Chemical Compositions Responsible for Inflammation and Tissue Damage in the Mouse Lung by Coarse and Fine Particulate Samples from Contrasting Air Pollution in Europe

REFERENCES

• N. E. Alexis, J. C. Lay, K. Zeman, W. E. Bennett, D. B. Peden, J. M. Soukup, R. B. Devlin, and S. Becker. (2006). Biological material on inhaled coarse fraction particulate matter activates airway phagocytes in vivo in healthy volunteers. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 117:1396–1403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. R. Anderson, R. W. Atkinson, J. L. Peacock, L. Marston, and K. Konstantinou. (2004). Meta-analysis of time series studies and panel studies of particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O₃). Report EUR/04/5042688 of a WHO task group. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
   Google Scholar
• R. Becher, R. B. Hetland, M. Refsnes, J. E. Dahl, H. J. Dahlman, and P. E. Schwarze. (2001). Rat lung inflammatory responses after in vivo and in vitro exposure to various stone particles. Inhal. Toxicol. 13:789–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Becker, J. M. Soukup, C. Sioutas, and F. Cassee. (2003). Response of human alveolar macrophages to ultrafine, fine and coarse urban air pollution particles. Exp. Lung Res. 29:29–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. G. Brewer. (1975). Minor elements in sea water. Chemical oceanography, R. Chester. Vol. 1, 417–425. San Diego: Academic.
   Google Scholar
• B. C. Boman, A. B. Forsberg, and B. G. Järvholm. (2003). Adverse health effects from air pollution in relation to residential wood combustion in modern society. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 29:251–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. F. Brook, T. F. Dann, and R. T. Burnett. (1997). The relationship among TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and inorganic constituents of atmospheric particulate matter at multiple Canadian locations. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 47:2–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Brunekreef, and B. Forsberg. (2005). Epidemiological evidence of effects of coarse airborne particles on health. Eur. Respir. J. 26:309–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. T. Burnett, J. Brook, T. Dann, C. Delocla, O. Philips, M. S. Goldberg, and D. Krewski. (2000). Association between particulate- and gas-phase components of urban air pollution and daily mortality in eight Canadian cities. Inhal. Toxicol. 12 (suppl. 4):15–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Clancy, P. Goodman, H. Sinclair, and D. W. Dockery. (2002). Effect of air-pollution control on death rates in Dublin, Ireland: An intervention study. Lancet 360:1210–1214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. L. Costa, J. R. Lehmann, D. Winsett, J. Richards, A. D. Ledbetter, and K. L. Dreher. (2006). Comparative pulmonary toxicological assessment of oil combustion particles following inhalation or instillation exposure. Toxicol. Sci. 91:237–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. E. Driscoll, D. L. Costa, G. Hatch, R. Henderson, G. Oberdörster, H. Salem, and R. B. Schlesinger. (2000). Intratracheal instillation as an exposure technique for the evaluation of respiratory tract toxicity: Uses and limitations. Toxicol. Sci. 55:24–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. A. Dye, J. R. Lehmann, J. K. McGee, D. W. Winsett, A. D. Ledbetter, J. I. Everitt, A. J. Ghio, and D. L. Costa. (2001). Acute pulmonary toxicity of particulate matter filter extracts in rats: Coherence with epidemiological studies in Utah Valley residents. Environ. Health Perspect. 109:395–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Union. (2004). Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. Official Journal L 23. 26/01/2005
   Google Scholar
• S. H. Gavett, S. L. Madison, K. L. Dreher, D. W. Winsett, J. K. McGee, and D. L. Costa. (1997). Metal and sulfate composition of residual oil fly ash determines airway hyperreactivity and lung injury in rats. Environ. Res 72:162–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Geng, Z. Meng, and Q. Zhang. (2005). In vitro responses of rat macrophages to particle suspensions and water-soluble components of dust storm PM2.5. Toxicol. In Vitro 20:575–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. M. Ghanem, L. A. Battelli, R. R. Mercer, J. F. Scabilloni, M. L. Kashon, J. Y. C. Ma, J. Nath, and A. F. Hubbs. (2006). Apoptosis and Bax expression are increased by coal dust in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-exposed lung. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:1367–1373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. J. Ghio, T. P. Kennedy, A. R. Whorton, A. L. Crumbliss, G. E. Hatch, and J. R. Hoidal. (1992). Role of surface complexed iron in oxidant generation and lung inflammation induced by silicates. Am. J. Physiol. 263:511–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. J. Ghio. (2004). Biological effects of Utah Valley ambient air particles in humans: A review. J. Aerosol. Med. 17:157–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• M. S. Happo, R. O. Salonen, A. I. Hälinen, P. I. Jalava, A. S. Pennanen, V. M. Kosma, M. Sillanpää, R. Hillamo, B. Brunekreef, K. Katsouyanni, J. Sunyer, and M.-R Hirvonen. (2007). Dose- and time-dependency of inflammatory responses in the mouse lung to urban air coarse, fine and ultrafine particles from six European cities. Inhal. Toxicol. 19:227–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. B. Hetland, M. Refsnes, T. Myran, B. V. Johansen, B. Uthus, and P. E. Schwarze. (2000). Mineral and/or metal content as critical determinants of particle-induced release of IL-6 and IL-8 from A549 cells. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health . 60:47–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Hoek, B. Brunekreef, S. Goldbohm, P. Fischer, and P. A. van den Brandt. (2002). Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in Netherlands: A cohort study. Lance. 360:1203–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Hollander, D. Heederik, P. Versloot, and J. Douwes. (1993). Inhibition and enhancement in the analysis of airborne endotoxin levels in various occupational environments. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 54:647–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Holopainen, M.-R. Hirvonen, H. Komulainen, and M. Klockars. (2004). Effect of shape of mica particles on the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha in mouse macrophages. Scand. J. Work Environ. Healt. 2:91–98.
   Google Scholar
• G. R. Hutchison, D. M. Brown, L. R. Hibbs, M. R. Heal, K. Donaldson, R. L. Maynard, M. Monaghan, A. Nicholl, and V. Stone. (2005). The effect of refurbishing a UK steel plant on PM10 metal composition and ability to induce inflammation. Respir. Res. 6:43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Jalava, R. O. Salonen, A. I. Hälinen, M. Sillanpää, E. Sandell, and M.-R Hirvonen. (2005). Effects of sample preparation on chemistry, cytotoxicity, and inflammatory responses induced by air particulate matter. Inhal. Toxicol. 17:107–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. I. Jalava, R. O. Salonen, A. I. Hälinen, P. Penttinen, A. S. Pennanen, M. Sillanpää, E. Sandell, R. Hillamo, and M.-R Hirvonen. (2006). In vitro inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of size-segregated particulate samples collected during long-range transport of wildfire smoke to Helsinki. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 215:341–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. I. Jalava, R. O. Salonen, A. S. Pennanen, M. Sillanpää, A. I. Hälinen, M. S. Happo, R. Hillamo, B. Brunekreef, K. Katsouyanni, J. Sunyer, and M.-R Hirvonen. (2007). Heterogeneities in inflammatory and cytotoxic responses of RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line to urban air coarse, fine and ultrafine particles from six European sampling campaigns. Inhal. Toxicol. 19:213–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. A. H. Janssen, B. Brunekreef, P. van Vliet, F. Aarts, K. Meliefste, H. Harssema, and P. Fischer. (2003). The relationship between air pollution from heavy traffic and allergic sensitization, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and respiratory symptoms in Dutch schoolchildren. Environ. Health Perspect. 111:1512–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. M. Jones, and R. M. Harrison. (2004). The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations—A review. Sci. Total Environ. 326:151–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Jussila, H. Komulainen, K. Huttunen, M. Roponen, A. Hälinen, A. Hyvärinen, V.-M. Kosma, J. Pelkonen, and M.-R. Hirvonen. (2001). Inflammatory responses in mice after intratracheal instillation of spores of Streptomyces californicus isolated from indoor air of moldy building. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 171:61–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Kawamura, and K. Ikushima. (1993). Seasonal changes in the distribution of dicarboxylic acids in the urban atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27:2227–2235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V.-M. Kerminen, K. Teinilä, R. Hillamo, and T. Pakkanen. (1998). Substitution of chloride in sea-salt particles by inorganic and organic anions. J. Aerosol Sci. 29:929–942.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L-Y. Kong, M. I. Luster, D. Dixon, J. O'Grady, and G. J. Rosenthal. (1994). Inhibition of lung immunity after intratracheal instillation of benzo(a)pyrene. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 150:1123–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Lanki, J. J. de Hartog, J. Heinrich, G. Hoek, N. A. H. Janssen, A. Peters, M. Stölzel, K. L. Timonen, M. Vallius, E. Vanninen, and J. Pekkanen. (2006). Can we identify sources of fine particles responsible for exercise-induced ischemia on days with elevated air pollution? The ULTRA study. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:655–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Matthias-Maser. (1998). Primary biological aerosol particles: Their significance, sources, sampling methods and size distribution in the atmosphere. Atmospheric particles, R. M. Harrison, and R. E. van Grieken. 349–368. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• K. M. Metzger, P. E. Tolbert, M. Klein, J. L. Peel, W. D. Flanders, K. Todd, J. A. Mulholland, P. B. Ryan, and H. Frumkin. (2004). Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular emergency department visits. Epidemiolog. 15:46–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. P. Naeher, M. Brauer, M. Lipsett, J. T. Zelikoff, C. D. Simpson, J. Q. Koenig, and K. R. Smith. (2007). Woodsmoke health effects: A review. Inhal. Toxicol. 19:67–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. A. Pakkanen, K. Loukkola, C. H. Korhonen, M. Aurela, T. Mäkelä, R. E. Hillamo, P. Aarnio, T. Koskentalo, A. Kousa, and W. Maenhaut. (2001). Sources and chemical composition of atmospheric fine and coarse particles in the Helsinki area. Atmos. Environ. 35:5381–5391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. S. Pennanen, M. Sillanpää, R. Hillamo, U. Quass, A. C. John, M. Branis, I. Hnová, K. Meliefste, N. A. H. Janssen, T. Koskentalo, G. Castaño-Vinyals, L. Bouso, M.-C. Chalbot, I. G. Kavouras, and R. O. Salonen. (2007). Performance of a high-volume cascade impactor in six European urban environments: Mass measurement and chemical characterization of size-segregated particulate samples. Sci. Total Environ. 374:297–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Penttinen, M. Vallius, P. Tiittanen, J. Ruuskanen, and J. Pekkanen. (2006). Source-specific fine particles in urban air and respiratory function among adult asthmatics. Inhal. Toxicol. 18:191–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Prieditis, and I. Y. R. Adamson. (2002). Comparative pulmonary toxicity of various soluble metals found in urban particulate dusts. Exp. Lung Res. 28:563–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. A. Pope, and D. W. Dockery. (2006). Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 56:709–742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. M. Rice, R. W. Clarke, J. J. Godleski, E. Al-Mutairi, N.-F. Jiang, R. Hauser, and J. D. Paulauskis. (2001). Differential ability of transition metals to induce pulmonary inflammation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 177:46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Saarnio, M. Sillanpää, R. Hillamo, E. Sandell, A. S. Pennanen, and R. O. Salonen. (2008). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in size-segregated particulate matter from six urban sites in Europe. Submitted
   Google Scholar
• R. O. Salonen, A. I. Hälinen, A. S. Pennanen, M.-R. Hirvonen, M. Sillanpää, R. Hillamo, T. Shi, P. Borm, E. Sandell, T. Koskentalo, and P. Aarnio. (2004). Chemical and in vitro toxicologic characterization of wintertime and springtime urban-air particles with an aerodynamic diameter below 10 μm in Helsinki. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 2:80–90.
   Google Scholar
• E. Sandell, A. Kiviranta, J. Tuominen, and P. Aarnio. (1999). Concentration levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air in Finland. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 8:567–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. B. Schlesinger, and F. Cassee. (2003). Atmospheric secondary inorganic particulate matter: the toxicological perspective as a basis for health effects risk assessment. Inhal. Toxicol. 15:197–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. E. Schwarze, J. Øvrevik, M. Låg, M. Refsnes, P. Nafstad, R. B. Hetland, and E. Dybing. (2006). Particulate matter properties and health effects: consistency of epidemiological and toxicological studies. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 25:559–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. C. Seagrave, J. D. McDonald, E. Bedrick, E. S. Edgerton, A. P. Gigliotti, J. J. Jansen, L. Ke, L. P. Naeher, S. K. Seilkop, M. Zheng, and J. L. Mauderly. (2006). Lung toxicity of ambient particulate matter from southeastern U.S. sites with different contributing sources: relationships between composition and effects. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:1387–1393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. H. Seinfeld, and S. N. Pandis. (1998). Atmospheric chemistry and physics: From air pollution to climate change. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• M. Sillanpää, R. Hillamo, T. Mäkelä, A. S. Pennanen, and R. O. Salonen. (2003). Field and laboratory tests of a high volume cascade impactor. J. Aerosol. Sci. 34:485–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Sillanpää, A. Frey, R. Hillamo, U. Makkonen, E. Sandell, A. S. Pennanen, and R. O. Salonen. (2004). The PM10 mass concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene and carcinogenic heavy metals during contrasting air pollution situations in Europe (PAMCHAR). J. Aerosol. Sci. 35 ((suppl. 1)):461–462. (abstr.)
   Google Scholar
• M. Sillanpää, A. Frey, R. Hillamo, A. S. Pennanen, and R. O. Salonen. (2005). Organic, elemental and inorganic carbon in particulate matter of six urban environments in Europe. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5:2869–2879.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Sillanpää, R. Hillamo, S. Saarikoski, A. Frey, A. Pennanen, U. Makkonen, Z. Spolnik, R. Van Grieken, M. Braniš, B. Brunekreef, M.-C. Chalbot, T. Kuhlbusch, J. Sunyer, V.-M. Kerminen, M. Kulmala, and R. O. Salonen. (2006). Chemical composition and mass closure of particulate matter at six urban sites in Europe. Atmos. Environ. 40S2:212–223.
   Google Scholar
• A. Solhaug, M. Refsnes, M. Låg, P. E. Schwarze, T. Husøy, and J. A. Holme. (2004). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induce both apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals in Hepa1c1c7 cells. Carcinogenesi. 25:809–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. L. Squadrito, R. Cueto, B. Dellinger, and W. A. Pryor. (2001). Quinoid redox cycling as a mechanism for sustained free radical generation by inhaled airborne matter. Free Radical Biol. Med. 31:1132–1138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. A. Steerenberg, L. van Amelsvoort, M. Lovik, R. B. Hetland, T. Alberg, T. Halatek, H. J. T. Bloemen, K. Rydzynski, G. Swaen, P. Schwarze, E. Dybing, and F. R. Cassee. (2006). Relation between sources of particulate air pollution and biological effect parameters in samples from four European cities: An exploratory study. Inhal. Toxicol. 18:333–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Teinilä, V.-M. Kerminen, and R. Hillamo. (2000). A study of size-segregated aerosol chemistry in the Antarctic atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 105:3893–3904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2004). Air quality criteria for particulate matter. Publication EPA/600/P-99/002aF. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment–RTP Office.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2003). Review of health aspects of air pollution with particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Report EUR/03/5042688 of working group, Bonn, Germany, 13–15 January. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, International Program of Chemical Safety. (1998). Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Health Criteria 202. Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• T. Yli-Tuomi, P. Aarnio, L. Pirjola, T. Mäkelä, R. Hillamo, and M. Jantunen. (2005). Emissions of fine particles, NOx, and CO from on-road vehicles in Finland. Atmos. Environ. 39:6696–6706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar