Generation and Characterization of Gasoline Engine Exhaust Inhalation Exposure Atmospheres

REFERENCES

• 40 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations). (2007). Emission standards for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks and medium-duty passenger vehicles. 40 CFR Protection of the Environment, Part 86 Control of Emissions from New and In-use Highway Vehicles and Engines, Section 1811.04. 72 Federal Register, 8562, Feb. 26, 2007, Washington, DC Office of Federal Register. Available from http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/11sep20071500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2007/julqtr/40cfr86.1811-04.htm
   Google Scholar
• J. O. Allen, P. R. Mayo, L. S. Hughes, L. G. Salmon, and G. R. Cass. (2001). Emissions of size-segregated aerosols from on-road vehicles in the Caldecott tunnel. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35:4189–4197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. G. Barrett, R. D. Henson, S. K. Seilkop, J. D. McDonald, and M. D. Reed. (2006). Effects of hardwood smoke exposure on allergic airway inflammation in mice. Inhal. Toxicol. 18:33–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. S. Braman, M. A. de la Cantera, and Q. X. Han. (1986). Sequential, selective hollow tube preconcentration and chemiluminescence analysis system for nitrogen oxide compounds in air. Anal. Chem. 58:1537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• California Code Regulations. (1996). “Unified Driving Cycle” as a method. The California Speed Versus Time Data for California's Unified Driving Cycle Title 13, Section 1968.2, December 12. Office of Administrative Law, Sacramento, CA
   Google Scholar
• M. J. Campen, J. D. McDonald, A. P. Gigliotti, S. K. Seilkop, M. D. Reed, and J. M. Benson. (2003). Cardiovascular Effects of Inhaled Diesel Exhaust in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 3:353–361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J. C. Chow, J. G. Watson, L. C. Pritchett, W. R. Pierson, C. A. Frazier, and R. G. Purcell. (1993). The DRI thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system: description, evaluation and applications in U.S. air quality studies. Atmos. Environ. 27A:1185–1201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. C. Chow, and J. G. Watson. (1999). Ion chromatography. In Elemental analysis of airborne particles S. Landsberger, and M. Creatchman. Newark, NJ: Gordon and Breach, 67–96.
   Google Scholar
• J. C. Chow, J. G. Watson, L. W. Chen, M. C. Chang, N. F. Robinson, D. Trimble, and S. Kohl. (2007). The IMPROVE_A temperature protocol for thermal/optical carbon analysis: maintaining consistency with a long-term database. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 57:1014–1023.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• B. Docekal, V. Krivan, N. Pelz, and J. Fresenius. (1992). Trace and minor element characterization of diesel soot. Anal. Chem. 343:873–878.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (2008). Kansas City PM Characterization Study, Final Report EPA420-R-08-009. Washington, DC. Assessment and Standards Division, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, US Environmental Protection Agency. Available from http://www.epa.gov/otaq/emission-factors-research/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• M. M. Finkelstein, M. Jerrett, and M. R. Sears. (2004). Traffic air pollution and mortality rate advancement periods. Am. J. Epidemiol. 160:173–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. P. Fraser, G. R. Cass, and B. R. T. Simoneit. (1998). Gas phase and particle phase organic compounds emitted from motor vehicle traffic in a Los Angeles roadway tunnel. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32:2051–2060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Fujita, J. G. Watson, J. C. Chow, N. F. Robinson, L. W. Richards, and N. Kumar. (1998). Northern front range air quality study. Volume C: Source apportionment and simulation methods and evaluation. Reno, NV: Prepared for Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, and Sonoma Technology, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, by Desert Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• E. M. Fujita, D. E. Campbell, W. P. Arnott, J. C. Chow, and B. Zielinska. (2007). Evaluations of the chemical mass balance method for determining contributions of gasoline and diesel exhaust to ambient carbonaceous aerosols. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 57:721–740.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J. A. Gillies, A. W. Gertler, J. C. Sagebiel, and W. A. Dippel. (2001). On-road PM2.5 and PM10 emission factors in the Sepulveda Tunnel, Los Angeles, California. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35:1054–1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. S. Harrod, R. J. Jaramillo, C. L. Rosenberger, S. Z. Wang, J. A. Berger, J. D. McDonald, and M. D. Reed. (2003). Increased susceptibility to RSV infection by exposure to inhaled diesel engine emissions. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 28:451–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. S. Harrod, R. J. Jaramillo, J. A. Berger, A. P. Gigliotti, S. K. Seilkop, and M. D. Reed. (2004). Inhaled diesel engine emissions reduce bacterial clearance and exacerbate lung disease to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Toxicol. Sci. 83:155–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Hoek, B. Brunekreef, S. Goldbohm, P. Fischer, and P. A. van den Brandt. (2002). Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: A cohort study. Lancet 360:1203–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. A. H. Janssen, B. Brunekreef, P. van Vliet, F. Aarts, K. Meliefste, H. Harssema, and P. Fischer. (2003). The relationship between air pollution from heavy traffic and allergic sensitization, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and respiratory symptoms in Dutch schoolchildren. Environ. Health Perspect. 111:1512–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. T. Knapp, S. B. Tejada, S. H. Cadle, D. R. Lawson, R. Snow, B. Zielinska, J. C. Sagebiel, and J. McDonald. (2003). Central Carolina Vehicle Particulate Emissions Study. In Society of Automotive Engineers International Conference Proceedings. SAE Paper No. 2003-01-0299. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
   Google Scholar
• A. K. Lund, T. L. Knuckles, C. Obot Akata, R. Shohet, J. D. McDonald, A. Gigliotti, J. C. Seagrave, and M. J. Campen. (2007). Gasoline exhaust emissions induce vascular remodeling pathways involved in atherosclerosis. Toxicol. Sci. 95:485–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. C. Lloyd, and T. A. Cackette. (2001). Diesel engines: Environmental impact and control. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 51:809–847.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J. D. McDonald, E. B. Barr, R. K. White, J. C. Chow, J. J. Schauer, B. Zielinska, and E. Grosjean. (2004). Generation and characterization of four dilutions of diesel engine exhaust for a subchronic inhalation study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:2513–2522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. D. McDonald, R. K. White, E. B. Barr, B. Zielinska, J. C. Chow, and E. Grosjean. (2006). Generation and characterization of hardwood smoke inhalation exposure atmospheres. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 40:573–584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. D. McDonald, M. D. Reed, M. J. Campen, E. G. Barrett, J. Seagrave, and J. L. Mauderly. (2007). Health effects of inhaled gasoline engine emissions. Inhal. Toxicol. 19:S107–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Environmental Respiratory Center (NERC). Available at www.nercenter.org
   Google Scholar
• A. Peters, S. von Klot, M. Heier, I. Trentinaglia, A. Hormann, H. E. Wichmann, and H. Lowel. (2004). Exposure to traffic and the onset of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 351:1721–1730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. C. Phuleria, M. D. Geller, P. M. Fine, and C. Sioutas. (2006). Size-resolved emissions of organic tracers from light- and heavy-duty vehicles measured in a California roadway tunnel. Environ Sci. Technol. 40:4109–4118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. D. Reed, A. P. Gigliotti, J. D. McDonald, J. C. Seagrave, S. K. Seilkop, and J. L. Mauderly. (2004). Health effects of subchronic exposure to environmental levels of diesel exhaust. Inhal. Toxicol. 16:177–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. D. Reed, M. J. Campen, A. P. Gigliotti, K. S. Harrod, J. D. McDonald, J. C. Seagrave, J. L. Mauderly, and S. K. Seilkop. (2006). Health effects of subchronic exposure to environmental levels of hardwood smoke. Inhal. Toxicol. 18:523–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Riediker, W. E. Cascio, T. R. Griggs, M. C. Herbst, P. A. Bromberg, L. Neas, R. W. Williams, and R. B. Devlin. (2004). Particulate matter exposure in cars is associated with cardiovascular effects in healthy young men. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 169:934–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. A. Robert, S. VanBergen, M. J. Kleeman, and C. A. Jakober. (2007). Size and composition distributions of particulate matter emissions: Part 1–light-duty gasoline vehicles. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 57:1414–1428.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J. J. Schauer, W. F. Rogge, L. M. Hildemann, M. A. Mazurek, and G. R. Cass. (1996). Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers. Atmos. Environ. 30:3837–3855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. J. Schauer, M. J. Kleeman, G. R. Cass, and B. R. T. Simoneit. (2002). Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 5. C1-C32 organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:1169–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. J. Schauer, C. G. Christensen, D. B. Kittelson, J. P. Johnson, and W. F. Watts. (2008). Impact of ambient temperatures and driving conditions on the chemical composition of particulate matter emissions from non-smoking gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 42:210–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. C. Seagrave, J. D. McDonald, A. P. Gigliotti, K. J. Nikula, S. K. Seilkop, M. Gurevich, and J. L. Mauderly. (2002). Mutagenicity and in vivo toxicity of combined particulate and semivolatile organic fractions of gasoline and diesel engine emissions. Toxicol. Sci. 70:212–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. C. Seagrave, J. D. McDonald, E. Bedrick, E. S. Edgerton, A. P. Gigliotti, J. J. Jansen, L. Ke, L. P. Naeher, S. K. Seilkop, M. Zheng, and J. L. Mauderly. (2006). Lung toxicity of ambient particulate matter from southeastern US sites with different contributing sources: Relationships between composition and effects. Environ. Health Perspect. 114:1387–1393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. H. Seinfeld, and S. N. Pandis. (1998). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change. New York: Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• B. Zielinska, J. Sagebiel, J. D. McDonald, K. Whitney, and D. R. Lawson. (2004). Emission rates and comparative chemical composition from selected in-use diesel and gasoline fueled vehicles. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 54:1138–1150.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar