Methods of synthesis, properties and biomedical applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates: a review

References

• Biron M. Chapter 2 – The plastics industry: economic overview. In: Biron M, editor. Thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites. 3rd ed. Norwich, NY: William Andrew Publishing; 2018. p. 31–132.
   Google Scholar
• Strong AB, Strong B. Plastics: materials and processing. London: Pearson; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Koller M, Maršálek L, de Sousa Dias MM. Producing microbial polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolyesters in a sustainable manner. New Biotechnol. 2017;37:24–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urtuvia V, Villegas P, González M, et al. Bacterial production of the biodegradable plastics polyhydroxyalkanoates. Int J Biol Macromol. 2014;70:208–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kourmentza C, Plácido J, Venetsaneas N, et al. Recent advances and challenges towards sustainable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production. Bioengineering 2017;4:55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rai R. Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates and its medical applications [dissertation]. London: University of Westminster; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Campos E, Branquinho J, Carreira AS, et al. Designing polymeric microparticles for biomedical and industrial applications. Eur Polym J. 2013;49:2005–2021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshavarz T, Roy I. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: bioplastics with a green agenda. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2010;13:321–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amache R, Sukan A, Safari M, et al. Advances in PHAs production. Chem Eng Trans. 2013;32:931–936.
   Google Scholar
• Visakh P. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), their Blends. Compos Nanocompos. 2014; 30:1.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez V, Herencias C, Jurkevitch E, et al. Engineering a predatory bacterium as a proficient killer agent for intracellular bio-products recovery: the case of the polyhydroxyalkanoates. Sci Rep. 2016;6:24381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchessault RH, Yu G. Crystallization and material properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates PHAs. In Biopolymers Online: Biology• Chemistry• Biotechnology• Applications. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2005. p. 526.
   Google Scholar
• Goh L-K, Purama RK, Sudesh K. Enhancement of stress tolerance in the polyhydroxyalkanoate producers without mobilization of the accumulated granules. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2014;172:1585–1598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee K-M, Gilmore DF. Formulation and process modeling of biopolymer (polyhydroxyalkanoates: PHAs) production from industrial wastes by novel crossed experimental design. Process Biochem. 2005;140:229–246.
   Google Scholar
• Xie C-H, Yokota A. Reclassification of Alcaligenes latus strains IAM 12599T and IAM 12664 and Pseudomonas saccharophila as Azohydromonas lata gen. nov., comb. nov., Azohydromonas australica sp. nov. and Pelomonas saccharophila gen. nov., comb. nov., respectively. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2005;55:2419–2425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doi Y. Microbial polyesters. New York: VCH; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Chee J-Y, Yoga S-S, Lau N-S, et al. Bacterially produced polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): converting renewable resources into bioplastics. Curr Res Technol Educ Topics Appl Microbiol Microb Biotechnol. 2010;2:1395–1404.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson AJ, Dawes EA. Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microbiol Rev. 1990;54:450–472.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loo CY, Polyhydroxyalkanoates SK. bio-based microbial plastics and their properties. Malay Polym J. 2007;2:31–57.
   Google Scholar
• Bugnicourt E, Cinelli P, Lazzeri A, et al. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): review of synthesis, characteristics, processing and potential applications in packaging. Express Polym Lett. 2014;8:791–808.
   Google Scholar
• Tan G-Y, Chen C-L, Li L, et al. Start a research on biopolymer polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): a review. Polymers 2014;6:706–754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaharia C, Vasile E, Galateanu B, et al. Bacterial cellulose-polyhydroxyalkanoates composites synthesis, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation for tissue engineering. Mater Plast. 2014;51:1–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Yin J, Chen G-Q. Polyhydroxyalkanoates, challenges and opportunities. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2014;30:59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu C, Chen Q. Polyhydroxyalkanoate-based biomaterials for applications in biomedical engineering. Adv Healthc Mater. 2014;1:439–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ke Y, Zhang X, Ramakrishna S, et al. Reactive blends based on polyhydroxyalkanoates: Preparation and biomedical application. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2017;70:1107–1119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luef K, Stelzer F, Wiesbrock F. Poly (hydroxy alkanoate) s in medical applications. ChemBiochemEngQ. 2015;29:287–297.
   Google Scholar
• Yasotha K, Aroua M, Ramachandran K, et al. Recovery of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) through enzymatic digestion treatments and ultrafiltration. Biochem Eng J. 2006;30:260–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satoh H, Mino T, Matsuo T. PHA production by activated sludge. Int J Biol Macromol. 1999;25:105–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua AS, Takabatake H, Satoh H, et al. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by activated sludge treating municipal wastewater: effect of pH, sludge retention time (SRT), and acetate concentration in influent. Water Res. 2003;37:3602–3611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinecke F, SteinbÜChel A. A. Ralstonia eutropha strain H16 as model organism for PHA metabolism and for biotechnological production of technically interesting biopolymers. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;16:91–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laycock B, Halley P, Pratt S, et al. The chemomechanical properties of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Prog Polym Sci. 2013;38:536–583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey D. Nanoparticle-coated poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) granules for biomedical applications. [dissertation]: Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Chen G-Q. A microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) based bio-and materials industry. Chem Soc Rev. 2009;38:2434–2446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojumu T, Yu J, Solomon B. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates, a bacterial biodegradable polymers. Afr J Biotechnol. 2004;3:18–24.
   Google Scholar
• Khanna S, Srivastava AK. Recent advances in microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Process Biochem. 2005;40:607–619.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller M. Biodegradable and biocompatible polyhydroxy-alkanoates (PHA): auspicious microbial macromolecules for pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications. Molecules 2018;23:362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butt FI, Muhammad N, Hamid A, et al. Recent progress in the utilization of biosynthesized polyhydroxyalkanoates for biomedical applications–review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018; 120:1294–1305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanadchangsaeng NS. Chemomechanical properties and degradability of polyhydroxyalkanoates: a review. Bull Health Sci Technol. 2014;12:9–21.
   Google Scholar
• Rai R, Keshavarz T, Roether J, et al. Medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates, promising new biomedical materials for the future. Mater Sci Eng R Rep. 2011;72:29–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bear MM, Mallarde D, Langlois V, et al. Natural and artificial functionalized biopolyesters. II. Medium-chain length polyhydroxyoctanoates from Pseudomonas strains. J Environ Polym Degrad. 1999;7:179–184.
   Google Scholar
• Deng Y, Zhao K, Zhang X-F, et al. Study on the three-dimensional proliferation of rabbit articular cartilage-derived chondrocytes on polyhydroxyalkanoate scaffolds. Biomaterials 2002;23:4049–4056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams SF, Martin DP, Horowitz DM, et al. PHA applications: addressing the price performance issue: I. Tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol. 1999;25:111–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazer B. Amphiphilic poly (3-hydroxy alkanoate)s: potential candidates for medical applications. Int J Polym Sci. 2010; 2010:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Niaounakis M. Definitions of terms and types of biopolymers. In Biopolymers: applications and trends. Reino Unido, William Andrew Publishing; 2015. p. 1–90.
   Google Scholar
• Kalia VC. Biotechnological applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Berlin: Springer; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Leong YK, Show PL, Ooi CW, et al. Current trends in polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) biosynthesis: insights from the recombinant Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol. 2014;180:52–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verlinden RA, Hill DJ, Kenward M, et al. Bacterial synthesis of biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates. J Appl Microbiol. 2007;102:1437–1449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Cuellar M, Alba-Flores J, Rodríguez JG, et al. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) with canola oil as carbon source. Int J Biol Macromol. 2011;48:74–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopi S, Kontopoulou M, Ramsay BA, et al. Manipulating the structure of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate (MCL-PHA) to enhance thermal properties and crystallization kinetics. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;119:1248–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerrone F, Choudhari SK, Davis R, et al. Medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl-PHA) production from volatile fatty acids derived from the anaerobic digestion of grass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014;98:611–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wecker P, Moppert X, Simon-Colin C, et al. Discovery of a mcl-PHA with unexpected biotechnical properties: the marine environment of French Polynesia as a source for PHA-producing bacteria. Amb Express. 2015;5:74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poblete-Castro I, Binger D, Oehlert R, et al. Comparison of mcl-Poly (3-hydroxyalkanoates) synthesis by different Pseudomonas putida strains from crude glycerol: citrate accumulates at high titer under PHA-producing conditions. BMC Biotechnol. 2014;14:962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhr A, Rechberger EM, Salerno A, et al. Novel description of mcl-PHA biosynthesis by Pseudomonas chlororaphis from animal-derived waste. J Biotechnol. 2013;165:45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma P, Munir R, Blunt W, et al. Synthesis and physical properties of polyhydroxyalkanoate polymers with different monomer compositions by recombinant Pseudomonas putida LS46 expressing a novel PHA SYNTHASE (PhaC1 16) enzyme. Appl Sci. 2017;7:242.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuge T. Metabolic improvements and use of inexpensive carbon sources in microbial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates. J Biosci Bioeng. 2002;94:579–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanadchangsaeng N, Kitagawa A, Yamamoto T, et al. Identification, biosynthesis, and characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer consisting of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxy-4-methylvalerate. Biomacromolecules 2009;10:2866–2874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raza ZA, Riaz S, Banat IM. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: properties and chemical modification approaches for their functionalization. Biotechnol Progress. 2018;34:29–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim G, Bang K, Kim Y, et al. Preparation and characterization of native poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) microspheres from Ralstonia eutropha. Biotechnol Lett. 2000;22:1487–1492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padermshoke A, Katsumoto Y, Sato H, et al. Surface melting and crystallization behavior of polyhydroxyalkanoates studied by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. Polymer 2004;45:6547–6554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang H-X, Zabihi F, Zhang X-Z, et al. The crystallization, melting behaviors and thermal stability of cross-linked poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by Octavinyloctasilasesquioxane. Chin J Polym Sci. 2018;36:1353–1360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis L, Meng D, Locke IC, et al. Novel poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate) composite films containing bioactive glass nanoparticles for wound healing applications. Polym Int. 2016;65:661–674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Możejko-Ciesielska J, Kiewisz R. Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates: still fabulous? Microbiol Res. 2016;192:271–282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Volova T, Vinogradova O, Zhila N, et al. Physicochemical properties of multicomponent polyhydroxyalkanoates: novel aspects. Polym Sci Ser A. 2017;59:98–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Yang J. Loh XJ. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: opening doors for a sustainable future. NPG Asia Mater. 2016;8:265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang H, Chen W, Chen Z, et al. Significant accelerated crystallization of long chain branched poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) with high nucleation temperature under fast cooling rate. Compos Sci Technol. 2017;142:207–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang H, Chen Z, Zheng N, et al. Melt-spun microbial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) fibers with enhanced toughness: synergistic effect of heterogeneous nucleation, long-chain branching and drawing process. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019;122:1136–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z-y, Xiang H-X, Z-X H, et al. Enhanced mechanical properties of melt-spun bio-based PHBV fibers: effect of heterogeneous nucleation and drawing process. Acta Polym Sin. 2017;7:1121–1129.
   Google Scholar
• Anjum A, Zuber M, Zia KM, et al. Microbial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and its copolymers: a review of recent advancements. Int J Biol Macromol. 2016;89:161–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng D-C, Chen G-Q. Synthetic biology of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). In Synthetic biology–metabolic engineering. Berlin: Springer; 2017. p. 147–174.
   Google Scholar
• Sanhueza C, Acevedo F, Rocha S, et al. Polyhydroxyalkanoates as biomaterial for electrospun scaffolds. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019 ;124:102–110. 2019/03/01/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Shishatskaya EI, Volova TG, et al. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) for therapeutic applications. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2018;86:144–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudesh K. Polyhydroxyalkanoates from palm oil: biodegradable plastics. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Liao Q. Biodegradable poly (hydroxyalkanoates): melt, solid, and foam. Stanford, CA: Stanford University; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao K, Deng Y, Chun Chen J, et al. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) scaffolds with good mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Biomaterials 2003;24:1041–1045. 2003/03/01/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams DF. On the mechanisms of biocompatibility. Biomaterials 2008;29(20):2941–2953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degeratu C, Mabilleau G, Aguado E, et al. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHBV) fibers obtained by a wet spinning method: good in vitro cytocompatibility but absence of in vivo biocompatibility when used as a bone graft. Morphologie 2019.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kovalcik A, Obruca S, Fritz I, et al. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: their importance and future. BioResources 2019;14:2468–2471.
   Google Scholar
• Akaraonye E, Keshavarz T, Roy I. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates: the future green materials of choice. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2010;85:732–743.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazer B, Steinbüchel A. Increased diversification of polyhydroxyalkanoates by modification reactions for industrial and medical applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007;74:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandi H, Bachofen R, Mayer J, et al. Degradation and applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Can J Microbiol. 1995;41:143–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrivastav A, Kim H-Y, Kim Y-R. Advances in the applications of polyhydroxyalkanoate nanoparticles for novel drug delivery system. BioMed Res Int. 2013;2013:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Zinn M, Witholt B, Egli T. Occurrence, synthesis and medical application of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001;53:5–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller M, Hesse P, Bona R, et al. Potential of various archae‐and eubacterial strains as industrial polyhydroxyalkanoate producers from whey. Macromol Biosci. 2007;7:218–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu X-H, Wu Q, Liang J, et al. Effect of 3-hydroxyhexanoate content in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) on in vitro growth and differentiation of smooth muscle cells. Biomaterials 2006;27:2944–2950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jendrossek D, Handrick R. Microbial degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2002;56:403–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai Z-W, Zou X-H, Chen G-Q, et al. (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) as an injectable implant system for prevention of post-surgical tissue adhesion. Biomaterials 2009;30:3075–3083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volova TG, Boyandin AN, Vasiliev AD, et al. Biodegradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) in tropical coastal waters and identification of PHA-degrading bacteria. Polym Degrad Stab. 2010;95:2350–2359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freier T. Biopolyesters in tissue engineering applications. In Polymers for Regenerative Medicine. Berlin: Springer; 2006;vol. 203. p. 1–61.
   Google Scholar
• Brigham CJ, Sinskey AJ. Applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates in the medical industry. Int J Biotechnol Wellness Ind. 2012;1:52.
   Google Scholar
• Numata K, Abe H, Iwata T. Biodegradability of poly (hydroxyalkanoate) materials. Materials 2009;2:1104–1126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumagai Y, Doi Y. Enzymatic degradation and morphologies of binary blends of microbial poly (3-hydroxy butyrate) with poly (ε-caprolactone), poly (1, 4-butylene adipate and poly (vinyl acetate). Polym Degrad Stabil. 1992;36:241–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen G-Q, Zhang J, Wang Y. White Biotechnology for biopolymers: hydroxyalkanoates and polyhydroxyalkanoates: production and applications. In Industrial Biorefineries & White Biotechnology. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2015. p. 555–574.
   Google Scholar
• Valappil SP, Misra SK, Boccaccini AR, et al. Biomedical applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates, an overview of animal testing and in vivo responses. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2006;3:853–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray S, Kalia VC. Biomedical applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Indian J Microbiol. 2017;57:261–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sodian R, Hoerstrup SP, Sperling JS, et al. Early in vivo experience with tissue-engineered trileaflet heart valves. Circulation 2000;102:Iii-22–Iii-29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nehrer S, Breinan HA, Ramappa A, et al. Canine chondrocytes seeded in type I and type II collagen implants investigated in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res. 1997;38:95–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams SF, Martin DP. Applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) in medicine and pharmacy. Biopolymers online: biology• chemistry• biotechnology• applications. Weinheim: Wiley VCH; 2005. p. 4.
   Google Scholar
• Dinjaski N, Fernández-Gutiérrez M, Selvam S, et al. PHACOS, a functionalized bacterial polyester with bactericidal activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biomaterials 2014;35:14–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor S, Szwej E, Nikodinovic-Runic J, et al. The anti-cancer activity of a cationic anti-microbial peptide derived from monomers of polyhydroxyalkanoate. Biomaterials 2013;34:2710–2718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen G-Q. Plastics completely synthesized by bacteria: polyhydroxyalkanoates. In Plastics from bacteria. Berlin: Springer; 2010. p. 17–37.
   Google Scholar
• Das S, Dowding JM, Klump KE, et al. Cerium oxide nanoparticles: applications and prospects in nanomedicine. Nanomedicine 2013;8:1483–1508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin DP, Williams SF. Medical applications of poly-4-hydroxybutyrate: a strong flexible absorbable biomaterial. Biochem Eng J. 2003;16:97–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljungberg C, Johansson‐Ruden G, et al. Neuronal survival using a resorbable synthetic conduit as an alternative to primary nerve repair. Microsurgery: Official Journal of the International Microsurgical Society and the European Federation of Societies for. Microsurgery 1999;19:259–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Wang Z-H, Shen C-Y, et al. Differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells grown in terpolyesters of 3-hydroxyalkanoates scaffolds into nerve cells. Biomaterials 2010;31:1691–1698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novikova LN, Pettersson J, Brohlin M, et al. Biodegradable poly-β-hydroxybutyrate scaffold seeded with Schwann cells to promote spinal cord repair. Biomaterials 2008;29:1198–1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen G-Q, Wang Y. Medical applications of biopolyesters polyhydroxyalkanoates. Chin J Polym Sci. 2013;31:719–736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams JK, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Regenerative medicine approaches for tissue engineered heart valves. In Principles of regenerative medicine. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2019. p. 1041–1058.
   Google Scholar
• Vigneswari S, Chai J, Shantini K, et al. Designing novel interfaces via surface functionalization of short-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates. Adv Polym Technol. 2019;2019:1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacheco DP, Amaral MH, Reis RL, et al. Development of an injectable PHBV microparticles-GG hydrogel hybrid system for regenerative medicine. Int J Pharm. 2015;478:398–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choiniere P. Development of polyhydroxyalkanoate nanoparticles for cancer therapy. 2015;1–43.
   Google Scholar
• Jain R, Kosta S, Tiwari A. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: important in cancer and other drug discovery systems. Indian J Cancer. 2010;47:87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller M, Hesse P, Bona R, et al. Biosynthesis of high quality polyhydroxyalkanoate co‐and terpolyesters for potential medical application by the archaeon Haloferax mediterranei. Macromol Symp. 2007;253:33–39.
   Google Scholar
• Kalia VC, Ray S, Patel SK, et al. Applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates and their metabolites as drug carriers. In Biotechnological applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Berlin: Springer; 2019. p. 35–48.
   Google Scholar
• Papaneophytou C, Katsipis G, Halevas E, et al. Polyhydroxyalkanoates applications in drug carriers. In Biotechnological applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Berlin: Springer; 2019. p.77–124.
   Google Scholar
• Li Z, Lim J. Biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates nanocarriers for drug delivery applications. In Stimuli responsive polymeric nanocarriers for drug delivery applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2018; vol. 1. p. 607–634.
   Google Scholar
• Iqbal HM, Keshavarz T. Bioinspired polymeric carriers for drug delivery applications. In Stimuli responsive polymeric nanocarriers for drug delivery applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2018; vol. 1. p. 377–404.
   Google Scholar
• Pramual S, Assavanig A, Bergkvist M, et al. Development and characterization of bio-derived polyhydroxyalkanoate nanoparticles as a delivery system for hydrophobic photodynamic therapy agents. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2016;27:40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agirtas S, Ion R-M, Bekaroglu O. Spectral study of the supramolecular assemblies porphyrins–phthalocyanines. Mater Sci Eng C. 1999;7:105–110.
   Google Scholar
• Susan M, Baldea I, Senila S, et al. Photodamaging effects of porphyrins and chitosan on primary human keratinocytes and carcinoma cell cultures. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50:280–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neagu M, Manda G, Constantin C, et al. Synthetic porphyrins in experimental photodynamic therapy induce a different antitumoral effect. J Porphyrins Phthalocyanines. 2007;11:58–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ion R-M. Porphyrins and phthalocyanines: photosensitizers and photocatalysts. In Phthalocyanines and Some Current Applications. London: IntechOpen Limited. 2017; vol. 9. p. 189–222.
   Google Scholar
• Pandey J, Gupta S. Bioplastics: need for the future. International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research 2015;2:1–13.
   Google Scholar