On the moderating role of chronotype on the association between IQ and conscientiousness: the compensation effect occurs only in Evening-types

References

• Adan A, Archer SN, Hidalgo MP, Di Milia L, Natale V, Randler C. 2012. Circadian typology: a comprehensive review. Chronobiol Int. 29(9):1153–1175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey SL, Heitkemper MM. 2001. Circadian rhythmicity of cortisol and body temperature: morningness-eveningness effects. Chronobiol Int. 18:249–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels M, van Weegen FI, Cem VB, Carlier M, Polderman TJC, Hoekstra RA, Boomsma DI. 2012. The five factor model of personality and intelligence: a twin study on the relationship between the two constructs. Pers Indiv Differ. 53(4):368–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blautzik J, Vetter C, Peres I, Gutyrchik E, Keeser D, Berman A, Kirsch V, Mueller S, Pöppel E, Reiser M, et al. 2013. Classifying fMRI-derived resting-state connectivity patterns according to their daily rhythmicity. Neuroimage. 71:298–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallera GM, Giampietro M. 2007. Morning and evening personality characteristics in a sample of young Italians. Percept Mot Skills. 104(1):277–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamorro-Premuzic T, Arteche A. 2008. Intellectual competence and academic performance: preliminary validation of a model. Intelligence. 36(6):564–573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deary IJ, Strand S, Smith P, Fernandes C. 2007. Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence. 1:13–21.
   Google Scholar
• Deary IJ, Whalley LJ, Lemmon H, Crawford JR, Starr JM. 2000. The stability of individual differences in mental ability from childhood to old age: follow-up of the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey. Intelligence. 28(1):49–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeYoung CG, Hasher L, Djikic M, Criger B, Peterson JB. 2007. Morning people are stable people: circadian rhythm and the higher-order factors of the Big Five. Pers Indiv Differ. 43(2):267–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Díaz-Morales JF, Ferrari JR, Cohen JR. 2008. Indecision and avoidant procrastination: the role of morningness-eveningness and time perspective in chronic delay lifestyles. J Gen Psychol. 135(3):228–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djapo N, Kolenovic-Djapo J, Djokic R, Fako I. 2011. Relationship between Cattell’s 16PF and fluid and crystallized intelligence. Pers Indiv Differ. 51(1):63–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drezno M, Stolarski M, Matthews G. 2018. An in-depth look into the association between morningness-eveningness and well-being: evidence for moderating and mediating effects of personality. Chronobiol Int. doi:10.1080/07420528.2018.1523184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan KA, Friedman HS, McDevitt EA, Mednick SC. 2014. Personality and healthy sleep: the importance of conscientiousness and neuroticism. PLoS One. 9(3):e90628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnham A, Treglown L. 2018. High potential personality and intelligence. Pers Indiv Differ. 128:81–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gau SS, Shang CY, Merikangas KR, Chiu YN, Soong WT, Cheng AT. 2007. Association between morningness-eveningness and behavioral/emotional problems among adolescents. J Biol Rhythms. 22(3):268–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg LR. 1992. The development of markers for the Big Five factor structure. Psychol Assess. 4(1):26–42.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein D, Hahn CS, Hasher L, Wiprzycka UJ, Zelazo PD. 2007. Time of day, intellectual performance, and behavioral problems in morning versus evening type adolescents: is there a synchrony effect? Pers Individ Dif. 42(3):431–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes AF. 2013. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach. New York (NY): Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hidalgo MP, Caumo W, Posser M, Coccaro SB, Camozzato AL, Chaves ML. 2009. Relationship between depressive mood and chronotype in healthy subjects. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 63(3):283–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodkinson DJ, O’Daly O, Zunszain PA, Pariante CM, Lazurenko V, Zelaya FO, Howard MA, Williams SC. 2014. Circadian and homeostatic modulation of functional connectivity and regional cerebral blood flow in humans under normal entrained conditions. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 34(9):1493–1499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogben AL, Ellis J, Archer SN, von Schantz M. 2007. Conscientiousness is a predictor of diurnal preference. Chronobiol Int. 24(6):1249–1254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankowski KS. 2013. Morning types are less sensitive to pain than evening types all day long. Eur J Pain. 17(7):1068–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankowski KS. 2015. Composite scale of morningness: psychometric properties, validity with Munich chronotype questionnaire and age/sex differences in Poland. Eur Psychiatry. 30(1):166–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankowski KS. 2016. Morningness-eveningness and depressive symptoms: test on the components level with CES-D in Polish students. J Affect Disord. 196:47–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankowski KS, Ciarkowska W. 2008. Diurnal variation in energetic arousal, tense arousal, and hedonic tone in extreme morning and evening types. Chronobiol Int. 25(4):577–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanazawa S, Perina K. 2009. Why night owls are more intelligent. Pers Individ Dif. 47(7):685–690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerkhof GA, Korving HJ, Willemse-Vd Geest HM, Rietveld WJ. 1980. Diurnal differences between morning-type and evening-type subjects in self-rated alertness, body temperature and the visual and auditory evoked potential. Neurosci Lett. 16(1):11–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudielka BM, Federenko IS, Hellhammer DH, Wüst S. 2006. Morningness and eveningness: the free cortisol rise after awakening in “early birds” and “night owls. Biol Psychol. 72(2):141–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin JS, Hébert M, Ledoux E, Gaudreault M, Laberge L. 2012. Relationship of chronotype to sleep, light exposure, and work-related fatigue in student workers. Chronobiol Int. 29(3):295–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matczak A, Jaworowska A, Martowska K. 2013. Test rozumienia słów. Podręcznik [Words Comprehension Test. User’s manual]. Warsaw: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews G, Deary IJ, Whiteman MC. 2009. Personality traits. 3rd ed. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McCrae RR, Costa PT Jr. 1985. Updating Norman’s “Adequate Taxonomy”: intelligence and personality dimensions in natural language and in questionnaires. J Pers Soc Psychol. 49(3):710–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morera-Fumero AL, Abreu-González P, Henry-Benítez M, Díaz-Mesa E, Yelmo-Cruz S, Gracia-Marco R. 2013. Chronotype as modulator of morning serum melatonin levels. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 41(3):149–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Önder I, Beşoluk S, İskender M, Masal E, Demirhan E. 2014. Circadian preferences, sleep quality and sleep patterns, personality, academic motivation and academic achievement of university students. Learn Individ Differ. 32:184–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moutafi J, Furnham A, Paltiel L. 2004. Why is conscientiousness negatively correlated with intelligence? Pers Indiv Differ. 37(5):1013–1022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak K. 2016. About time: individual temporal orientation, time succession, and cognitive capacities. Berlin (DE): Humboldt University.
   Google Scholar
• Poropat AE. 2009. A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance. Psychol Bull. 135(2):322–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preckel F, Lipnevich AA, Schneider S, Roberts RD. 2011. Chronotype, cognitive abilities, and academic achievement: a meta-analytic investigation. Learn Individ Differ. 21(5):483–492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahafar A, Randler C, Vollmer C, Kasaeian A. 2017. Prediction of school achievement through a multi-factorial approach – the unique role of chronotype. Learn Individ Differ. 55:69–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randler C. 2008. Morningness–eveningness, sleep–wake variables and big five personality factors. Pers Indiv Differ. 45(2):191–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rikoon SH, Brenneman M, Kim LE, Khorramdel L, Maccann C, Burrus J, Roberts RD. 2016. Facets of conscientiousness and their differential relationships with cognitive ability factors. J Res Pers. 61:22–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roeser K, Obergfell F, Meule A, Vögele C, Schlarb AA, Kübler A. 2012. Of larks and hearts–morningness/eveningness, heart rate variability and cardiovascular stress response at different times of day. Physiol Behav. 106(2):151–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanahan MJ, Hill PL, Roberts BW, Eccles J, Friedman HS. 2014. Conscientiousness, health, and aging: the life course of personality model. Dev Psychol. 50(5):1407–1425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CS, Reilly C, Midkiff K. 1989. Evaluation of three circadian rhythm questionnaires with suggestions for an improved measure of morningness. J Appl Psychol. 74(5):728–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song J, Stough C. 2000. The relationship between morningness-eveningness, time-of-day, speed of information processing, and intelligence. Pers Individ Dif. 29(6):1179–1190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiller SA, Fitzsimons GJ, Lynch Jr JG, McClelland GH. 2013. Spotlights, floodlights, and the magic number zero: simple effects tests in moderated regression. J Marketing Res. 50:277–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stańczak J. 2013. Neutralny Kulturowo test Inteligencji Cattella – wersja 2 CFT 20-R. Podręcznik [Cattell’s culture fair intelligence test - version 2 CFT 20-R]. Warsaw: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP.
   Google Scholar
• Stolarski M, Ledzińska M, Matthews G. 2013. Morning is tomorrow, evening is today: relationships between chronotype and time perspective. Biol Rhythm Res. 44(2):181–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strus W, Cieciuch J, Rowiński T. 2017. The Polish adaptation of the IPIP-BFM-50 questionnaire for measuring five personality traits in the lexical approach. Roczn Psychol/Ann Psychol. 17(2):347–366.
   Google Scholar
• Tsaousis I. 2010. Circadian preferences and personality traits: a meta-analysis. Eur J Personality. 24(4):356–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale JA, Roveda E, Montaruli A, Galasso L, Weydahl A, Caumo A, Carandente F. 2015. Chronotype influences activity circadian rhythm and sleep: differences in sleep quality between weekdays and weekend. Chronobiol Int. 32(3):405–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Stumm S, Chamorro-Premuzic T, Ackerman PL. 2011. Revisiting intelligence–personality associations: vindicating intellectual investment. In: Chamorro-Premuzic WVS, editor. The Wiley-Blackwell handbooks of personality and individual differences. UK: Wiley-Blackwell; p. 217-241.
   Google Scholar
• Waterhouse J, Folkard S, Van Dongen H, Minors D, Owens D, Kerkhof G, Weinert D, Nevill A, Macdonald I, Sytnik N, et al. 2001. Temperature profiles, and the effect of sleep on them, in relation to morningness-eveningness in healthy female subjects. Chronobiol Int. 18(2):227–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss RH. 2006. CFT-20R: grundintelligenztest Skala 2. Goettingen: Hogrefe.
   Google Scholar
• Wittmann M, Dinich J, Merrow M, Roenneberg T. 2006. Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiol Int. 23(1–2):497–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood P, Englert P. 2009. Intelligence compensation theory: a critical examination of the negative relationship between conscientiousness and fluid and crystallised intelligence. Australasian J Organisational Psychol. 2:19–29.
   Google Scholar
• Zajenkowski M, Stolarski M. 2015. Is conscientiousness positively or negatively related to intelligence? Insights from the national level. Learn Individ Differ. 43:199–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerbini G, van der Vinne V, Otto LKM, Kantermann T, Krijnen WP, Roenneberg T, Merrow M. 2017. Lower school performance in late chronotypes: underlying factors and mechanisms. Sci Rep-UK. 7(1):4385.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar