Combination of aerobic exercise and an arginine, alanine, and phenylalanine mixture increases fat mobilization and ketone body synthesis

References

• Batsis JA, Nieto-Martinez RE, Lopez-Jimenez F. Metabolic syndrome: from global epidemiology to individualized medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;82:509–524.10.1038/sj.clpt.6100355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou C, Shao J. Role of adipocytokines in obesity-associated insulin resistance. J Nutr Biochem. 2008;19:277–286.10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health. Office of medical applications of research: methods for voluntary weight loss and control, NIH Technology Assessment Conference Statement. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119(7):641–770.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jakicic JM. Exercise in the treatment of obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003;32:967–980.10.1016/S0889-8529(03)00075-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Sports Medicine. Clinical exercise testing. In: Whaley MH editor. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription 7th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. p. 93–114.
   Google Scholar
• Henriksen EJ. Invited review: effects of acute exercise and exercise training on insulin resistance. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93:788–796.10.1152/japplphysiol.01219.2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter EA, Kiens B, Mizuno M, et al. Insulin action in human thighs after one-legged immobilization. J Appl Physiol. 1989;67(1):19–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guoyao Wu. Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition. Amino Acids. 2009;37:1–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuttall FQ, Schweim KJ, Gannon MC. Effect of orally administered phenylalanine with and without glucose on insulin, glucagon and glucose concentrations. Horm Metab Res. 2006;38:518–523.10.1055/s-2006-949523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerich JE, Charles MA, Grodsky GM. Regulation of pancreatic insulin and glucagon secretion. Annu Rev Physiol. 1976;38:353–388.10.1146/annurev.ph.38.030176.002033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gannon MC, Nuttall JA, Nuttall FQ. The metabolic response to ingested glycine. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:1302–1307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malaisse-Lagae F, Welsh M, Lebrun P, et al. The stimulus-secretion coupling of amino acid-induced insulin release: secretory and oxidative response of pancreatic islets to L-asparagine. Diabetes. 1984;33:464–469.10.2337/diab.33.5.464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller WA, Aoki TT, Cahill GFJ. Effect of alanine and glycine on glucagon secretion in postabsorptive and fasting obese man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1975;40:418–425.10.1210/jcem-40-3-418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman DH, Spalding JA, Lacy DB, et al. Importance of intrahepatic mechanisms to gluconeogenesis from alanine during exercise and recovery. Am J Physiol. 1989;257:E108–E117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe RR, Nadel ER, Shaw JHF, et al. Role of changes in insulin and glucagon in glucose homeostasis in exercise. J Clin Invest. 1986;77:900–907.10.1172/JCI112388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan TM, Field BC, McCullough KA, et al. Coadministration of glucagon-like peptide-1 during glucagon infusion in humans results in increased energy expenditure and amelioration of hyperglycemia. Diabetes. 2013;62:1131–1138.10.2337/db12-0797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda K, Nakamura Y, Yamaguchi M, et al. Amino acid mixture enriched with arginine, alanine, and phenylalanine stimulates fat metabolism during exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exercise Metab. 2016;26:46–54.10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peronnet F, Massicotte D. Table of nonprotein resspiratory quotient: an update. Can J Sport Sci. 1991;16:23–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koschinsky T, Gries FA. Glycerol kinase and lipolysis in human adipose tissue in relation to relative body weight. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem. 1971;352(1):430–432.10.1515/bchm2.1971.352.1.430
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blecher M, Merlino NS, Ro’Ane JT, et al. Independence of the effects of epinephrine, glucagon, and adrenocorticotropin on glucose utilization from those on lipolysis in isolated rat adipose cells. J Biol Chem. 1969;244(13):3423–3429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahr R, Hansson P, Sejersted OM. Triglyceride/fatty acid cycling is increased after exercise. Metabolism. 1990;39(9):993–999.10.1016/0026-0495(90)90313-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe T, Inamori M, Iida K, et al. The activation of fatty acid metabolism by Vespa amino acid mixture (VAAM) and related nutrients during endurance exercise in mice. Adv Exercise Sports Physiol. 1997;3:35–44.
   Google Scholar
• Sasai H, Matsuo T, Fujita M, et al. Effects of regular exercise combined with ingestion of vespa amino acid mixture on aerobic fitness and cardiovascular disease risk factors in sedentary older women: a preliminary study. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2011;1:24–31.10.1111/ggi.2011.11.issue-1
   Google Scholar
• Howland RJ, Bond KD. Modulation by insulin and glucagon of noradrenaline-induced activation of isolated brown adipocytes from the rat. Eur J Biochem. 1987;169:155–166.10.1111/ejb.1987.169.issue-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Billington CJ, Bartness TJ, Briggs J, et al. Glucagon stimulation of brown adipose tissue growth and thermogenesis. Am J Physiol. 1987;252(1 Pt 2):R160–R165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernstrom JD, Fernstrom MH. Tyrosine, phenylalanine, and catecholamine synthesis and function in the brain. J Nutr. 2007;137:1539S–48S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gijsman HJ, Scarnà A, Harmer CJ, et al. A dose-finding study on the effects of branch chain amino acids on surrogate markers of brain dopamine function. Psychopharmacology. 2002;160:192–197.10.1007/s00213-001-0970-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McTavish SF, McPherson MH, Harmer CJ, et al. Antidopaminergic effects of dietary tyrosine depletion in healthy subjects and patients with manic illness. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;179:356–360.10.1192/bjp.179.4.356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moja EA, Lucini V, Benedetti F, et al. Decrease in plasma phenylalanine and tyrosine after phenylalanine-tyrosine free amino acid solutions in man. Life Sci. 1996;28:58(26):2389–2395.10.1016/0024-3205(96)00242-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McTavish SF, Cowen PJ, Sharp T. Effect of a tyrosine-free amino acid mixture on regional brain catecholamine synthesis and release. Psychopharmacology. 1999a;141:182–188.10.1007/s002130050823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McTavish SF, McPherson MH, Sharp T, et al. Attenuation of some subjective effects of amphetamine following tyrosine depletion. J Psychopharmacol. 1999b;13:144–147.10.1177/026988119901300205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elam RP. Morphological changes in adult males from resistance exercise and amino acid supplementation. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1988;28(1):35–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajac A, Poprzecki S, Zebrowska A, et al. Arginine and ornithine supplementation increases growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 serum levels after heavy-resistance exercise in strength-trained athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(4):1082–1090.10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d321ff
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suminski RR, Robertson RJ, Goss FL, et al. Acute effect of amino acid ingestion and resistance exercise on plasma growth hormone concentration in young men. Int J Sport Nutr. 1997;7:48–60.10.1123/ijsn.7.1.48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isidori A, Monaco AL, Cappa M. A study of growth hormone release in man after oral administration of amino acids. Curr Med Res Opin. 1981;7:475–481.10.1185/03007998109114287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar