Garlich JD, Dobrogosz WJ. Avian growth depression in chickens induced by environmental, microbiological, or nutritional stress is moderated by probiotic administrations of Lacto-bacillus reuteri. Biosci Microflora 1998; 17: 133–9.
  • Norin EK, Casas IA. The effect of administration of Lacto-bacillus reuteri on the establishmental pattern of a normal intestinal microflora in rats. Microbial Ecol Health Dis 1999; 11 (Abst.): 123.
  • Midvedt T. Microflora-associated characteristics (MACs) and germfree animal characteristics (GACs) in man and animals. Microecol Therapy 1985; 15: 295–302.
  • Midtvedt T, Carlstedt-Duke B, Hoverstad T, Midtvedt AC, Norin KE, Saxerholt H. Establishment of a biochemically active intestinal ecosystem in ex-germfree rats. Appl Envi-ron Microbiol 1987; 53: 2866–71.
  • Norin E. How conventional are conventional animals after long-term maintenance under barrier conditions? Scand J Lab Anim Sci 1996; 23: 229–34.
  • Cummings JH, Macfarlane GT. Role of intestinal bacteria in nutrient metabolism. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1997; 21: 357–65.
  • Casas IA, Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, Dobrogosz WJ. Pro-biotic treatment with Lactobacillus reuteri protects commer-cial turkeys from avian growth depression. Biosci Microflora 1998; 17: 141–7.
  • Casas IA, Edens FW, Dobrogosz WJ, Parkhurst CR. Per-formance of GAIAfeed® and GAlAspray®: A Lactobacillus reuteri-based probiotic for poultry. In: Jensen JF, Hinton MH, Mulder RWAW, eds Prevention, and control of po-tentially pathogenic microorganisms in poultry and poultry meat products. Proceedings 12, FLAIR No. 6, Probiotics and pathogenicity; 1993; Beekbergen. The Netherlands: DLO Spelderholt Centre for Poultry Research and Infor-mational Services, 1993: 63–71.
  • Axelsson L. Lactic acid bacteria: Classification and Physiol-ogy. In: Salminen S, von Wright A, eds Lactic acid bacte-ria: microbiolog and functional aspects. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998: 1–72.
  • Axelsson L, Chung TC, Dobrogosz WJ, Lindgren SE. Production of a broad spectrum antimicrobial substance by Lactobacillus reuteri. Microbial Ecol Health Dis 1989; 2: 131–6.
  • Chung TC, Axelsson L, Lindgren SE, Dobrogosz WJ. In vitro studies on reuterin synthesis by Lactobacillus reuteri. Microbial Ecol Health Dis 1989; 2: 137–44.
  • Talarico TL, Dobrogosz WJ. Chemical characterization of an antimicrobial substance produced by Lactobacillus reuteri. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33: 674–9.
  • Talarico TL, Dobrogosz WJ. Purification and characteriza-tion of glycerol dehydratase from Lactobacillus reuteri. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56: 1195–7.
  • Talarico TL, Axelsson L, Novotny J, Fiuzat M, Dobrogosz WJ. Utilization of glycerol as a hydrogen acceptor by Lactobacillus reuteri: purification of 1,3-propanediol:NAD oxidoreductase. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56: 943–8.
  • Tong IT, Cameron DC. Enhancement of 1,3-propanediol production by cofermentation in Fscherichia coli expressing Klebsiella pneumonia dha regulon genes. Appl Environ Mi-crobiol 1992; 34: 149–59.
  • El-Ziney NG, Arneborg N, Uyttendaele M, Debevere J, Jakobsen M. Characterization of growth and metabolite production of Lactobacillus reuteri during glucose/glycerol cofermentations in batch and continuous cultures. Biotech Lett 1998; 20: 913–6.
  • El-Ziney NG, Debevere JM. The effect of reuterin on Listeria monocytogenes and Fscherichia coli 0157:H7 in milk and cottage cheese. J Food Prot 1998; 61: 1275–80.
  • El-Ziney NG, van den Tempel T, Debevere J, Jakobsen M. Application of reuterin produced by Lactobacillus reuteri 12002 for meat decontamination and preservation. J Food Prot 1999; 62: 257–61.
  • Lindgren SE, Dobrogosz WJ. Antagonistic activities of lactic acid bacteria in food and feed fermentations. FEMS Microbiolog Rev 1990; 87: 149–64.
  • Daeschel M. Antimicrobial substances from lactic acid bacteria for use as food preservatives. Food Tech 1989; Jan: 164–7.
  • Melone J, Mei N. Intestinal effects of the products of lipid digestion on gastric electrical activity in the cat. Gastroen-terol 1991; 100: 380–7.
  • Toba T, Samant SK, Yoshioka E, Itoh T. Reutericin 6, a new bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus reuteri LA 6. Lett Appl Microbiol 1991; 13: 281–6.
  • Wadstrom T, Anderson K, Sydow M, Axelsson L, Lind-gren S, Gullmar B. Surface properties of lactobacilli iso-lated from the small intestine of pigs. J Appl Bact 1987; 62: 513–20.
  • Lindgren SE, Swaisgood HE, Janolino VG, et al. Binding of Lactobacillus reuteri to fibronectin immobilized on glass beads. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg 1992; 277: 519–28.
  • a. Roos S, Lindgren S, Jonsson H. Autoaggregation of Lacto-bacillus reuteri is mediated by a putative DEAD-box heli-case. Mol Microbiol 1999; 32: 427–36.
  • Huis in Veld JHJ, Havenaar R, Marteau P. Establishing a scientific basis for probiotic research and development. TIHIECH 1994; 12: 6–8.
  • Boris S, Suarez JE, Barbes C. Characterization of the aggregation promoting factor from Lactobacillus gasseri, a vaginal isolate. J Appl Microbiol 1997; 83: 413–20.
  • Reniero R, Cocconcelli P, Bottazzi V, Morelli L. High frequency of conjugation in Lactobacillus mediated by an aggregation-promoting factor. J Gen Microbiol 1992; 138: 763–8.
  • Roos S, Jonsson H. The adhesion of Lactobacillus reuteri to mucus is mediated by a very large, repetitive cell surface protein. (Submitted for publication).
  • Roos S, Aleljung P, Robert N, Lee B, et al. A collagen binding protein from Lactobacillus reuteri is part of an ABC transporter system. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996; 144: 33–8.
  • Aleljung P, Shen W, Rozalska B, Hellman U, Ljungh A, Wadstrom T. Purification of collagen-binding proteins of Lactobacillus reuteri. Curr Microbiol 1994; 28: 231–6.
  • a. Satoh E, Leer RJ, Conway PL, Pouwels PH. Mucus adhe-sion promoting protein of Lactobacillus reuteri 104R. 6th Symposium on Lactic Acid Bacteria: Genetics, Metabolism, and Applications; 1999 Sep 19–23.; Veldhaven, The Nether-lands: Kluwer Academic; 1999. (Abst.) J 39.
  • b. Rojas M, Conway PL. Colonization by lactobacilli of piglet small intestinal mucus. J Appl Bacteriol.; 81: 474–80.
  • c. Blomberg L, Henriksson A, Conway PL. Inhibition of adhesion of Fscherichia coli K88 to piglet Heal mucus by Lactobacillus spp. Appl Environ Microbiol; 1993: 34–9.
  • d. Ouwehand AC, Conway PL. Purification and characteriza-tion of a compound produced by Lactobacillus fermentum that inhibits the adhesion of K88 expressing Fscherichia coli to porcine Heal mucus. J Appl Bacteriol; 1996: 311–8.
  • Bjorkman P. Colonization of the human gastrointestinal tract by two formulations of Lactobacillus reuteri [disserta-tion].Helsinki, Finland: Univ. of Helsinki; 1999.
  • a. Jacobsen CN, Rosenfeldt Nielsen V, Hayford AE, et al. Screening of probiotic activities of forty-seven strains of Lactobacillus spp. by in vitro techniques and evaluation of the colonization ability of five selected strains in humans. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65: 4949–56.
  • Vescovo M, Bottazzi P, Sarra G, Dellaglio F. Evidence of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid in Lactobacillus Microbio-logica 1981; 4: 413–9.
  • Vescovo M, Morelli L, Bottazzi V. Drug resistant plasmids in Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus reuteri. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 43: 50–6.
  • Vescovo M, Morelli L, Bottazzi V, Gasson M. Conjugal transfer of broad-host-range plasmid pAMfl 1 into enteric species of lactic acid bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol; 46: 753–5.
  • Tannock GW. Conjugal transfer of plasmid pAMfi1 in Lactobacillus reuteri and between lactobacilli and Entero-coccus faecalis. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53: 2693–5.
  • Morelli L, Cocconcelli PS, Bottazzi V, Damiani G, Ferretti L, Sgaramela V. Lactobacillus protoplast transformation. Plasmid 1987; 17: 73–5.
  • Connell H, Lemmon J, Tannock GW. Formation and regeneration of protoplasts and spheroplasts of gastrointes-tinal strains of lactobacilli. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54: 1615–8.
  • McConnell MA, Mercer AA, Tannock GW. Transfer of plasmid pAMfi1 between members of the normal mi-croflora inhabiting the murine digestive tract and modifica-tion of the plasmid in a Lactobacillus reuteri host. Microbial Ecol Health Dis 1991; 4: 343–56.
  • Klein G, Hallman C, Casas IA, Louwers J, Reuter G. Exclusion of vanA, vanB and vanC type glycopeptide resis-tance in strains of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus rhamnosus used as probiotics by polymerase chain reaction and hybridization methods. J Appl Microbiol; 2000: 89 (in press).
  • Axelsson L, Ahrne S, Andersson MC, Stahl S. Identifica-tion and cloning of a plasmid-encoded erythromycin resis-tance determinant from Lactobacillus reuteri. Plasmid 1988; 20: 171–4.
  • Ahrne S, Molin G, Axelsson L. Transformation of Lacto-bacillus reuteri with electroporation: studies on the ery-thromycin resistance plasmid pLUL631. Curr Microbiol 1992; 24: 199–205.
  • Tannock GW, Luchansky JB, Miller L, et al. Molecular characterization of a plasmid-borne (pGT633) ery-thromycin resistance determinant (ermGT) from Lacto-bacillus reuteri. Plasmid 1994; 31: 60–71.
  • Lin CF, Fung ZP, Wu CL, Chung TC. Molecular charac-terization of a plasmid-borne (pTC82) chloramphenicol resistance determinant (cat-TC) from Lactobacillus reuteri G4. Plasmid 1996; 36: 116–24.
  • a. Lin CF, Chung TC. Cloning of erythromycin-resistance determinants and replication origins from indigenous plas-mids of Lactobacillus reuteri for potential use in construc-tion of cloning vectors. Plasmid 1999; 42: 31–41.
  • Djordjevic G, Bojovic B, Banina A, Topisirovic L. Cloning of promoter-like sequences from Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei CG11 and their expression in Escherichia coli, Lactococcus lactis, and Lactobacillus reuteri. Can J Microbiol 1994; 40: 1043–50.
  • Cocconcelli PS, Gasson MJ, Morelli L, Bottazzi V. Single-stranded DNA plasmid, vector construction and cloning of Bacillus stearotherrnophilus alpha-amylase in Lactobacillus Res Microbiol 1991; 142: 643–52.
  • Kaneuchi C, Seki M, Komagata K. Production of succinic acid from citric acid and related acids by Lactobacillus strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54: 3053–6.
  • Kakimoto S, Miyashita H, Sumino Y, Akiyama S. Proper-ties of acid ureases from Lactobacillus and Streptococcus strains. Agric Biol Chem 1990; 54: 381–6.
  • Staub BW, Kicherer M, Schilcher SM, Hammes WP. The formation of biogenic amines by fermentation organisms. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 1995; 201: 79–82.
  • Stolz P, Hammes WP, Vogel RF. Maltose phosphorylase and hexokinase activity in lactobacilli from traditionally prepared sourdoughs. Adv Food Sci 1996; 18: 1–6.
  • Ragout A, Sineriz F, Diekmann H, Font de Valdez G. Effect of environmental pH on the fermentation balance of Lactobacillus reuteri. J Appl Bacteriol 1994; 77: 388–91.
  • Gobbetti M, Fox PF, Stepaniak L. Esterolytic and lipolytic activities of mesophilic and thermophilic lactobacilli. Ital J Food Sci 1996; 8: 127–35.
  • Yamato M, Nakada R, Nakamura Y. Release of spirosin associated with potassium phosphate-induced autolysis in Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016. Microbiol Res 1998; 153: 29–35.
  • a. Van Geel-Schutten GH, Faber EJ, Smit E, et al. Biochemi-cal, and structural characterization of the glucan and fruc-tan exopolysaccharides synthesized by the Lactobacillus reuteri wild-type and by mutant strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65: 3008–14.
  • Levy SB. The antibiotic paradox: how miracle drugs are destroying the miracle. New York: Plenum Press; 1992.
  • Famularo G, Moretti S, Marcellini S, De Simone C. Stimu-lation of immunity by probiotics. In: Fuller R, ed Probi-otics 2: applications and practical aspects. London: Chapman and Hall, 1997: 133–61.
  • Fuller R. The effect of probiotics on the gut micro-ecology of farm animals. In: Wood RIB, ed The lactic acid bacte-ria. v. 1. The lactic acid bacteria in health and disease. New York: Elsevier Applied Science, 1992: 171–92.
  • Houghton SB, Fuller R, Coates ME. Correlation of growth depression in chicks with the presence of Streptococcus faecium in the gut. J Appl Bacteriol 1981; 51: 113–20.
  • Kelley KW. Immunological consequences of changing envi-ronmental stimuli. In: Moberg GP, ed. Animal Stress. Bethesda (MD): American Physiol. Soc, 1985: 193–223.
  • Dantzer R, Kelley KW. Stress and immunity: An integrated view of relationships between the brain and the immune system. Life Sci 1989; 44: 1995–2008.
  • Dubos R, Schaedler RW. The effect of the intestinal flora on the growth rate of mice, and on their susceptibility to experimental infections. J Exp Med 1960; 111: 407–17.
  • Regnier JA, Kelley KW. Heat-and cold-stress suppresses in vivo and in vitro cellular immune responses of chickens. Am J Vet Res 1981; 42: 294–9.
  • Moberg GP, ed. Animal stress. Bethesda (MD): American Physiol. Soc.; 1985.
  • Siegel HS. Physiological stress in birds. Bioscience 1980; 30: 529–34.
  • Sissons JW. Potential of probiotic organisms to prevent diarrhoea and promote digestion in farm animals-a review. J Sci Food Agric 1989; 49: 1–13.
  • Edens FW, Siegel HS. Reserpine modification of blood pH, pCO2, and p02 of chickens in high ambient temperature. Poult Sci 1974; 53: 279–84.
  • Edens FW, Siegel HS. Modification of corticosterone and glucose responses by sympatholytic agents in young chick-ens during acute heat exposure. Poult Sci 1976; 55: 1704–12.
  • Kelley KW, Dantzer R. Growth hormone and prolactin as natural antagonists of glucocorticoids in immunoregula-tion. In: Plotnikoff NP, Murgo AT, Faith RE, Wybran J, eds. Stress and immunity. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, 1991: 433–52.
  • Khansari DN, Murgo AT, Faith RE. Effects of stress on the immune system. Immunol Today 1990; 11: 171–5.
  • El Boushy AR. What causes stress? Part 2 of the role of vitamin E Poultry. 1990; Feb/Mar: 26–7.
  • Fuller R. Probiotics. J Appl Bacteriol Symp Supp 1986: 1S–7S.
  • Zwilling BS. Stress affects disease outcomes. Am Soc Mi-crobiol News 1992; 58: 23–5.
  • Thaxton P. Influence of temperature on the immune re-sponse of birds. Poult Sci 1978; 57: 1430–40.
  • Fox SM. Probiotics: Intestinal inoculants for production animals. Veterinary Medicine, 1988; Aug: 806–30.
  • Lawrence TLJ. Growth in Animals. London: Butterworths; 1980.
  • Barnes JH. Evaluating poult growth and productivity dur-ing brooding. Turkeys 1993; 41: 23–4.
  • Barnes JH. Poult growth depression costs industry big bucks. Turkey World 1994; Jan.
  • Coates ME, Dickinson CD, Harrison GF, et al. A mode of action of antibiotics in chicken nutrition. J Sci Food Agric 1952; 1: 43–8.
  • Hill DC, Branion HD, Slinger SJ, Anderson GW. Influence of environment on the growth response of chicks to peni-cillin. Poult Sci 1952; 32: 464–6.
  • Libby DA, Schaible PJ. Observations on growth response to antibiotics and arsenic acids in poultry feeds. Science 1955; 121: 733–4.
  • Lillie RJ, Sizemore JR, Bird HR. Environment and stimu-lation of growth of chickens by antibiotics. Poult Sci 1952; 32: 466–75.
  • Klasing KC, Laurin DE, Peng RK, Fry DM. Immunologi-cally mediated growth depression in chicks: Influence of feed intake, corticosterone and interleukin-1. J Nutr 1987; 117: 1629–37.
  • Klasing KC, Peng RK. Influence of cell sources, stimulat-ing agents, and incubation conditions on release of inter-leukin-1 from chicken macrophages. Dev Comp Immunol 1987; 11: 385–94.
  • Klasing KC, Austic RE. Changes in protein degradation in chickens due to an inflammatory challenge. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1984; 176: 292–6.
  • Klasing KC, Austic RE. Changes in plasma, tissue, and urinary nitrogen metabolites due to an inflammatory chal-lenge. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1984; 176: 276–84.
  • Besedovsky H, Del Ray, Sorkin E, Dinarello CA. Im-munoregulatory feedback between interleukin-1 and gluco-corticoid hormones. Science 1986; 233: 652–4.
  • Blalock JE, Smith EM. A complete regulatory loop be-tween the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Fed Proc 1985; 44: 108–11.
  • Alak JI, Wolf BW, Mdurvwa EG, Pimentel-Smith GE, Adeyemo 0. Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri on intestinal resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in a murine model of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Infect Dis 1997; 175: 218–21.
  • Ungar BLP, Kao T-C, Burris JA, Finkelman FD. Cryp-tosporidium infection in an adult mouse model. Indepen-dent roles for IFN-gamma and CD4+ T lymphocytes in protective immunity. J Immunol 1991; 147: 1014–22.
  • Chen W, Harp JA, Harmsen AG. Requirements for CD4 ± cells and gamma interferon in resolution of estab-lished Cryptosporidium parvum infection in mice. Infect Immunol 1993; 61: 3928–32.
  • Chen W, Harp JA, Harmsen AG, Havell EA. Gamma interferon functions in resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Infect Immunol 1993; 61: 3548–51.
  • De Simone C, Famularo G, Harp JA. Effect of lactobacilli on Cryptosporidium parvurn infection in man and animals. Microecol Ther 1995; 25: 332–6.
  • Waters WR, Harp JA, Wannemuehler MJ, Carbajal NY, Casas IA. Effects of Lactobacillus reuterion Cryptosporid-ium parvum infection in gnotobiotic TCR-?-deficient mice. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1999; 46: 60S–61.
  • a. Madsen KL, Doyle JS, Jewell LD, Tavernini MM, Fedorak RN. Lactobacillus species prevents colitis in inter-leukin 10 gene-deficient mice. Gastroenterol 1999; 116: 1107–14.
  • Wagner RD, Pierson C, Warner T, et al. Biotherapeutic effects of probiotic bacteria on candidiasis in immunodefi-cient mice. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 4165–72.
  • Fabia R, Willen R, Ar'Rajab A, Andersson R, Ahren B, Bengmark S. Acetic acid-induced colitis in the rat: a repro-ducible experimental model for acute ulcerative colitis. Eur Surg Res 1992; 24: 211–25.
  • Sharon P, Stenson WF. Metabolism of arachidonic acid in acetic acid colitis in rats. Gastroenterol 1985; 66: 55–63.
  • Fabia R, Ar'Rajab A, Johansson ML, et al. Impairment of bacterial flora in human ulcerative coiltis and experimental colitis in the rat. Digestion 1993; 54: 248–55.
  • Fabia R, Ar'Rajab A, Johansson ML, et al. The effect of exogenous administration of Lactobacillus reuteri R2LC and oat fiber on acetic acid-induced colitis in the rat. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993; 28: 155–62.
  • Deitch EA. Bacterial translocation of the gut flora. J Trauma 1990; 30 (Suppl 12): S184–9.
  • Bengmark S, Jeppsson B. Gastrointestinal surface protec-tion and mucosa reconditioning. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1995; 19: 410–5.
  • Salminen S, Isolauri E, Salminen E Clinical uses of probi-otics for stabilizing the gut mucosal barrier: successful strains and future challenges. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1996; 70: 347–58.
  • Barker AE, Jones II WG, Minei JP, Fahey III TJ, Lowry SF, Hires GT. Bacterial overgrowth and intestinal atrophy in the etiology of gut barrier failure in the rat. Am J Surg 1991; 16: 300–4.
  • Wang XD, Soltesz V, Molin G, Anderson R. The role of oral administration of oatmeal fermented by Lactobacillus reuteri R2LC on bacterial translocation after acute liver failure induced by subtotal liver resection in the rat. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995; 30: 180–5.
  • Adawi D, Kasravi B, Molin G, Jeppsson B. Effect of Lactobacillus supplementation with and without arginine on liver damage and bacterial translocation in an acute liver injury model in the rat. Hepatology 1997; 25: 642–7.
  • Kasravi FB, Adawi D, Hagerstrand I, Molin G, Bengmark S, Jeppsson B. The effect of pretreatment with endotoxin and Lactobacillus on bacterial translocation in acute liver injury. Eur J Surg 1996; 162: 537–44.
  • Mao Y, Nobaek S, Kasravi B, et al. The effects of Lacto-bacillus strains and oat fiber on methotrexate-induced ente-rocolitis in rats. Gastroenterol 1996; 111: 334–44.
  • a. Mao Y, Yu J-L, Lungh A, Molin G, Jeppsson B. Intestinal immune response to oral administration of Lactobacillus reuteri R2LC, Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 9843, pectin and oatbase on methotrexate-induced enterocolitis in rats. Microbial Ecol Health Dis 1996; 9: 261–70.
  • Tannock GW, Dashkevicz MP, Feighner SD. Lactobacilli and bile salts hydrolase in the murine intestinal tract. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55: 1848–51.
  • Gilliland SE. Health and nutritional benefits from lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1990; 87: 175–88.
  • Suckling KE, Benson GM, Bond B, et al. Cholesterol lowering and bile acid excretion in the hamster with cholestyramine treatment. Atherosclerosis 1991; 89: 183–90.
  • De Smet I, De Boever P, Verstraete W. Cholesterol lower-ing in pigs through enhanced bacterial bile salt hydrolase activity. Br J Nutr 1998; 79: 185–94.
  • Taranto MP, Medici M, Perdigon G, Ruiz Holgado AP, Valdez GF. Evidence for hypercholesterolemic effect of Lactobacillus reuteri in hypercholesterolemic mice. J Dairy Sci 1998; 81: 2336–40.
  • Frick M, Elo 0, Haapa K. Helsinki heart study: prelimi-nary prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-age men with dislipemia. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1237–45.
  • Tannock GW, McConnell MA. Lactobacilli inhabiting the digestive tract of mice do not influence serum cholesterol concentrations. Microbial Ecol Health Dis 1994; 7: 331–4.
  • du Toit M, Franz CM, Dicks LM, et al. Characterization and selection of probiotic lactobacilli for a preliminary minipig feeding trial and their effect on serum cholesterol levels, faeces pH and faeces moisture content. Int J Food Microbiol 1998; 40: 93–104.
  • Ling L, Batt SM, Wannemuehler M, Dispirito A, Beitz DC. Effect of feeding of a cholesterol-reducing bacterium, Eu-bacterium coprostanoligenes, to germfree mice. Lab Anim Sci 1998; 48: 253–5.
  • Edens FW, El-Nezami H, Casas IA. Aflatoxin B1 binding to Lactobacillus reuteri strains. (Submitted for publication).
  • Carbajal N, Sriburi A, Carter P, Dobrogosz W, Casas, I. Probiotic administrations of Lactobacillus reuteri protect mice from Salmonella typhimurium infection. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Gnotobi-otics. 1998 Jun 14–16; Bethesda (MD): Association for Gnotobiotics; 1998.
  • Sriburi A, Carbajal N, Casas IA, Dobrogosz WJ. Probiotic administrations of Lactobacillus reuteri protect BALB/c mice from salmonellosis. (Manuscript in preparation).
  • Ruiz-Palacios G, Tuz F, Arteaga F, Guerrero ML, Dohnalek M, Hilty M. Tolerance and fecal colonization with Lactobacillus reuteri in children fed a beverage with a mixture of Lactobacillusspp. Pediatr Res 1992; 39: 1090(Abst.).
  • Wolf BW, Garleb KA, Ataya DG, Casas IA. Safety and tolerance of Lactobacillus reuteri in healthy adult male subjects. Microbial Ecol Health Dis 1995; 8: 41–50.
  • Wolf BW, Wheeler KB, Ataya DG, Garleb KA. Safety and tolerance of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation to a pop-ulation infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Food Chem Toxicol 1998; 36: 1085–94.
  • Salminen S, Deighton M. Lactic acid bacteria in the gut in normal and disordered states. Dig Dis 1992; 10: 227–38.
  • Tazume S, Ozawa A, Yamamoto T. Ecological study on the intestinal bacterial flora of patients with diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16: 77S–82S.
  • Salminen S, Isolauri E, Onnela T. Gut flora in normal and disordered states. Chemotherapy 1995; 41: 5–15.
  • Isolauri E, Juntunen M, Rautanen T, Sillanaukee P, Koivula T. A human Lactobacillus strain (Lactobacillus casei sp strain GG) promotes recovery from acute diarrhea in children. Pediatrics 1991; 88: 90–7.
  • Kaila M, Isolauri E, Soppi E, Virtanen E, Laine S, Arvilommi H. Enhancement of the circulating antibody secreting cell response in human diarrhea by a human Lactobacillus strain. Pediatr Res 1992; 32: 141–4.
  • Majamaa H, Isolauri E, Saxelin M, Vesikari T. Lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995; 20: 333–8.
  • Pearce JL, Hamilton JR. Controlled trial of orally adminis-tered lactobacilli in acute infantile diarrhea. J Pediatr 1974; 84: 261–2.
  • Brunser 0, Araya M, Espinoza L, Guesry PR, Secretin MC, Pacheco I. Effect of an acidified milk on diarrhea and the carrier state in infants of low socio-economic stratum. Acta Paediatr Scand 1989; 78: 259–64.
  • Boudraa G, Touhami M, Pochart P, Soltana R, Mary J-Y, Desjeux J-F. Effect of feeding yogurt versus milk in chil-dren with persistent diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1990; 11: 509–12.
  • Shornikova AV, Casas IA, Isolauri E, Mykkanen H, Vesikari T. Lactobacillus reuteri as a therapeutic agent in acute diarrhea in young children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol 1997; 24: 399–404.
  • Shornikova AV, Casas IA, Mykkanen H, Salo E, Vesikari T. Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus reuteri in rotavirus gastroenteritis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16: 1103–7.
  • Ruiz Palacios G, Guerrero ML, Hilty M, et al. Feeding of a probiotic for the prevention of community-acquired di-arrhea in young Mexican children. Pediatr Res 1996; 39: 104(Abst.).
  • Ruiz Palacios G, Guerrero ML, Tuz-Dzib F. Feeding a Lactobacillus reuteri-containing probiotic drink for preven-tion of infantile diarrhea. Microbial Ecol Health Dis 1999; 11: 189(Abst.).
  • Perdigon G, Alvarez S. Probiotics and the immune state. In: Fuller R, ed. Probiotics: the scientific basis. London: Chapman and Hall, 1992: 145–80.
  • Tejada-Simon MV, Zeynep U, Pestka JJ. Ex vovo effects of lactobacilli, streptococci, and bifodobacteria ingestion on cytokine and nitric oxide production in a murine model. J Food Prot 1999; 62: 162–9.
  • England JA, Watkins SE, Saleh E, Waldroup PW, Casas I, Burnham D. Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri on live perfor-mance and intestinal development of male turkeys. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 1996; 5: 311–24.
  • Thornbecke G J, Gordon HA, Wostman BS, Wagner M, Reyniers JA. Lymphoid tissue and serum gamma globulin in young germfree chickens. J Infec Dis 1957; 101: 237–51.
  • Cook RH, Bird FH. Duodenal villus area and epithelial cellular migration in conventional and germfree chicks. Poult Sci 1973; 52: 2276–80.
  • Infante IJZ, Rouanet JM, Besancon P. Mathematical corre-lation between villus height and the nutritional state in Sprague-Dawley rats. Gut 1993; 34: 1066–8.
  • Mowat AMcL, Felstein MW, Borland A, Parrott DMV. Experimental studies in immunologically mediated en-teropathy. I. Development of cell-mediated immunity and intestinal pathology during a graft-versus-host reaction in irradiated mice. Gut 1988; 29: 949–56.
  • Robijn RJ, Logtenberg T, Wiegman JJ, van Berge Henegouwen GP, Houwen RW, Koningsberger JC. Intesti-nal T lymphocytes. Scan J Gastroenterol 1995; 212 (Suppl 30): 23–33.
  • Ferreira R, Forsyth LE, Richman PL. Changes in the rate of crypt epithelial cell proliferation and mucosal morphol-ogy induced by a T-cell-mediated response in human small intestine. Gastroenterol 1990; 98: 1255–63.
  • Freter R, Nader de Macias ME. Factors affecting the colonization of the gut by lactobacilli and other bacteria. In: Fuller R, Heidt PJ, Rusch V, Van der Waaij D, eds Old Herborn University Seminar Monograph 8, Probiotics: Prospects of use in opportunistic infections. Herborn-Dill, Germany: Institute for Microbiolog and Biochemistry, 1995: 19–34.
  • Williams JE, Whitemore AD. Avian Salmonella-stained microtest antigen produced on solid media. Appl Microbiol 1972; 23: 931–7.
  • Maassen CBM, van Holten-Neelen C, Balk F, et al. Strain-dependent induction of cytokine profiles in the gut by orally administered Lactobacillus strains. Vaccine 2000; 18: 2613–23.
  • a. Marino M, Boyaka PN, Jackson RJ, et al. Use of in-tranasal IL-12 to target predominately Thl responses to nasal and Th2 responses to oral vaccines given with cholera toxin. J Immunol 1999; 162: 114–21.
  • b. Shi HN, Ingui CJ, Dodge I, Nagler-Anderson C. A helminth-induced mucosal Th2 response alters nonrespon-siveness to oral administration of a soluble antigen. J Immunol 1998; 160: 2449–55.
  • Gorski, D. Functional dairy foods, pros and cons. Probi-otic cultures and conjugated linoleic acid are two functional components of dairy foods. Dairy Foods 1997; May: 35–38.
  • Gorski D. Probiotic resolution. Dairy Foods 1998; Jan: 41.
  • Oyofo BH, DeLoach JR, Cornier DE, Norman JO, Ziprin RL, Mollenhauer HH. Effect of carbohydrates on Salmonella typhimuritun colonization in broiler chickens. Avian Dis 1989; 33: 531–4.
  • Bailey JS, Blankenship LC, Cox NA. Effect of fruc-tooligosaccharide on Salmonella colonization of the chicken intestine. Poult Sci 1991; 70: 2433–8.
  • Ziprin RL, Elissalde MH, Hinton Jr A, et al. Colonization control of lactose-fermenting Salmonella typhimurium in young broiler chickens by use of dietary lactose. Am J Vet Res 1991; 52: 833–7.
  • Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of pre-biotics. J Nutr 1995; 125: 1401–12.
  • Salminen S. Functional dairy foods with Lactobacillus strain GG. Nutr Rev 1996; 54: S99–S101.
  • Andersson R, Wang X, Soltesz V. The significance and potential molecular mechanisms of gastrointestinal barrier homeostasis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32: 1073–82.
  • Brassart D, Schiffrin EJ. The use of probiotics to reinforce mucosal defense mechanisms. Trends Food Sci Technol 1997; 8: 321–6.
  • Campieri M, Gionchetti P. Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: new insight to pathogenesis or a possible therapeutic alternative? Gasteroenterol 1999; 116: 1246-9(editorial).
  • Marston W, Hager M. Focus on Health: Gut reactions. Newsweek 1997; Nov: 1795–6.
  • Hasler CM. Functional foods: the western perspective. Nutr Rev 1996; 54: S6–S10.
  • Thomas PR, Earl R, eds Enhancing the food supply. In: Opportunities in the nutrition and food sciences. Washing-ton: National Academy Press; 1994.
  • Clydesdale FM, Chan SH, eds. First International Confer-ence on East-West Perspectives on Functional Foods. Nutr Rev 1996; 54: 11.
  • Davidson PM, Hoover DG. Antimicrobial components from lactic acid bacteria. In: Salminen S, von Wright A, eds. Lactic acid bacteria. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1993: 127–59.
  • Pool-Zobel BL, Munzner R, Holzapfel WH. Antigenotoxic properties of lactic acid bacteria in the S. typhimuritun mutagenicity assay. Nutr Cancer 1993; 20: 261–70.
  • a. Lankaputhra WEV, Shah NP. Antimutagenic properties of probiotic bacteria and of organic acids. Mutation Res 1998; 397: 169–82.
  • Caragay AB. Cancer-preventive foods and ingredients. Food Technol 1992; Apr: 65–68.
  • Uauy-Dagach R, Valenzuela A. Marine oils: the health benefits of n-3 fatty acids. Nutr Rev 1996; 54: S102–8.
  • Chin SF, Liu W, Storkson JM, Ha Y, Pariza MW. Dietary sources of conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid, a newly recognized class of anticarcinogens. J Food Comp Anal 1992; 5: 185–97.
  • Yang X, Pariza MW. 1995. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-producing bacteria: isolation, identification, and properties of their linoleic acid isomerases. IFT Annual Meeting 1995; FSTA 27: 10A6.
  • Yang X. Isolation, identification and characterization of its linoleate isomerase from Lactobacillus reuteri [dissertation]. Madison (WI): Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison; 1997.
  • IF C, Chin SF, Scimeca JA, Thompson HJ. Conjugated linoleic acid: a powerful anticarcinogen from animal fat sources. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 1050–4.
  • Belury MA. Conjugated dienoic linoleate: A polyunsatu-rated fatty acid with unique chemoprotective properties. Nutr Rev 1995; 53: 83–9.
  • Parodi PW. Cow's milk fat components as potential anti-carcinogenic agents. J Nutr 1997; 127: 1055–60.
  • Casadevall A, Pirofski L-A. Host-pathogen interactions: redefining the basic concepts of virulence and pathogenic-ity. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 3703–13.
  • Vaughan 14.1-, Mollet B. Probiotics in the new millennium. Nahrung 1999; 43: 148–53.
  • Kasper H. Protection against gastrointestinal diseases-present facts and future developments. Int J Food Micro-biol 1998; 42: 127–31.
  • Cuezzo de GS, Maldonado MC, Font de Valdez G. Purifi-cation and characterization of invertase from Lactobacillus reuteri CLR 1100. Curr Microbiol 2000; 40: 181–4.
  • Taranto MP, Font de Valdez G, Perez-Martinez G. Evi-dence of a glucose proton motive force-dependent permease and a fructose phosphoenolpyruvate:phosphotransferase transport system in Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1098. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 181: 109–12.
  • Alak JI, Wolf BW, Mdurvwa EG, et al. Supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri or L. acidophilus reduced intesti-nal shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocytes in im-munodeficient C57BL/6 mice. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 1999; 45: 855–63.