Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Elemental Mercury Ingestion and Inhalation: A Case Study

REFERENCES

• Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry . ( 1992 ). Mercury toxicity . American Family Physician , 46 , 1731 – 1741 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen , O. , & Aaseth , J. ( 2002 ). Molecular mechanisms of in vivo metal chelation: Implications for clinical treatment of metal intoxications . Environmental Health Perspectives , 110 ( Suppl. 5 ), 887 – 890 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bench , C. J. , Frith , C. D. , Grasby , P. M. , Friston , K. J. , Paulesu , E. , Frackowiak , R. S. , & Dolan , R. J. ( 1993 ). Investigations of the functional anatomy of attention using the Stroop Test . Neuropsychologia , 31 , 907 – 922 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittner , A. C. , Jr. , Echeverria , D. , Woods , J. S. , Aposhian , H. V. , Naleway , C. , et al. . ( 1998 ). Behavioral effects of low-level exposure to Hg among dental professionals: A cross-study evaluation of psychomotor effects . Neurotoxicology and Teratology , 20 , 429 – 439 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluhm , R. E. , Bobbitt , R. G. , Welch , L. W. , Wood , A. J. , Bonfiglio , J. F. , et al. . ( 1992 ). Elemental mercury vapour toxicity, treatment, and prognosis after acute, intensive exposure in chloralkali plant workers. Part I: History, neuropsychological findings and chelator effects . Human & Experimental Toxicology , 11 , 201 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boening , D. W. ( 2000 ). Ecological effects, transport, and fate of mercury: A general review . Chemosphere , 40 , 1335 – 1351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradberry , S. M. , Feldman , M. A. , Braithwaite , R. A. , Shortland-Webb , W. , & Vale , J. A. ( 1996 ). Elemental mercury-induced skin granuloma: A case report and review of the literature . Journal of Toxicology—Clinical Toxicology , 34 , 209 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt , J. , & Benedict , R. H. B. ( 2001 ). Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised . Professional manual . Lutz , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Buchet , J. P. , Roels , H. , Berbard , A. , & Lauwerys , R. ( 1980 ). Assessment of renal function of workers exposed to inorganic lead, cadmium or mercury vapor . Journal of Occupational Medicine , 22 , 741 – 750 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buffett-Jerrott , S. E. , & Stewart , S. H. ( 2002 ). Cognitive and sedative effects of benzodiazepine use . Current Pharmaceutical Design , 8 , 45 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camerino , D. , Buratti , M. , Rubino , F. M. , Somaruga , C. , Belluigi , V. , et al. . ( 2002 , May/June ). Evaluation of the neurotoxic and nephrotoxic effects following long-term exposure to metallic mercury in [workers] employed at a chlorine/sodium-hydroxide plant [Italian] . Medicina del Lavoro , 93 , 238 – 250 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell , D. , Gonzales , M. , & Sullivan , J. B. ( 1992 ). Mercury . In J. B. Sullivan & G. R. Kreiger (Eds.), Hazardous materials toxicology (pp. 824 – 833 ). Baltimore , MD : Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Clarkson , T. W. ( 2002 ). The three modern faces of mercury . Environmental Health Perspectives , 110 ( Suppl. 1 ), 11 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson , T. W. , Magos , L. , & Myers , G. J. ( 2003 ). The toxicology of mercury—current exposures and clinical manifestations . The New England Journal of Medicine , 349 , 1731 – 1737 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements , J. C. , & McIntyre , P. B. ( 2006 ). When science is not enough—A risk/benefit profile of the thiomersal-containing vaccines . Expert Opinion on Drug Safety , 5 , 17 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. A. , & Kaplan , M. M. ( 1979 ). The SGOT/SGPT ratio—An indicator of alcoholic liver disease . Digestive Diseases & Sciences , 24 , 835 – 838 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Zelicourt , M. , Dardennes , R. , Verdoux , H. , Gandhi , G. , Khoshnood , B. , et al. . ( 2003 ). Frequency of hospitalisations and inpatient care costs of manic episodes in patients with bipolar I disorder in France . Pharmacoeconomics , 21 , 1081 – 1090 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Zubicaray , G. , & Ashton , R. ( 1996 ). Nelson's (1976) Modified Card Sorting Test: A review . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 10 , 245 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doja , A. , & Roberts , W. (2006). Immunizations and autism: A review of the literature. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , 33, 341–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duka , T. , Townshend , J. M. , Collier , K. , & Stephens , D. N. ( 2003 ). Impairment in cognitive functions after multiple detoxifications in alcoholic inpatients . Alcoholism, Clinical & Experimental Research , 27 , 1563 – 1572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echeverria , D. ( 2002 ). Mercury and dentists . Occupational & Environmental Medicine , 59 , 285 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echeverria , D. , Aposhian , V. , Woods , J. S. , Heyer , N. J. , Aposhian , M. M. , et al. . ( 1998 ). Neurobehavioral effects from exposure to dental amalgam Hgo: New distinctions between recent exposure and Hg body burden . Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) Journal , 12 , 971 – 980 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echeverria , D. , Heyer , N. J. , Martin , M. D. , Naleway , C. A. , Woods , J. S. , & Bittner , A. C. ( 1995 ). Behavioral effects of low-level exposure to Hgo among dentists . Neurotoxicology and Teratology , 17 , 161 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias , M. F. , Wolf , P. A. , D'Agostino , R. B. , Cobb , J. , & White , L. R. ( 1993 ). Untreated blood pressure level is inversely related to cognitive functioning: The Framingham Study . American Journal of Epidemiology , 138 , 353 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias , P. K. , D'Agostino , R. B. , Elias , M. F. , & Wolf , P. A. ( 1995 ). Blood pressure, hypertension, and age as risk factors for poor cognitive performance . Experimental Aging Research , 21 , 393 – 417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eto , K. ( 2000 ). Minamata disease . Neuropathology , 20 , S14 – S19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eto , K. , Takizawa , Y. , Akagi , H. , Haraguchi , K. , Asano , S. , et al. . ( 1999 ). Differential diagnosis between organic and inorganic mercury poisoning in human cases—The pathologic point of view . Toxicologic Pathology , 27 , 664 – 671 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , H. L. ( 1998 ). Mercury . In W. N. Rom (Ed.), Environmental and occupational medicine (pp. 997 – 1003 ). Philadelphia : Lippincott-Raven .
   Google Scholar
• Folstein , M. F. , Folstein , S. E. , & McHugh , P. R. ( 1975 ). Mini-mental state . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 , 189 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friberg , L. , Nordberg , G. F. , & Vouk , V. B. (Eds.). ( 1979 ). Handbook on the toxicology of metals (pp. 503 – 526 ). Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Gerlach , J. ( 2002 ). Improving outcome in schizophrenia: The potential importance of EPS and neuroleptic dysphoria . Annals of Clinical Psychiatry , 14 , 47 – 57 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilbert , S. G. , & Grant-Webster , K. S. ( 1995 ). Neurobehavioral effects of developmental methylmercury exposure . Environmental Health Perspectives , 103 ( Suppl. 6 ), 135 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden , C. J. ( 1976 ). The diagnosis of brain damage by the Stroop Test . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 32 , 654 – 658 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden , C. J. ( 1978 ). A manual for the Stroop Color and Word Test . Chicago : Stoelting Co.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzales-Ramirez , D. , Mairino , R. M. , Zuniga-Charles , M. Z. , Hurlbut , K. M. , Junco-Munoz , P. , et al. . ( 1995 ). Sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate challenge test for mercury in humans. II. Urinary mercury, porphyrins, and neurobehavioral changes of dental workers in Monterrey, Mexico . Journal of Pharmacological and Experimental Therapy , 272 , 264 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodglass , H. , & Kaplan , E. ( 1972 ). The assessment of aphasia and related disorders . Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin , F. K. , & Jamison , K. R. ( 1990 ). Manic-depressive illness . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goswami , U. , Sharma , A. , Khastigir , U. , Ferrier , I. N. , Young , A. H. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Neuropsychological dysfunction, soft neurological signs and social disability in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry , 188 , 366 – 373 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenblatt , D. J. , Divoll , M. K. , Abernethy , D. R. , Ochs , H. R. , Harmatz , J. S. , & Shader , R. I. ( 1989 ). Age and gender effects on chlordiazepoxide kinetics: Relation to antipyrine disposition . Pharmacology , 38 , 327 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halbach , S. , & Clarkson , T. W. ( 1978 ). Enzymatic oxidation of mercury vapor by erythrocytes . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , 523 , 522 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haut , M. W. , Morrow , L. A. , Pool , D. , Callahan , T. S. , Haut , J. S. , & Franzen , M. D. ( 1999 ). Neurobehavioral effects of acute exposure to inorganic mercury vapor . Applied Neuropsychology , 6 , 193 – 200 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hildebrandt , H. , Brokate , B. , Eling , P. , & Lanz , M. ( 2004 ). Response shifting and inhibition, but not working memory, are impaired after long-term heavy alcohol consumption . Neuropsychology , 18 , 203 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hua , M. S. , Huang , C. C. , & Yang , Y. J. ( 1996 ). Chronic elemental mercury intoxication: Neuropsychological follow-up case study . Brain Injury , 10 , 377 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , D. E. ( 1999 ). Special considerations in interpreting liver function tests . American Family Physician , 59 , 2223 – 2230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kales , S. N. , & Goldman , R. H. ( 2002 ). Mercury exposure: Current concepts, controversies, and a clinic's experience . Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 44 , 143 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , E. F. , Goodglass , H. , & Weintraub , S. ( 1983 ). The Boston Naming Test () , 2nd ed. . Philadelphia , PA : Lea & Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Korogi , Y. , Takahashi , M. , Hirai , T. , Ikushima , I. , Kitajima , M. , et al. . ( 1997 ). Representation of the visual field in the striate cortex: Comparison of MR findings with visual field deficits in organic mercury poisoning (Minamata disease) . American Journal of Neuroradiology , 18 , 1127 – 1130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langolf , G. D. , Chaffin , D. B. , Henderson , R. , & Whittle , H. P. ( 1978 ). Evaluation of workers exposed to elemental mercury using quantitative tests of tremor and neuromuscular functions . American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal , 39 , 976 – 984 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langworth , S. , Almkvist , O. , Soderman , E. , & Wikstrom , B. O. ( 1992 , August ). Effects of occupational exposure to mercury vapour on the central nervous system . British Journal of Industrial Medicine , 49 , 545 – 555 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lebel , J. , Mergler , D. , Lucotte , M. , Amorim , M. , Dolbec , J. , et al. . ( 1996 ). Evidence of early nervous system dysfunction in Amazonian populations exposed to low-levels of methylmercury . Neurotoxicology , 17 , 157 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lech , T. , & Goszcz , H. ( 2006 ). Poisoning from aspiration of elemental mercury . Clinical Toxicology , 44 , 333 – 336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letz , R. , Gerr , F. , Cragle , D. , Green . R. C. , Watkins , J. , & Fidler , A. T. ( 2000 , August 21 ). Residual neurologic deficits 30 years after occupational exposure to elemental mercury . Neurotoxicology , 4 , 459 – 474 .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , J. L. , & Lim , P. S. ( 1993 ). Massive oral ingestion of elemental mercury . Journal of Toxicology—Clinical Toxicology , 31 , 487 – 492 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litvak , P. F. , Hasselgren , G. , Jacobs , D. , Begg , M. , Kline , J. , et al. . ( 2003 ). Mercury derived from dental amalgams and neuropsychologic function . Environmental Health Perspectives , 111 , 719 – 723 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucchini , R. , Cortesi , I. , Facco , P. , Benedetti , L. , Camerino , D. , et al. . ( 2002 ). Neurotoxic effect of exposure to low doses of mercury [Italian] . Medicina del Lavoro , 93 , 202 – 214 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin , M. D. , & Naleway , C. ( 2004 ). The inhibition of mercury absorption by dietary ethanol in humans: Cross-sectional and case-control studies . Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 61 , 8 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinney , P. E. ( 1999 ). Elemental mercury in the appendix: An unusual complication of a Mexican–American folk remedy . Journal of Toxicology—Clinical Toxicology , 37 , 103 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer-Baron , M. , Schaeper , M. , & Seeber , A. ( 2002 ). A meta-analysis for neurobehavioral results due to occupational mercury exposure . Archives of Toxicology , 76 , 127 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , D. D. , Robinson , J. D. , & Mendenhall , C. L. ( 1981 ). Clinical pharmacokinetics of chlordiazepoxide in patients with alcoholic hepatitis . European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , 19 , 279 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council. (2000). Toxicological effects of methylmercury . Washington , DC : National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , H. E. ( 1976 ). A modified cart sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe defects . Cortex , 12 , 313 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , K. B. , & Bauman , M. L. ( 2003 ). Thimerosal and autism . Pediatrics , 111 , 674 – 679 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngim , C. H. , Foo , S. C. , Boey , K. , W., & Jeyaratnam , J. ( 1992 ). Chronic neurobehavioral effects of elemental mercury in dentists . British Journal of Industrial Medicine , 49 , 782 – 790 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nierenberg , D. W. , Nordgren , R. E. , Chang , M. B. , Siegler , R. W. , Blayney , M. B. , et al. . ( 1998 ). Delayed cerebellar disease and death after accidental exposure to dimethylmercury . New England Journal of Medicine , 338 , 1672 – 1676 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Carroll , R. E. , Masterton , G. , Dougall , N. , Ebmeier , K. P. , & Goodwin , G. M. ( 1995 ). The neuropsychiatric sequelae of mercury poisoning. The Mad Hatter's disease revisited . British Journal of Psychiatry , 167 , 95 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardo , J. V. , Pardo , P. J. , Janer , K. W. , & Raichle , M. E. ( 1990 ). The anterior cingulate cortex mediates processing selection in the Stroop attentional conflict paradigm . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science , 87 , 256 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons , O. A. ( 1987 ). Neuropsychological consequences of alcohol abuse: Many questions—Some answers . In O. A. Parsons , N. Butters , & P. E. Nathan (Eds.), Neuropsychology of alcoholism: Implications for diagnosis and treatment (pp. 153 – 175 ). New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Parsons , O. A. , & Leber , W. R. ( 1981 ). The relationship between cognitive dysfunction and brain damage in alcoholics: Causal, interactive, or epiphenomenal . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 5 , 326 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peele , P. B. , Xu , Y. , & Kupfer , D. J. ( 2003 ). Insurance expenditures on bipolar disorder: Clinical and parity implications . American Journal of Psychiatry , 160 , 1286 – 1290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perret , E. ( 1974 ). The frontal lobe of man and the suppression of habitual responses in verbal categorical behavior . Neuropsychologia , 12 , 323 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piikivi , L. , & Hanninen , H. ( 1989 ). Subjective symptoms and psychological performance of chloralkali workers . Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environmental, and Health , 15 , 69 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell , T. J. ( 2000 ). Chronic neurobehavioural effects of mercury poisoning on a group of Zulu chemical workers . Brain Injury , 14 , 797 – 814 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quraishi , S. , & Frangou , S. ( 2002 ). Neuropsychology of bipolar disorder: A review . Journal of Affective Disorders , 72 , 209 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliffe , H. E. , Swanson , G. M. , & Fisher , L. J. ( 1996 ). Human exposure to mercury: A critical assessment of adverse health effects . Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health , 49 , 221 – 270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. ( 1984 ). Aphasia and sensory-perceptual deficits in adults . Tucson , AZ : Neuropsychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. , & Wolfson , D. ( 1985 ). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Theory and clinical interpretation . Tucson , AZ : Neuropsychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rey , A. ( 1941 ). L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'encephalopathie traumatique . Archives de Psychologie , 28 , 286 – 340 .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , E. D. , Malloy , P. F. , Longabaugh , R. , Williams , J. , Noel , N. , & Beattie , M. C. ( 1991 ). Liver function tests and neuropsychologic impairment in substance abusers . Addictive Behaviors , 16 ( 1–2 ), 51 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie , K. A. , Gilmour , W. H. , Macdonald , E. B. , Burke , F. J. , McGowan , D. A. , et al. . ( 2002 , May ). Health and neuropsychological functioning of dentists exposed to mercury . Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 59 , 287 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , R. K. , Wilkinson , G. R. , Branch , R. A. , & Schenker , S. ( 1978 ). Effect of age and parenchymal liver disease on the disposition and elimination of chlordiazepoxide (librium) . Gastroenterology , 75 , 479 – 485 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roels , H. , Gennart , J. P. , Lauwerys , R. , Buchet , J. P. , Malchaire , J. , & Bernard , A. ( 1985 ). Surveillance of workers exposed to mercury vapour: Validation of a previously proposed biological threshold limit value for mercury concentration in urine . American Journal of Industrial Medicine , 7 , 45 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roels , H. , Lauwerys , R. , Buchet , J. P. , Bernard , A. , Barthels , A. , et al. . ( 1982 ). Comparison of renal function and psychomotor performance in workers exposed to elemental mercury . International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health , 50 , 77 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohling , M. L. , & Demakis , G. J. ( 2006 ). A meta-analysis of the neuropsychological effects of occupational exposure to mercury . Clinical Neuropsychologist , 20 , 108 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosman , A. S. ( 1992 ). Utility and evaluation of biochemical markers of alcohol consumption . Journal of Substance Abuse , 4 , 277 – 297 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Satar , S. , Toprak , N. , Gokel , Y. , & Sebe , A. ( 2001 ). Intoxication with 100 grams of mercury: A case report and importance of supportive therapy . European Journal of Emergency Medicine , 8 , 245 – 248 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savitz , J. , Solms , M. , & Ramesar , R. ( 2005 ). Neuropsychological dysfunction in bipolar affective disorder: A critical opinion . Bipolar Disorders , 7 , 216 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxe , S. R. , Snowdon , D. A. , Wekstein , M. W. , Henry , R. G. , Grant , F. T. , et al. . ( 1995 ). Dental amalgam and cognitive function in older women: Findings from the Nun Study . Journal of the American Dental Association , 126 , 1495 – 1501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schantz , S. L. , & Widholm , J. J. ( 2001 ). Cognitive effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in animals . Environmental Health Perspectives , 109 , 1197 – 1206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuckmann , F. ( 1979 ). Study of preclinical changes in workers exposed to inorganic mercury in chloralkali plants . International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health , 44 , 193 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro , I. M. , Cornblath , D. R. , Sumner , A. J. , Uzzell , B. , Spitz , L. K. , et al. . ( 1982 ). Neurophysiological and neuropsychological function in mercury-exposed dentists . Lancet , 1 ( 8282 ), 1147 – 1150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe , P. C. ( 2001 ). Biochemical detection and monitoring of alcohol abuse and abstinence . Annals of Clinical Biochemistry , 38 , 652 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikora , A. , & Langauer-Lewowicka , H. ( 1994 ). Assessment of early psychic dysfunctions due to metallic mercury [Polish] . Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska , 28 , 499 – 507 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sillanaukee , P. ( 1996 ). Laboratory markers of alcohol abuse . Alcohol & Alcoholism , 31 , 613 – 616 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A. ( 1982 ). Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Manual (revised). Los Angeles : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , R. G. , Vorwald , A. J. , Patil , L. S. , & Mooney , T. F. ( 1970 ). Effects of exposure to mercury in the manufacture of chlorine . American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal , 39 , 687 – 700 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , S. R. , Jaffee , D. M. , & Skinner , M. A. ( 1997 ). Case report of metallic mercury injury . Pediatric Emergency Care , 13 , 114 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spreen , O. , & Strauss , E. ( 1998 ). A compendium of neuropsychological tests () , 2nd ed. . New York : Oxford .
   Google Scholar
• Tune , L. E. , & Bylsma , F. W. ( 1991 ). Benzodiazepine-induced and anticholinergic-induced delirium in the elderly . International Psychogeriatrics , 3 , 397 – 408 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Urban , P. , Lukas , E. , Benicky , L. , & Moscovicova , E. ( 1996 ). Neurological and electrophysiological examination on workers exposed to mercury vapors . Neurotoxicology , 17 , 191 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uzzell , B. P. , & Oler , J. ( 1986 ). Chronic low-level mercury exposure and neuropsychological functioning . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 , 581 – 593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahter , M. E. , Mottet , N. K. , Friberg , L. T. , Lind , S. B. , Charleston , J. S. , & Burbacher , T. M. ( 1995 ). Demethylation of methyl mercury in different brain sites of Macaca fascicularis monkeys during long-term subclinical methyl mercury exposure . Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology , 134 , 273 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldstein , S. R. (1995). Hypertension and neuropsychological function: A lifespan perspective. Experimental Aging Research , 21, 321–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldstein , S. R. , Manuck , S. B. , Ryan , C. M. , & Muldoon , M. F. ( 1991 ). Neuropsychological correlates of hypertension: Review and methodological considerations . Psychological Bulletin , 110 , 451 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 1987 ). Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised: Manual . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 1997 ). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Third Edition: Administration and scoring manual . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 2001 ). Wechsler Test of Adult Reading: Administration and scoring manual . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Weil , M. , Bressler , J. , Parsons , P. , Bolla , K. , Glass , T. , & Schwartz , B. ( 2005 ). Blood mercury levels and neurobehavioral function . Journal of the American Medical Association , 293 , 1875 – 1882 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner , J. A. , & Nylander , M. ( 1993 ). The relationship between mercury concentration in human organs and different predictor variables . The Science of the Total Environment , 138 , 101 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , R. F. , Feldman , R. G. , Moss , M. B. , & Proctor , S. P. ( 1993 ). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), neurobehavioral testing, and toxic encephalopathy: Two cases . Environmental Research , 61 , 117 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , C. M. , & Skinner , A. E. G. ( 1990 ). The cognitive effects of alcohol abuse: A controlled study . British Journal of Addiction , 85 , 911 – 917 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williamson , A. M. , Teo , R. K. , & Sanderson , J. ( 1982 ). Occupational mercury exposure and its consequences for behavior . International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health , 50 , 273 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods , J. S. ( 2002 ). Mercury and the central nervous system . Environmental Health Perspectives , 110 , A177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . ( 1976 ). Mercury. Environmental health criteria 1 . Geneva : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Yesavage , J. A. , Brink , T. L. , Rose , T. L. , Lum , O. , Huang , V. , et al. . ( 1983 ). Development and validation of a geriatric depression scale: A preliminary report . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 17 , 37 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoo , E. M. , Valente , J. G. , Grattan , L. , Schmidt , S. L. , Platt , I. , & Silbergeld , E. K. ( 2003 ). Low level methylmercury exposure affects neuropsychological function in adults . Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source , 2 , 8 – 18 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zillmer , E. A. , Lucci , K. A. , Barth , J. T. , Peake , T. H. , & Spyker , D. A. ( 1986 ). Neurobehavioral sequelae of subcutaneous injection with metallic mercury . Journal of Toxicology—Clinical Toxicology , 24 , 91 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar