Toxicological effects of trichloroethylene exposure on immune disorders

References

• Smith G. Trichlorethylene: a review. Br J Industr Med 1966;23:249–262.
   Google Scholar
• ASTDR. Toxicological profile for trichloroethylene. 2015 [cited 1 December 2015]. Available from: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp.asp?id=173&tid=30
   Google Scholar
• Federal Register. Trichloroethylene (TCE); significant new use rule; TCE in certain consumer products; 2015. [cited 1 December 2015]. Available from: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2015/08/07/2015-19348/trichloroethylene-tce-significant-new-use-rule-tce-in-certain-consumer-products
   Google Scholar
• Chiu W, Jinot J, Scott C, et al. Human health effects of trichloroethylene: key findings and scientific issues. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121:303–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusyn I, Chiu WA, Lash LH, et al. Trichloroethylene: mechanistic, epidemiologic and other supporting evidence of carcinogenic hazard. Pharmacol Ther 2014;141:55–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jollow DJ, Bruckner JV, McMillan DC, et al. Trichloroethylene risk assessment: a review and commentary. Crit Rev Toxicol 2009;39:782–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Occupational cancer: carcinogen list. 2012 [cited 1 December 2015]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/cancer/npotocca.html
   Google Scholar
• Kauffmann BM, White KL, Sanders VM, et al. Humoral and cell-mediated immune status in mice exposed to chloral hydrate. Environ Health Perspect 1982;44:147–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters EM, Gerstner HB, Huff JE. Trichloroethylene. I. An overview. J Toxicol Environ Health 1977;2:671–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright PF, Thomas WD, Stacey NH. Effects of trichloroethylene on hepatic and splenic lymphocytotoxic activities in rodents. Toxicology 1991;70:231–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herren-Freund SL, Pereira MA, Khoury MD, Olson G. The carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene and its metabolites, trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid, in mouse liver. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1987;90:183–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiessling R, Haller O. Natural killer cells in the mouse: an alternative immune surveillance mechanism? Contemp Top Immunobiol 1978;8:171–201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaneko T, Saegusa M, Tasaka K, Sato A. Immunotoxicity of trichloroethylene: a study with MRL-lpr/lpr mice. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20:471–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagakos S, Wessen B, Zelen M. An analysis of contaminated well water and health-effects in Wobburn, Massachusetts: Rejoinder; 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Byers V, Levin A, Ozonoff D, Baldwin R. Association between clinical symptoms and lymphocyte abnormalities in a population with chronic domestic exposure to industrial solvent-contaminated domestic water supply and a high incidence of leukaemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1988;27:77–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iavicoli L, Marrinaccio A, Carelli G. Effects of occupational trichloroethylene exposure on cytokine levels in workers. J Occupat Environ Med 2005;47:453–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan Q, Zhang L, Tang X, et al. Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene is associated with a decline in lymphocyte subsets and soluble CD27 and CD30 markers. Carcinogenesis 2010;31:1592–1596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Bassig BA, Mora JL, et al. Alterations in serum immunoglobulin levels in workers occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene. Carcinogenesis 2013;34:799–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassig BA, Zhang L, Tang X, et al. Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene and serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha. Environ Mol Mutagen 2013;54:450–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey DP, Kashyap M, Bouton LA, et al. Interleukin-10 induces apoptosis in developing mast cells and macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2006;80:581–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinl W. Scleroderma caused by trichloroethylene in workers. Bull Hyg 1957;32:678–679.
   Google Scholar
• Saihan E, Burton J, Heaton K. A new syndrome with pigmentation, scleroderma, gynaecomastia, Raynaud’s phenomenon and peripheral neuropathy. Br J Dermatol 1978;99:437–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hachulla E, Launay D. Diagnosis and classification of systemic sclerosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011;40:78–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert K. Trichloroethylene and autoimmunity in human and animal models. In: Gilbert KM, Blossom SJ, editors. Trichloroethylene: toxicity and health risks. Series: molecular and integrative toxicology: London: Springer; 2014: 15–35.
   Google Scholar
• Czirjak L, Pocs E, Szegedi G. Localized scleroderma after exposure to organic solvent. Dermatology 1994;189:399–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karamfilov T, Buslau M, Durr C, Weyers W. [Pansclerotic porphyria cutanea tarda after chronic exposure to organic solvents]. Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete 2003;54:448–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flindthansen H, Isager H. Scleroderma after occupational exposure to trichlorethylene and trichlorethane. Acta Derm Venereol 1987;67:263–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockey JE, Kelly CR, Cannon GW, et al. Progressive systemic sclerosis associated with exposure to trichloroethylene. J Occupat Med 1987;29:493–496.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pralong P, Cavailhes A, Balme B, et al. Diffuse systemic sclerosis after occupational exposure to trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene. Ann Derm Venereol 2009;136:713–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller PA, Clauw D, Cupps T, et al. Fasciitis (not scleroderma) following prolonged exposure to an organic solvent (trichloroethylene). J Rheumatol 1994;21:1567–1570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diot E, Lesire V, Guilmot JL, et al. Systemic sclerosis and occupational risk factors: a case-control study. Occup Environ Med 2002;59:545–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nietert PJ, Sutherland SE, Silver RM, et al. Is occupational organic solvent exposure a risk factor for scleroderma? Arthr Rheumat 1998;41:1111–1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garabrant DH, Lacey JV Jr., Laing TJ, et al. Scleroderma and solvent exposure among women. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:493–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reveille JD, Durban E, MacLeod-St Clair MJ, et al. Association of amino acid sequences in the HLA-DQB1 first domain with antitopoisomerase I autoantibody response in scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis). J Clin Invest 1992;90:973–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black CM. The aetiopathogenesis of systemic sclerosis: thick skin–thin hypotheses. The Parkes Weber Lecture 1994. J R Coll Physicians London 1995;29:119–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borchers AT, Leibushor N, Naguwa SM, et al. Lupus nephritis: a critical review. Autoimmun Rev 2012;12:174–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann MH, Trembleau S, Muller S, Steiner G. Nucleic acid-associated autoantigens: pathogenic involvement and therapeutic potential. J Autoimmun 2010;34:J178–J206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdener D, Aksu K, Bicer I, et al. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in lupus nephritis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Lab Anal 2005;19:172–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brogren CH, Christensen JM, Rasmussen K. Occupational exposure to chlorinated organic solvents and its effect on the renal excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. Arch Toxicol Suppl 1986;9:460–464.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Selden A, Hultberg B, Ulander A, Ahlborg G Jr. Trichloroethylene exposure in vapour degreasing and the urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. Arch Toxicol 1993;67:224–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilburn KH, Warshaw RH. Prevalence of symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and of fluorescent antinuclear antibodies associated with chronic exposure to trichloroethylene and other chemicals in well water. Environ Res 1992;57:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makol A, Watt KD, Chowdhary VR. Autoimmune hepatitis: a review of current diagnosis and treatment. Hepat Res Treat 2011;2011:390916.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joron GE, Cameron DG, Halpenny GW. Massive necrosis of the liver due to trichlorethylene. Can Med Assoc J 1955;73:890–891.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCunney R. Diverse manifestations of trichloroethylene. Br J Industr Med 1988;45:122–126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pantucharoensri S, Boontee P, Likhitsan P, et al. Generalized eruption accompanied by hepatitis in two Thai metal cleaners exposed to trichloroethylene. Industr Health 2004;42:385–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schattner A, Malnick SD. Anicteric hepatitis and uveitis in a worker exposed to trichloroethylene. Postgrad Med J 1990;66:730–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anagnostopoulos G, Sakorafas GH, Grigoriadis K, et al. Hepatitis caused by occupational chronic exposure to trichloroethylene. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2004;67:355–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacey J, Garabrant D, Laing T, et al. Petroleum distillate solvents as risk factors for Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease (UCTD). Am J Epidemiol 1999;149:761–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosca M, Tani C, Vagnani S, et al. The diagnosis and classification of undifferentiated connective tissue diseases. J Autoimmun 2014;48-49:50–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe H. Hypersensitivity syndrome due to trichloroethylene exposure: A severe generalized skin reaction resembling drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome. J Dermatol 2011;38:229–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamijima M, Hisanaga N, Wang H, Nakajima T. Occupational trichloroethylene exposure as a cause of idiosyncratic generalized skin disorders and accompanying hepatitis similar to drug hypersensitivities. Int Arch Occupat Environ Health 2007;80:357–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Yang R, Wu N, et al. Severe hypersensitivity dermatitis and liver dysfunction induced by occupational exposure to trichloroethylene. Industr Health 2009;47:107–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phoon WH, Chan MO, Rajan VS, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with occupational exposure to trichloroethylene. Contact Dermatitis 1984;10:270–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung HG, Kim HH, Song BG, Kim EJ. Trichloroethylene hypersensitivity syndrome: a disease of fatal outcome. Yonsei Med J 2012;53:231–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe H, Tohyama M, Kamijima M, et al. Occupational trichloroethylene hypersensitivity syndrome with human herpesvirus-6 and cytomegalovirus reactivation. Dermatology (Basel) 2010;221:17–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y-S, Huang H-L, Wu Q-F, et al. Follow-up assessment of two cases of trichloroethylene hypersensitivity syndrome: a case report. Exp Ther Med 2016;12:895–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Qifeng W, Xia L, et al. Trichloroethylene-induced hypersensitivity syndrome: a disease caused by metabolites. Occupat Med Health Affairs 2014;2:150.
   Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Xia L, Wu Q, et al. Trichloroethylene hypersensitivity syndrome is potentially mediated through its metabolite chloral hydrate. PLoS One 2015;10:e0127101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohyama M, Yahata Y, Yasukawa M, et al. Severe hypersensitivity syndrome due to sulfasalazine associated with reactivation of human herpesvirus 6. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:1113–1117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suzuki Y, Inagi R, Aono T, et al. Human herpesvirus 6 infection as a risk factor for the development of severe drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:1108–1112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dai Y, Leng S, Li L, et al. Effects of genetic polymorphisms of N-Acetyltransferase on trichloroethylene-induced hypersensitivity dermatitis among exposed workers. Industr Health 2009;47:479–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Criado PR, Criado RFJ, Avancini JM, Santi CG. Drug reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS)/Drug-induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome (DIHS): a review of current concepts. An Bras Dermatol 2012;87:435–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang H, Kamijima M, Wang H, et al. Human herpesvirus 6 reactivation in trichloroethylene-exposed workers suffering from generalized skin disorders accompanied by hepatic dysfunction. J Occupat Health 2006;48:417–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Dai Y, Huang H, et al. HLA-B*1301 as a biomarker for genetic susceptibility to hypersensitivity dermatitis induced by trichloroethylene among workers in China. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115:1553–1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai Y, Chen Y, Huang H, et al. Performance of genetic risk factors in prediction of trichloroethylene induced hypersensitivity syndrome. Sci Rep 2015;5:12169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima T, Yamanoshita O, Kamijima M, et al. Generalized skin reactions in relation to trichloroethylene exposure: a review from the viewpoint of drug-metabolizing enzymes. J Occupat Health 2003;45:8–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolkenstein P, Carriere V, Charue D, et al. A slow acetylator genotype is a risk factor for sulphonamide-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Pharmacogenetics 1995;5:255–258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dietrich A, Kawakubo Y, Rzany B, et al. Low N-acetylating capacity in patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Exp Dermatol 1995;4:313–316.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dai Y, Leng S, Li L, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of cytokine genes and risk for trichloroethylene-induced severe generalized dermatitis: a case-control study. Biomarkers 2004;9:470–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laham S. Studies on placental transfer. Trichlorethylene. IMS 1970;39:46–49.
   Google Scholar
• Pellizzari ED, Hartwell TD, Harris BS, III, et al. Purgeable organic compounds in mother’s milk. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1982;28:322–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietert RR. Developmental immunotoxicology (DIT): windows of vulnerability, immune dysfunction and safety assessment. J Immunotoxicol 2008;5:401–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietert RR, Piepenbrink MS. Perinatal immunotoxicity: why adult exposure assessment fails to predict risk. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:477–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWitt J, Peden-Adams M, Keil D, Dietert R. Current status of developmental immunotoxicity: early-life patterns and testing. Toxicol Pathol 2012;40:230–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blossom SJ, Doss JC. Trichloroethylene alters central and peripheral immune function in autoimmune-prone MRL+/+ mice following continuous developmental and early life exposure. J Immunotoxicol 2007;4:129–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blossom SJ, Doss JC, Hennings LJ, et al. Developmental exposure to trichloroethylene promotes CD4+ T cell differentiation and hyperactivity in association with oxidative stress and neurobehavioral deficits in MRL+/+ mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008;231:344–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulanger LM, Shatz CJ. Immune signalling in neural development, synaptic plasticity and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004;5:521–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peden-Adams MM, Eudaly JG, Heesemann LM, et al. Developmental immunotoxicity of trichloroethylene (TCE): studies in B6C3F1 mice. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2006;41:249–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert KM, Woodruff W, Blossom SJ. Differential immunotoxicity induced by two different windows of developmental trichloroethylene exposure. Autoimmune Dis 2014;2014:982073.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Onore C, Careaga M, Ashwood P. The role of immune dysfunction in the pathophysiology of autism. Brain Behav Immun 2012;26:383–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Aggarwal S, Rashanravan B, Lee T. Th1- and Th2-like cytokines in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in autism. J Neuroimmunol 1998;85:106–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molloy CA, Morrow AL, Meinzen-Derr J, et al. Elevated cytokine levels in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Neuroimmunol 2006;172:198–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song Y-H, Li Y, Maclaren NK. The nature of autoantigens targeted in autoimmune endocrine diseases. Immunol Today 1996;17:232–238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashwood P, Wakefield AJ. Immune activation of peripheral blood and mucosal CD3+ lymphocyte cytokine profiles in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms. J Neuroimmunol 2006;173:126–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashwood P, Krakowiak P, Hertz-Picciotto I, et al. Altered T cell responses in children with autism. Brain Behav Immun 2011;25:840–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashwood P, Krakowiak P, Hertz-Picciotto I, et al. Elevated plasma cytokines in autism spectrum disorders provide evidence of immune dysfunction and are associated with impaired behavioral outcome. Brain Behav Immun 2011;25:40–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki K, Matsuzaki H, Iwata K, et al. Plasma cytokine profiles in subjects with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. PLoS One 2011;6:e20470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blossom SJ, Cooney CA, Melnyk SB, et al. Metabolic changes and DNA hypomethylation in cerebellum are associated with behavioral alterations in mice exposed to trichloroethylene postnatally. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013;269:263–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malkova NV, Yu CZ, Hsiao EY, et al. Maternal immune activation yields offspring displaying mouse versions of the three core symptoms of autism. Brain Behav Immun 2012;26:607–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windham GC, Zhang L, Gunier R, et al. Autism spectrum disorders in relation to distribution of hazardous air pollutants in the San Francisco Bay area. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:1438–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blossom S. Neuroimmune effects of developmental TCE exposure. In: Gilbert KM, Blossom SJ, editors. Trichloroethylene: toxicity and health risks. Series: molecular and integrative toxicology. London: Springer; 2014: 131–151.
   Google Scholar
• Ballabh P, Braun A, Nedergaard M. The blood-brain barrier: an overview: structure, regulation, and clinical implications. Neurobiol Dis 2004;16:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor DH, Lagory KE, Zaccaro DJ, et al. Effect of trichloroethylene on the exploratory and locomotor activity of rats exposed during development. Sci Total Environ 1985;47:415–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacson LG, Spohler SA, Taylor DH. Trichloroethylene affects learning and decreases myelin in the rat hippocampus. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1990;12:375–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blossom SJ, Melnyk S, Cooney CA, et al. Postnatal exposure to trichloroethylene alters glutathione redox homeostasis, methylation potential, and neurotrophin expression in the mouse hippocampus. Neurotoxicology 2012;33:1518–1527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakovcevski M, Akbarian S. Epigenetic mechanisms in neurological disease. Nat Med 2012;18:1194–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blossom SJ, Melnyk SB, Li M, et al. Inflammatory and oxidative stress-related effects associated with neurotoxicity are maintained after exclusively prenatal trichloroethylene exposure. Neurotoxicology 2017;59:164–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knuesel I, Chicha L, Britschgi M, et al. Maternal immune activation and abnormal brain development across CNS disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2014;10:643–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper GS, Makris SL, Nietert PJ, Jinot J. Evidence of autoimmune-related effects of trichloroethylene exposure from studies in mice and humans. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117:696–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buben JA, O'Flaherty EJ. Delineation of the role of metabolism in the hepatotoxicity of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene: a dose-effect study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1985;78:105–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu WA, Okino MS, Lipscomb JC, Evans MV. Issues in the pharmacokinetics of trichloroethylene and its metabolites. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:1450–1456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lash L, Fisher J, Lipscomb J, Parker J. Metabolism of trichloroethylene. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108:177–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell JC, Keshava N. Key issues in the modes of action and effects of trichloroethylene metabolites for liver and lidney tumorigenesis. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:1457–1463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu C, Jiang L, Geng C, et al. Possible involvement of oxidative stress in trichloroethylene-induced genotoxicity in human HepG2 cells. Mutat Res 2008;652:88–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang G, Wang J, Ma H, et al. N-Acetylcysteine protects against trichloroethene-mediated autoimmunity by attenuating oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013;273:189–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang G, Cai P, Ansari GAS, Khan MF. Oxidative and nitrosative stress in trichloroethene-mediated autoimmune response. Toxicology 2007;229:186–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin JM, Gilbert KM, Pumford NR. Inhibition of CYP2E1 reverses CD4+ T-cell alterations in trichloroethylene-treated MRL+/+ mice. Toxicol Sci 2000;54:384–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert KM, Pumford NR, Blossom SJ. Environmental contaminant trichloroethylene promotes autoimmune disease and inhibits T-cell apoptosis in MRL(+/+) mice. J Immunotoxicol 2006;3:263–267.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blossom S, Gilbert K. Exposure to a metabolite of the environmental toxicant, trichloroethylene, attenuates CD4+ T cell activation-induced cell death by metalloproteinase-dependent FasL shedding. Toxicol. Sci 2006;92:103–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert KM, Griffin JM, Pumford NR. Trichloroethylene activates cd4+ T cells: potential role in an autoimmune response. Drug Metab Rev 1999;31:901–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin JM, Blossom SJ, Jackson SK, et al. Trichloroethylene accelerates an autoimmune response by Th1 T cell activation in MRL +/+ mice. Immunopharmacology 2000;46:123–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan MF, Kaphalia BS, Prabhakar BS, et al. Trichloroethene-induced autoimmune response in female MRL +/+ mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995;134:155–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolt HM, Filser JG. Irreversible binding of chlorinated ethylenes to macromolecules. Environ Health Perspect 1977;21:107–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stott WT, Quast JF, Watanabe PG. The pharmacokinetics and macromolecular interactions of trichloroethylene in mice and rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1982;62:137–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uehleke H, Poplawski-Tabarelli S. Irreversible binding of 14C-labelled trichloroethylene to mice liver constituents in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol 1977;37:289–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller RE, Guengerich FP. Metabolism of trichloroethylene in isolated hepatocytes, microsomes, and reconstituted enzyme systems containing cytochrome P-450. Cancer Res 1983;43:1145–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai P, König R, Khan MF, et al. Differential immune responses to albumin adducts of reactive intermediates of trichloroethene in MRL +/+ mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007;220:278–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert KM, Przybyla B, Pumford NR, et al. Delineating liver events in trichloroethylene-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Chem Res Toxicol 2009;22:626–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopec A, Sullivan B, Kassel K, et al. Toxicogenomic analysis reveals profibrogenic effects of trichloroethylene in autoimmune-mediated cholangitis in mice. Toxicol Sci 2014;141:515–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan BP, Cui W, Copple BL, Luyendyk JP. Early growth response factor-1 limits biliary fibrosis in a model of xenobiotic-induced cholestasis in mice. Toxicol Sci 2012;126:267–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagavant H, Fu SM. Pathogenesis of kidney disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2009;21:489–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keil DE, Peden-Adams MM, Wallace S, et al. Assessment of trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure in murine strains genetically-prone and non-prone to develop autoimmune disease. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2009;44:443–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzullo M, Bartoli S, Bonora B, et al. In vivo and in vitro interaction of trichloroethylene with macromolecules from various organs of rat and mouse. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1992;76:192–208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reveille JD, Solomon DH. Evidence-based guidelines for the use of immunologic tests: anticentromere, Scl-70, and nucleolar antibodies. Arthrit Rheumat 2003;49:399–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert K, Whitlow A, Pumford N. Environmental contaminant and disinfection by-product trichloroacetaldehyde stimulates T cells in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2004;4:25–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert KM, Nelson AR, Cooney CA, et al. Epigenetic alterations may regulate temporary reversal of CD4(+) T cell activation caused by trichloroethylene exposure. Toxicol Sci 2012;127:169–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perl A, Fernandez D, Telarico T, Phillips PE. Endogenous retroviral pathogenesis in lupus. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2010;22:483–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorelik G, Richardson B. Key role of ERK pathway signaling in lupus. Autoimmunity 2010;43:17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mi XB, Zeng FQ. Hypomethylation of interleukin-4 and -6 promoters in T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008;29:105–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar