Evidence for Cytokine Dysregulation in Multiple Sclerosis: Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Production of Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines During Relapse and Remission

References

• Ewing, C. and Bernard, C.C. (1998) "Insights into the aetiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis", Immunol. Cell. Biol. 76,47–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noseworthy, J.H. (1999) "Progress in determining the causes and treatment of multiple sclerosis", Nature 399\(Suppl. 24), A40 —A46.
   Google Scholar
• Martino, G. and Hartung, H-P. (1999) "Immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: the role of T cells", Curt: Opin. Neurol. 12, 309–321.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrikson, S., Soderstrom, M., Hillert, J., Sun, J.B., Kall, T.B. and Link, H. (1994) "Multiple sclerosis: occurrence of myelin basic protein peptide-reactive T cells in healthy family members", Acta Neurol. Scand. 89, 184–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerlero de Rosbo, N., Milo, R., Lees, M.B., Burger, D., Bernard, C.C. and Ben-Nun, A. (1993) "Reactivity to myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes respond predominantly to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein", J. Clin. Investig. 92, 2602–2608.
   Google Scholar
• Chou, Y.K., Bourdette, D.N., Offner, H., Whitham, R., Wang, R.Y., Hashim, G.A., et al. (1992) "Frequency of T cells specific for myelin basic protein and myelin proteolipid protein in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis", J. NeuroimmunoL 38, 105–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ota, K., Matsui, M., Milford, EL., Mackin, G.A., Weiner, H.L. and Hafler, D.A. (1990) "T-cell recognition of an immunodominant myelin basic protein epitope in multiple sclerosis", Nature 346, 183–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerlero de Rosbo, N., Hoffman, M., Mendel, I., Yust, I., Kaye, J., Bakimer, R., et al. (1997) "Predominance of the autoimmune response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in multiple sclerosis: reactivity to the extracellular domain of MOG is directed against three main regions", Eur. J. ImmunoL 27, 3059–3069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns, J., Bartholomew, B. and Lobo, S. (1999) "Isolation of myelin basic protein-specific T cells predominantly from the memory T-cell compartment in multiple sclerosis", Ann. Neurol. 45, 33–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., Markovic-Plese, S., Lacet, B., Raus, J., Weiner, H.L. and Hafler, D.A. (1994) "Increased frequency of interleukin 2-responsive T cells specific for myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis", J. Exp. Med. 179, 973–984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tejada-Simon, UV, Hong, J., Rivera, V.M. and Zhang, J.Z. (2001) "Reactivity pattern and cytokine profile of T cells primed by myelin peptides in multiple sclerosis and healthy individuals", Eur. J. ImmunoL 31, 907–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navikas, V. and Link, H. (1996) "Review: cytokines and the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis", J. Neurosci. Res. 45, 322–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarron, R.M., Wang, L., Racke, M.K., McFarlin, D.E. and Spatz, M. (1993) "Cytokine-regulated adhesion between encepha-litogenic T lymphocytes and cerebrovascular endothelial cells", J. NeuroimmunoL 43, 23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selmaj, K., Raine, CS., Farooq, M., Norton, W.T. and Brosnan, C.F. (1991) "Cytokine cytotoxicity against oligodendrocytes. Apoptosis induced by lymphotoxin", J. Immunol. 147, 1522–1529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vartanian, T., Li, Y, Zhao, M. and Stefansson, K. (1995) "Interferon-gamma-induced oligodendrocyte cell death: impli-cations for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis", Mol. Med. 1, 732–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuroda, Y. and Shimamoto, Y. (1991) "Human tumor necrosis factor-alpha augments experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats", J. Neuroimmunol. 34, 159–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issazadeh, S., Lorentzen, J.C., Mustafa, MI., Hojeberg, B., Mussener, A. and Olsson, T. (1996) "Cytokines in relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in DA rats: persistent mRNA expression of proinflanunatory cytokines and absent expression of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta", J. Neuroimmunol. 69, 103–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruddle, N.H., Bergman, C.M., McGrath, K.M., Lingenheld, E.G., Grunnet, M.L., Padula, S.J., et al. (1990) "An antibody to lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor prevents transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis", J. Exp. Med. 172, 1193–1200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selmaj, K., Raine, CS., Cannella, B. and Brosnan, C.F. (1991) "Identification of lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor in multiple sclerosis lesions", J. Clin. Investig. 87, 949–954. poj
   Google Scholar
• Cannella, B. and Raine, C.S. (1995) "The adhesion molecule and cytokine profile of multiple sclerosis lesions", Ann. Neurol. 37, 424–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrill, J.E., Strom, SR., Ellison, G.W. and Myers, L.W. (1989) "In vitro study of mediators of inflammation in multiple sclerosis", J. Clin. Immunol. 9, 84–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maimone, D., Reder, A.T. and Gregory, S. (1993) "T cell lymphokine-induced secretion of cytokines by monocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis", Cell. Immunol. 146, 96–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch, R.L., Panitch, H.S. and Johnson, K.P. (1985) "Lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients produce elevated levels of gamma interferon in vitro", J. Clin. Immunol. 5, 386–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imamura, K., Suzumura, A., Hayashi, F. and Marunouchi, T. (1993) "Cytokine production by peripheral blood monocytes/ macrophages in multiple sclerosis patients", Acta Neurol. Scand. 87, 281–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philippe, J., Debruyne, J., Leroux-Roels, G., Willems, A. and Dereuck, J. (1996) "In vitro TNF-alpha, IL-2 and 1FN-ganuna production as markers of relapses in multiple sclerosis", Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 98, 286–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertolotto, A., Malucchi, S., Capobianco, M., Manzardo, E., Guastamacchia, G., Milano, E., et al. (1999) "Quantitative PCR reveals increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of multiple sclerosis patients during relapses", J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 19, 575–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, J., Rondot, P., Catinot, L., Falcoff, E., Kirchner, H. and Wietzerbin, J. (1988) "Increased production of interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor precedes clinical manifestation in multiple sclerosis: do cytokines trigger off exacerbations?", Acta Neurol. Scand. 78, 318–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharief, M.K. and Thompson, E.J. (1992) "In vivo relationship of tumor necrosis factor-alpha to blood-brain barrier damage in patients with active multiple sclerosis", J. Neuroimmunol. 38, 27–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieckmann, P., Albrecht, M., Kitze, B., Weber, T., Tumani, H., Broocks, A., et al. (1994) "Cytokine mRNA levels in mononuclear blood cells from patients with multiple sclerosis", Neurology 44, 1523-1526.poj Rieckmann, P., Albrecht, M., Kitze, B., Weber, T., Tumani, H., Broocks, A., et al. (1995) "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger RNA expression in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis is associated with disease activity", Ann. Neurol. 37, 82–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, C.Z., Jensen, M.A. and Arnason, B.G. (1993) "Interferon gamma- and interleukin-4-secreting cells in multiple sclerosis", J. Neuroimmunol. 46, 123–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazono, K., Hellman, U., Wernstedt, C. and Heldin, C.H. (1988) "Latent high molecular weight complex of transforming growth factor beta 1. Purification from human platelets and structural characterization", J. Biol. Chem. 263, 6407–6415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil, N. (1999) "TGF-beta: from latent to active", Microbes Infect. 1, 1255–1263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrill, J.E. and Zimmerman, R.P. (1991) "Natural and induced cytotwdcity of oligodendrocytes by microglia is inhibitable by TGF beta", Glia 4, 327–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Racke, M.K., Cannella, B., Albert, P., Sporn, M., Raine, C.S. and McFarlin, D.E. (1992) "Evidence of endogenous regulatory function of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis", Int. Immunol. 4, 615–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schluesener, H.J. and Lider, 0. (1989) "Transforming growth factors beta 1 and beta 2: cytokines with identical immunosuppressive effects and a potential role in the regulation of autoimmune T cell function", J. Neuroimmunol. 24, 249–258.
   Google Scholar
• Johns, L.D. and Sriram, S. (1993) "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: neutralizing antibody to TGF beta 1 enhances the clinical severity of the disease", J. Neuroimmunol. 47, 1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertolotto, A., Capobianco, M., Malucchi, S., Manzardo, E., Audano, L., Bergui, M., et al. (1999) "Transforming growth factor betal (TGFbetal) mRNA level correlates with magnetic resonance imaging disease activity in multiple sclerosis patients", Neurosci. Lett. 263, 21–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokhtarian, F., Shi, Y, Shirazian, D., Morgante, L., Miller, A. and Grob, D. (1994) "Defective production of anti-inflammatory cytokine, TGF-beta by T cell lines of patients with active multiple sclerosis", J. Immunol. 152, 6003–6010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, W.I., Compston, A., Edan, G., Goodkin, D., Hartung, H-P., Lublin, F.D., et al. (2001) "Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Guidelines from the International Panel on the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis", Ann. Neurol. 50, 121–127.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• del la Gaspera, B., Pham-Dinh, D., Roussel, G., Nussbaum, J.L. and Dautigny, A. (1998) "Membrane topology of the Myelin/Oligoden-drocyte Glycoprotein", Eur. J. Biochem. 258, 478–484.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inoges, S., Merino, J., Bandres, E., De Castro, P., Subira, M.L. and Sanchez-Ibarrola, A. (1999) "Cytokine flow cytometry differen-tiates the clinical status of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients", ClM. Exp. Immunol. 115, 521–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosmann, T.R. and Coffman, R.L. (1989) "Heterogeneity of cytokine secretion patterns and functions of helper T cells", Adv. Immunol. 46, 111–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collart, M.A., Belin, D., Vassalli, J.D., de Kossodo, S. and Vassalli, P. (1986) "Gamma interferon enhances macrophage transcription of the tumor necrosis factor/cachectin, interleukin 1, and urokinase genes, which are controlled by short-lived repressors", J. Exp. Med. 164, 2113–2118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strobel, W., Kelsall, B., Fuss, I., Marth, T., Ludviksson, B., Ehrhardt, R., et al. (1997) "Reciprocal 1FN-y and TGF-131 responses regulate the occurrence of mucosal inflammation", Immunol. Today 18, 61–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chantry, D., Turner, M., Abney, E. and Feldmann, M. (1989) "Modulation of cytokine production by transforming growth factor-beta", J. Immunol. 142, 4295–4300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fargeas, C., Wu, C.Y., Nakajima, T., Cox, D. and Nutman, T. (1992) "Differential effect of transforming growth factor beta on the synthesis of Thl- and Th2-like lymphokines by human T lymphocytes", Eur. J. Immunol. 22, 2173–2176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, J., He, B., Navikas, V, Palasik, W., Fredrikson, S., Soderstrom, M., et al. (1995) "Transforming growth factor-beta 1 suppresses autoantigen-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines but not of interleukin-10 in multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis", J. Neuroimmunol. 58, 21–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antel,Arnason, B.G.W. and Medof, M.E. (1979) "Suppressorcell function in multiple sclerosis: correlation with clinical disease activity", Ann. Neurol. 5, 338–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selmaj, K., Nowak, Z. and Tchorzewski, H. (1988) "Multiple sclerosis: effect of myelin basic protein on interleukin 1, interleukin 2 production and interleukin receptor expression in vitro", Clin. Exp. Immunol. 72, 428–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo, P., Piccinno, M.G., Tavolato, B. and Siden, A. (1991) "A longitudinal study on IL-2, s1L-2R, IL-4 and 1FN-ganuna in multiple sclerosis CSF and serum", J. Neurol. Sci. 101, 227–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukada, N., Miyagi, K., Matsuda, M., Yanagisawa, N. and Yone, K. (1991) "Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 in the CSF and sera of patients with multiple sclerosis", J. Neurol. Sci. 102, 230–234.
   Google Scholar
• Maimone, D., Gregory, S., Arnason, B.G. and Reder, A.T. (1991) "Cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with multiple sclerosis", J. Neuroimmunol. 32, 67–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicoletti, F., Di Marco, R., Patti, F., Reggio, E., Nicoletti, A., Zaccone, P., et al. (1998) "Blood levels of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-betal) are elevated in both relapsing remitting and chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and are further augmented by treatment with interferon-beta lb (IFN-betalb)", Clin. Exp. Immunol. 113, 96–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, H.P., Thompson, R.H.S. and Zilkha, K.J. (1965) "Platelet adhesiveness in multiple sclerosis", Lancet 27, 1109–1110.
   Google Scholar
• Caspary, E.A., Prineas, J., Miller, H. and Field, E.J. (1965) "Platelet stickiness in multiple sclerosis", Lancet 27, 1108–1109.
   Google Scholar
• Harbige, L.S., Layward, L., Morris-Downes, UM., Dumonde, D.C. and Amor, S. (2000) "The protective effects of omega-6 fatty acids in experimental autoinamune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in relation to transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-betal) up-regulation and increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production", Clin. Exp. Immunol. 122, 445–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar