Ocular Complications Following COVID-19 Vaccination – Coincidence, Correlation, or Causation?

References

• World Health Organization Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/. Updated September 7, 2022. Accessed September 11, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• The New York Times Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html. Updated August 31, 2022. Accessed September 11, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Wells CR, Galvani AP. The global impact of disproportionate vaccination coverage on COVID-19 mortality. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 September;22(9):1254–1255. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00417-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golob JL, Lugogo N, Lauring AS, Lok AS. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a triumph of science and collaboration. JCI Insight. May 10, 2021;6(9):e149187. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.149187.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nature Research. A triumph for science: hastening the race toward a COVID-19 vaccine. https://www.nature.com/articles/d42473-021-00613-6. Accessed September 11, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• The Washington Post. The vaccines were a biomedical triumph. They reached too few. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/07/08/covid-mrna-vaccines-distribution/. Accessed September 11, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer JP, Trondsen Pawlowski RH, Thomas S. Vaccine adverse events: separating myth from reality. Am Fam Physician. 2017;95:786–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• London NJS, Garg SJ, Moorthy R, Cunningham ET Jr. Drug induced uveitis. J Am Acad Ophthalmol Focal Points. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Cordero-Coma M, Salazar-Méndez R, Garzo-García I, Yilmaz T. Drug-induced uveitis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14(1):111–126. doi:10.1517/14740338.2015.972363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham ET Jr, London NJ, Moorthy R, Garg SJ, Zierhut M. Drugs, inflammation, and the eye. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2016;24(2):125–127. doi:10.3109/09273948.2016.1160683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benage M, Fraunfelder FW. Vaccine-associated uveitis. Mo Med. 2016;113:48–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moorthy RS, Moorthy MS, Cunningham ET Jr. Drug-induced uveitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2018;29:588–603. doi:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham ET Jr, Moorthy RS, Fraunfelder FW, Zierhut M. Vaccination-associated uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019;27:517–520. doi:10.1080/09273948.2019.1626188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham ET Jr, Moorthy RS. Vaccine-associated posterior uveitis. Retina. 2020;40(4):595–598. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000002816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal KM, Hay MW, Emami-Naeini P. Medication-induced uveitis: an update. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2021;16(1):84–92. doi:10.18502/jovr.v16i1.8254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng JY, Margo CE. Ocular adverse events following vaccination: overview and update. Surv Ophthalmol. 2022;67:293–306.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabinovitch T, Ben-Arie-Weintrob Y, Hareuveni-Blum T, et al. Uveitis after the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection: a possible association. Retina. 2021;41:2462–2471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen M, Honavar SG. After the storm: ophthalmic manifestations of COVID-19 vaccines. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(12):3398–3420. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_2824_21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng XL, Betzler BK, Testi I, et al. Ocular adverse events after COVID-19 vaccination. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2021;29(6):1216–1224. doi:10.1080/09273948.2021.1976221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyankerh CNA, Boateng AK, Appah M. Ocular complications after COVID-19 vaccination, vaccine adverse event reporting system. Vaccines (Basel). June 13, 2022;10(6):941. doi:10.3390/vaccines10060941.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ng XL, Betzler BK, Ng S, et al. The eye of the storm: COVID-19 vaccination and the eye. Ophthalmol Ther. 2022;11(1):81–100. doi:10.1007/s40123-021-00415-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barda N, Dagan N, Ben-Shlomo Y, et al. Safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide setting. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(12):1078–1090. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2110475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomkins-Netzer O, Sar S, Barnett-Griness O, Friedman B, Shyriaieva H, Saliba W. Association between vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine and noninfectious uveitis: a population-based study. Ophthalmology. May 25, 2022;S0161–6420(22): 00395–5. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.05.015. Online ahead of print.
   Google Scholar
• Jampol LM, Tauscher R, Schwarz HP. COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccinations, and subsequent abnormalities in the retina: causation or coincidence? JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021;139(10):1135–1136. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.3483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naranjo CA, Busto U, Sellers EM, et al. A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther. August, 1981;30(2):239–245. doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrand N, Accorinti M, Agarwal M, et al. COVID-19 vaccination and uveitis: epidemiology, clinical features and visual prognosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1265-1273. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2058964.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nanji AA, Fraunfelder, FT. Anterior uveitis following COVID vaccination: a summary of cases from global reporting systems. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1244-1246. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2042316.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rallis KI, Fausto R, Ting DSJ, Al-Aqaba MA, Said DG, Dua HS. Manifestation of Herpetic eye disease after COVID-19 vaccine: a UK case series. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1136-1141. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2046795.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sangoram R, Mahendradas P, Bhakti Mishra S, Kawali A, Sanjay S, Shetty R. Herpes simplex virus 1 anterior Uveitis following Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in an Asian Indian Female. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1260-1264. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2055580.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh J, More A, Shetty SB, Chaskar P, Sen A. Herpes simplex virus retinitis following ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 (Covishield) vaccination for SARS CoV 2: a case report. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1282-1285. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2069127.
   Google Scholar
• Patel KG, Hilton T, Choi RY, Abbey AM. Uveitis and posterior ophthalmic manifestations following the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccine. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1142-1148. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2079533.
   Google Scholar
• Kim SY, Kang MS, Kwon HJ. Bilateral Panuveitis Mimicking Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease following the first dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1218-1221. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2026410.
   Google Scholar
• Brunet de Courssou JB, Tisseyre M, Hadjadj J, et al. De Novo Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease following Covid-19 vaccine: a case report and literature overview. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1292-1295. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2028291.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joo CW, Kim YK, Park SP. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease following mRNA-1273 (Moderna) COVID-19 vaccination. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1250-1254. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2053547.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Accorinti M, Saturno MC, Manni P. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Relapse after COVID-19 vaccination. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1228-1233. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2027469.
   Google Scholar
• Smith E, Tran T, Gillies A, Yeung S, Ma PE. Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in two patients. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1240-1243. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2032198.
   Google Scholar
• Lin KS, Hsieh MH. Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome following medigen vaccine biologics corporation COVID-19 vaccination. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1278-1281. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2062388.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng F, Willis A, Kunjukunju N. Acute retinal necrosis from reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus following BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1133-1135. doi:10.1080/09273948.2021.2001540.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanjay S, Gadde SGK, Kumar Yadav N, et al. Bilateral sequential acute macular neuroretinopathy in an Asian Indian Female with β Thalassemia trait following (Corona Virus Disease) COVID-19 vaccination and probable recent COVID infection - multimodal imaging study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1222-1227. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2026978.
   Google Scholar
• Franchi A, Rauchegger T, Palme C, et al. Two cases of acute macular neuroretinopathy associated with the adenovirus-based COVID-19 vaccine Vaxzevria (Astrazeneca). Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;20;30(5):1234-1239. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2027463.
   Google Scholar
• Khochtali S, Krifa H, Zina S, et al. Multimodal imaging of acute foveolitis following COVID-19 vaccination. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1214-1217. doi:10.1080/09273948.2021.1993270.
   Google Scholar
• Romano D, Morescalchi F, Romano V, Semeraro F. COVID-19 adenoviralvector vaccine and central retinal vein occlusion. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1286-1288. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2079534.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elhusseiny AM, Sanders RN, Siddiqui MZ, Sallam AB. Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy with macular star following COVID-19 vaccination. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1274-1277. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2059522.
   Google Scholar
• Sarıgül Sezenöz A, Güngör SG, Kibaroğlu S. A case of transient visual field defect following administration of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1255-1259. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2055578.
   Google Scholar
• Hernanz I, Arconada C, López Corral A, Sánchez-Pernaute O, Carreño E. Recurrent anterior non-necrotizing scleritis as an adverse event of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Vaxzevria) vaccine. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(5):1247-1249. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2044058.
   Google Scholar
• Walter R, Hartmann K, Fleisch F, Reinhart WH, Kuhn M. Reactivation of herpesvirus infections after vaccinations? Lancet. 1999;353(9155):810. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00623-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew MC, Wiryasaputra S, Wu M, Khor WB, Chan ASY. Incidence of COVID-19 vaccination-related uveitis and effects of booster dose in a tertiary uveitis referral center. Front Med (Lausanne). June 22, 2022;9:925683. doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.925683. eCollection 2022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolletta E, Iannetta D, Mastrofilippo V, et al. Uveitis and other ocular complications following COVID-19 vaccination. J Clin Med. December 19, 2021;10(24):5960. doi:10.3390/jcm10245960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Testi I, Brandão-de-Resende C, Agrawal R, Pavesio C; COVID-19 Vaccination Ocular Inflammatory Events Study Group. Ocular inflammatory events following COVID-19 vaccination: a multinational case series. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. January 4, 2022;12(1):4. doi:10.1186/s12348-021-00275-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar