264
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

Prevalence and pattern of amblyopia in a rural hospital in Ghana

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Hamm LM, Black J, Dai S, Thompson B. Global processing in amblyopia: a review. Front Psychol. 2014;5(583):1–21. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00583.
  • Ohlsson J. Defining amblyopia: the need for a joint classification. Strabismus. 2005;13(1):15–20. doi:10.1080/09273970590890949.
  • de Zarate BR, Tejedor J. Current concepts in the management of amblyopia. Clin Ophthalmol. 2007;1:403–414.
  • Robaei D, Wang JJ, Tan M, Rose KA, Kifley A, Mitchell P. Patterns of eyecare utilization by young Australian children: findings from a population-based study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2006;13(3):153–158. doi:10.1080/09286580600630187.
  • Grant S, Moseley MJ. Amblyopia and real-world visuomotor tasks. Strabismus. 2011;19(3):119–128. doi:10.3109/09273972.2011.600423.
  • McKee SP, Levi DM, Movshon JA. The pattern of visual deficits in amblyopia. J Vis. 2003;3(5):380–405. doi:10.1167/3.5.5.
  • Birch EE, Castaneda YS, Cheng-Patel CS, et al. Self-perception of school-aged children with amblyopia and its association with reading speed and motor skills. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019;137(2):167–174. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.5527.
  • Packwood EA, Cruz OA, Rychwalski PJ, Keech RV. The psychosocial effects of amblyopia study. J Aapos. 1999;3(1):15–17. doi:10.1016/S1091-8531(99)70089-3.
  • Fronius M, Cirina L, Ackermann H, Kohnen T, Diehl CM. Efficiency of electronically monitored amblyopia treatment between 5 and 16 years of age: new insight into declining susceptibility of the visual system. Vision Res. 2014;103:11–19. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2014.07.018.
  • Holmes JM, Lazar EL, Melia BM, et al. Effect of age on response to amblyopia treatment in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(11):1451–1457. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.179.
  • Gao TY, Anstice N, Babu RJ, et al. Optical treatment of amblyopia in older children and adults is essential prior to enrolment in a clinical trial. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2018;38(2):129–143. doi:10.1111/opo.12437.
  • Webber AL, Wood J. Amblyopia: prevalence, natural history, functional effects and treatment. Clin Exp Optometry. 2005;88(6):365–375. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2005.tb05102.x.
  • Zhu H, Pan C, Sun Q, et al. Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in Hani school children in rural southwest China: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(2):bmjopen–2018. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025441.
  • Mocanu V, Horhat R. Prevalence and risk factors of amblyopia among refractive errors in an Eastern European population. Medicina (Kaunas). 2018;54(1):6.
  • Hashemi H, Yekta A, Bostamzad P, et al. Global and regional estimates of prevalence of amblyopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Strabismus. 2018;26(4):168–183.
  • Elflein HM, Fresenius S, Lamparter J, et al. The prevalence of amblyopia in Germany: data from the prospective, population-based Gutenberg health study. Deutsches Ärzteblatt Int. 2015;112(19):338. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2015.0159.
  • Polling J-R, Loudon SE, Klaver CC. Prevalence of amblyopia and refractive errors in an unscreened population of children. Optometry Vision Sci. 2012;89(11):e44–e49. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31826ae047.
  • Høeg TB, Moldow B, Ellervik C, et al. Danish rural eye study: the association of preschool vision screening with the prevalence of amblyopia. Acta Ophthalmol. 2015;93(4):322–329. doi:10.1111/aos.12639.
  • Borchert M, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Cotter SA, Liu N, Azen SP, Varma R. Anisometropia in Hispanic and African American infants and young children the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(1):148–153.e141. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.06.008.
  • Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J, et al. Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in white and African American children aged 6 through 71 months: the baltimore pediatric eye disease study. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(11):2128–2134. e2122. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.04.034.
  • Fozailoff A, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Cotter S, et al. Prevalence of astigmatism in 6- to 72-month-old African American and Hispanic children: the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(2):284–293. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.06.038.
  • Chen X, Fu Z, Yu J, et al. Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in Eastern China: results from screening of preschool children aged 36–72 months. British J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(4):515–519. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306999.
  • Pai A, Rose K, Leone J, et al. Amblyopia prevalence and risk factors in Australian preschool children. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(1):138–144. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.024.
  • Robaei D, Rose K, Ojaimi E, Kifley A, Huynh S, Mitchell P. Visual acuity and the causes of visual loss in a population-based sample of 6-year-old Australian children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;112:1275–1282.
  • Kumah BD, Ebri A, Abdul-Kabir M, et al. Refractive error and visual impairment in private school children in Ghana. Optom Vis Sci. 2013;90(12):1456–1461.
  • Naidoo KS, Raghunandan A, Mashige KP, et al. Refractive error and visual impairment in African children in South Africa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(9):3764–3770. doi:10.1167/iovs.03-0283.
  • Fentiman A, Hall A, Bundy D. School enrolment patterns in rural Ghana: a comparative study of the impact of location, gender, age and health on children’s access to basic schooling. Comparative Educ. 1999;35(3):331–349. doi:10.1080/03050069927865.
  • UNESCO International Bureau of Education. Ghana: Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) Programmes. UNESCO Digital Library: United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Switzerland; 2007.
  • The Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study Group. Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in African American and hispanic children ages 6 to 72 months. Am Acad Ophthalmol. 2008;115(8):1229–1236.
  • Paudel P, Ramson R, Naduvilath T, Wilson D, Phuong T, Giap N. Prevalence of vision impairment and refractive error in school children in Ba Ria – vung Tau province, Vietnam. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2014;42:217–226. doi:10.1111/ceo.12273.
  • Faghihi M, Ostadimoghaddam H, Yekta AA. Amblyopia and strabismus in Iranian schoolchildren, Mashhad. Strabismus. 2011;19(4):147–152. doi:10.3109/09273972.2011.622341.
  • Elflein HM, Fresenius S, Lamparter J, et al. The prevalence of amblyopia in Germany: data from the prospective, population-based Gutenberg Health Study. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(19):338–344. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2015.0338.
  • Polling J, Loudon S, Klaver CW. Prevalence of amblyopia and refractive errors in an unscreened population of children. Optometry Vision Sci. 2012;89:44–49.
  • Caca I, Cingu AK, Sahin A, et al. Amblyopia and refractive errors among school-aged children with low socioeconomic status in Southeastern Turkey. J Pediatric Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2012;50(1):37–43. doi:10.3928/01913913-20120804-02.
  • Pan C, Chen X, Zhu H, et al. School-based assessment of amblyopia and strabismus among multiethnic children in rural China. Sci Rep. 2017;13410(7):1–7.
  • Fu J, Li MS, Li SY, et al. Prevalence, causes and associations of amblyopia in year 1 students in Central China. Graefes Archives Clinicial Exp Ophthalmol. 2014;252:37–143.
  • Lempert P. Amblyopia prevalence and cigarette smoking by women. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2005;25(6):592–595. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2005.00329.x.
  • Williams C, Northstone K, Howard M, Harvey I, Harrad RA, Sparrow JM. Prevalence and risk factors for common vision problems in children: data from the ALSPAC study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(7):959–964. doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.134700.
  • Kumah DB, Ebri A, Abdul-Kabir M, et al. Refractive error and visual impairment in private school children in Ghana. Optometry Vision Sci. 2013;90(12):1456–1461. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000099.
  • Zhu H, Pan C, Sun DH, et al. Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in Hani school children in rural southwest China: a cross-sectional study. British Med J. 2019;25441(9):1–5.
  • Faghihi M, Hashemi H, Nabovati P, et al. The prevalence of amblyopia and its determinants in a population-based study. Strabismus. 2017;25(4):176–183. doi:10.1080/09273972.2017.1391849.
  • Rafiei M, Rivakani F, Torabi L, Alaeddini F, Safiri S. Community-based amblyopia screening program for early detection in Iran: a repeated cross-sectional study from 1996 to 2013. Public Health. 2017;142:196–200. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.06.011.
  • Morny EKA, Boadi-Kusi SB, Ocansey S, Kyei S, Yeboah K, Mmaduagwu MA. Assessing the progress towards achieving “VISION 2020: the right to sight” initiative in Ghana. J Environ Public Health. 2019;2019:1–10. doi:10.1155/2019/3813298.
  • World Health Organisation. Universal eye health: a global action plan 2014-2019. WHO Lib Catal Pub Data2013;2013:1–28.
  • Thompson JR, Woodruff G, Hiscox FA, Strong N, Minshull C. The incidence and prevalence of amblyopia detected in childhood. Public Health. 1991;105:455–462.
  • Aldebasi YF. Prevalence of amblyopia in primary school children in Qassim Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2015;22(1):81–91. doi:10.4103/0974-9233.148355.
  • Pinazo-Duran MD, Zanon-Moreno V, Garcia-Medina JJ, Arevalo JF, Gallego-Pinazo R, Nucci C. Eclectic ocular comorbidities and systemic diseases with eye involvement: a review. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:6215745.
  • Xiao O, Morgan I, Ellwein L, He M. Prevalence of amblyopia in school-aged children and variations by age, gender, and ethnicity in a multi country refractive error study. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:1924–1931. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.05.034.
  • Dirani M, Chan YH, Gazzard G, et al. Prevalence of refractive error in Singaporean Chinese children: the strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive error in young Singaporean Children (STARS) study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(3):1348–1355. doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3587.
  • Noche CD, Kagmeni G, Bella AL, Epee E. Prevalence and etiology of amblyopia of children in Yaounde (Cameroon), aged 5-15 years. Sante (Montrouge, France). 2011;21(3):159–164. doi:10.1684/san.2011.0254.
  • Williams C. Amblyopia. BMJ Clin Evid. 2009;2009:1–17.
  • Chen Y, Chen X, Chen J, Zheng J, Xu J, Yu X. Longitudinal impact on quality of life for school-aged children with amblyopia treatment: perspective from children. Curr Eye Res. 2016;41(2):208–214. doi:10.3109/02713683.2015.1011280.
  • von Noorden GK, Crawford ML. The sensitive period. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1979;99:442–446.
  • Ying G, Maguire MG, Cyert LA, et al. Prevalence of vision disorders by racial and ethnic group among children participating in head start. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;121(13):630–636.
  • McKean-Cowdin R, Cotter S, Tarczy-Hornoch K, et al. Prevalence of amblyopia or strabismus in Asian and non-Hispanic white preschool children. Am Acad Ophthalmol. 2013;120(10):2117–2124. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.03.001.
  • Stewart CE, Stephens DA, Fielder AR, Moseley MJ. Objectively monitored patching regimens for treatment of amblyopia: randomised trial. Bmj. 2007;335(7622):707. doi:10.1136/bmj.39301.460150.55.
  • Hainline BC, Sprunger D, Plager D, Neely D, Guess MG. Reverse amblyopia with atropine treatment. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2009;24:25–31.
  • Al-Yahya A, Al-Odan K, Allam K, Al-Onazi B, Mousa A, Al-Saleh AA. Compliance to patching in the treatment of amblyopia. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2012;26(3):305–307. doi:10.1016/j.sjopt.2012.05.003.
  • Karlica D, Matijević S, Galetović D, Znaor L. Parents’ influence on the treatment of amblyopia in children. Acta Clin Croat. 2009;48:427–430.
  • Piano ME, Simmers AJ. ‘It’s too late’. Is it really? Considerations for amblyopia treatment in older children. Ther Adv Ophthalmol. 2019;11:2515841419857379. doi:10.1177/2515841419857379.
  • Tailor V, Bossi M, Greenwood JA, Dahlmann-Noor A. Childhood amblyopia: current management and new trends. Br Med Bull. 2016;119(1):75–86. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldw030.
  • Mohan K, Saroha V, Sharma A. Successful occlusion therapy for amblyopia in 11- to 15-year-old children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2004;41(2):89–95. doi:10.3928/0191-3913-20040301-08.
  • Patwardhan NA. Is age relevant for the success of treatment of anisometropic amblyopia? Indian J Ophthalmol. 2007;55(6):469–470. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.36488.
  • Scheiman MM, Hertle RW, Beck RW, et al. Randomized trial of treatment of amblyopia in children aged 7 to 17 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(4):437–447.
  • Eibschitz-Tsimhoni M, Friedman T, Naor J, Eibschitz N, Friedman Z. Early screening for amblyogenic risk factors lowers the prevalence and severity of amblyopia. J Aapos. 2000;4(4):194–199. doi:10.1067/mpa.2000.105274.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.