The role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus

References

• Baeyens L, Hindi S, Sorenson RL, et al. β-Cell adaptation in pregnancy. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18:63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbour LA, McCurdy CE, Hernandez TL, et al. Cellular mechanism for insulin resistance in normal pregnancy and gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:S112–S119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lain KY, Catalano PM. Metabolic changes in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007;50:938–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doruk M, Uğur M, Oruç AS, et al. Serum adiponectin in gestational diabetes and its relation to pregnancy outcome. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;34:471–475.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirwan JP, Hauguel-DeMouzon S, Lepercq J, et al. TNF-α is a predictor of insulin resistance in human pregnancy. Diabetes. 2002;51:2207–2213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcao-Pires I, Castro-Chaves P, Miranda-Silva D, et al. Physiological, pathological and potential therapeutic roles of adipokines. Drug Discov Today. 2012;17:880–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudd LM, Evenson KR. Review of impacts of physical activity on maternal metabolic health during pregnancy. Curr Diab Rep. 2015;15:572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf M, Sauk J, Shah A, et al. Inflammation and glucose intolerance: a prospective study of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brink HS, van der Lely AJ, van der Linden J. The potential role of biomarkers in predicting gestational diabetes. Endocr Connect. 2016;5:R26–R34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pajvani UB, Hawkins M, Combs TP, et al. Complex distribution, not absolute amount of adiponectin, correlates with thiazolidinedione-mediated improvement in insulin sensitivity. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:12152–12162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh DK, Ciaraldi T, Henry RR. Adiponectin in health and disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9:282–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizza S, Gigli F, Galli A, et al. Adiponectin isoforms in elderly patients with or without coronary artery disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:702–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeda-Valdes P, Cuevas-Ramos D, Mehta R, et al. Total and high molecular weight adiponectin have similar utility for the identification of insulin resistance. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2010;9:9:26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazaki-Tovi S, Kanety H, Sivan E. Adiponectin and human pregnancy. Curr Diab Rep. 2005;5:278–281.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang WS, Lee WJ, Funahashi T, et al. Weight reduction increases plasma levels of an adipose-derived anti-inflammatory protein, adiponectin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:3815–3819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavri A, Poredos P, Suran D, et al. Effect of diet-induced weight loss on endothelial dysfunction: early improvement after the first week of dieting. Heart Vessels. 2011;26:31–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohashi K, Ouchi N, Matsuzawa Y. Anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties of adiponectin. Biochimie. 2012;94:2137–2142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasouli N, Kern PA. Adipocytokines and the metabolic complications of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:S64–S73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabukuro M, et al. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2004;114:1752–1761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zavalza-Gomez AB, Anaya-Prado R, Rincon-Sanchez AR, et al. Adipokines and insulin-resistance during pregnancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;80:8–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller RA, Chu Q, Le Lay J, et al. Adiponectin suppresses gluconeogenic gene expression in mouse hepatocytes independent of LKB1-AMPK signaling. J Clin Invest. 2011;121:2518–2528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Civitarese AE, Ukropcova B, Carling S, et al. Role of adiponectin in human skeletal muscle bioenergetics. Cell Metab. 2006;4:75–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceddia RB, Somwar R, Maida A, et al. Globular adiponectin increases GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake but reduces glycogen synthesis in rat skeletal muscle cells. Diabetologia. 2005;48:132–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bełtowski J. Adiponectin and resistin-new hormones of white adipose tissue. Med Sci Monit. 2003;9:RA55–RA61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grunfeld C, Zhao C, Fuller J, et al. Endotoxin and cytokines induce expression of leptin, the ob gene product, in hamsters: a role for leptin in the anorexia of infection. J Clin Invest. 1996;97:2152–2157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havel PJ, Kasim-Karakas S, Mueller W, et al. Relationship of plasma leptin to plasma insulin and adiposity in normal weight and overweight women: effects of dietary fat content and sustained weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:4406–4413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jequier E. Leptin signaling, adiposity and energy balance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;967:379–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubring C, Englaro P, Siebler T, et al. Longitudinal analysis of maternal serum leptin levels during pregnancy, at birth and up to six weeks after birth: relation to body mass index, skinfolds, sex steroids and umbilical cord blood leptin levels. Horm Res. 1998;50:276–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laivuori H, Kaaja R, Koistinen H, et al. Leptin during and after preeclamptic or normal pregnancy: its relation to serum insulin and insulin sensitivity. Metab Clin Exp. 2000;49:259–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuhashi M, Saitoh S, Shimamoto K, et al. Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4): pathophysiological insights and potent clinical biomarker of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2015;8:23–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Banerjee RR, Lazar MA. Dimerization of resistin and resistin-like molecules is determined by a single cysteine. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:25970–25973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McTernan PG, Kusminski CM, Kumar S. Resistin. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2006;17:170–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adeghate E. An update on the biology and physiology of resistin. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004;61:2485–2496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steppan CM, Lazar MA. The current biology of resistin. J Intern Med. 2004;255:439–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azuma K, Katsukawa F, Oguchi S, et al. Correlation between serum resistin level and adiposity in obese individuals. Obes Res. 2003;11:997–1001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silha JV, Krsek M, Skrha JV, et al. Plasma resistin, adiponectin and leptin levels in lean and obese subjects: correlations with insulin resistance. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;149:331–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utzschneider KM, Carr DB, Tong J, et al. Resistin is not associated with insulin sensitivity or the metabolic syndrome in humans. Diabetologia. 2005;48:2330–2333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick GM, Katz PS, Farias IIM, et al. Resistin impairs endothelium-dependent dilation to bradykinin, but not acetylcholine, in the coronary circulation. Am J Physiol. 2006;291:H2997–H3002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage DB, Sewter CP, Klenk ES, et al. Resistin/Fizz3 expression in relation to obesity and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ action in humans. Diabetes. 2001;50:2199–2202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel L, Buckels AC, Kinghorn IJ, et al. Resistin is expressed in human macrophages and directly regulated by PPAR gamma activators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;300:472–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adeghate E. Visfatin: structure, function and relation to diabetes mellitus and other dysfunctions. CMC. 2008;15:1851–1862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masri B, Morin N, Pedebernade L, et al. The apelin receptor is coupled to Gi1 or Gi2 protein and is differentially desensitized by apelin fragments. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:18317–18326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Falco M, Luca D, Onori N, et al. Apelin expression in normal human tissues. In Vivo. 2002;16:333–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayalam S, Della-Fera MA, Krieg PA, et al. A putative role for apelin in the etiology of obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;368:815–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unduzova O, Alet N, Delesque-Touchard N, et al. Apelin/APJ signaling system: a potential link between adipose tissue and endothelial angiogenic processes. FASEB J. 2008;22:4146–4153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bełtowski J. Apelin and visfatin: unique “beneficial” adipokines upregulated in obesity? Med Sci Monit. 2006;12:RA112–RA119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabel BA, Silverio AM, Butcher EC. Chemokine-like receptor 1 expression and chemerin-directed chemotaxis distinguish plasmacytoid from myeloid dendritic cells in human blood. J Immunol. 2005;174:244–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittamer V, Franssen JD, Vulcano M, et al. Specific recruitment of antigen-presenting cells by chemerin, a novel processed ligand from human inflammatory fluids. J Exp Med. 2003;198:977–985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozaoglu K, Bolton K, McMillan J, et al. Chemerin is a novel adipokine associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Endocrinology. 2007;148:4687–4694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapp III JF, Kiess W. Effects of pregnancy and exercise on concentrations of the metabolic markers tumor necrosis factor α and leptin. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182:300–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meex RC, Hoy AJ, Morris A, et al. Fetuin B is a secreted hepatocyte factor linking steatosis to impaired glucose metabolism. Cell Metab. 2015;22:1078–1089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denecke B, Gräber S, Schäfer C, et al. Tissue distribution and activity testing suggest a similar but not identical function of fetuin-B and fetuin-A. Biochem J. 2003;376:135–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabelea D, Snell-Bergeon JK, Hartsfield CL, et al. Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) over time and by birth cohort: Kaiser Permanente of Colorado GDM Screening Program. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:579–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang R-Z, Lee M-J, Hu H, et al. Identification of omentin as a novel depot-specific adipokine in human adipose tissue: possible role in modulating insulin action. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;290:E1253–E1261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan BK, Adya R, Farhatullah S, et al. Omentin-1, a novel adipokine, is decreased in overweight insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome: ex vivo and in vivo regulation of omentin-1 by insulin and glucose. Diabetes. 2008;57:801–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazama K, Usui T, Okada M, et al. Omentin plays an anti-inflammatory role through inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced superoxide production in vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012;686:116–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hida K, Wada J, Eguchi J, et al. Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor: a unique insulin-sensitizing adipocytokine in obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:10610–10615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youn B-S, Klöting N, Kratzsch J, et al. Serum vaspin concentrations in human obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2008;57:372–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teshigawara S, Wada J, Hida K, et al. Serum vaspin concentrations are closely related to insulin resistance, and rs77060950 at SERPINA12 genetically defines distinct group with higher serum levels in Japanese population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:E1202–E1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloting N, Berndt J, Kralisch S, et al. Vaspin gene expression in human adipose tissue: association with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;339:430–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zvonic S, Lefevre M, Kilroy G, et al. Secretome of primary cultures of human adipose-derived stem cells: modulation of serpins by adipogenesis. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2007;6:18–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wada J. Vaspin: a novel serpin with insulin-sensitizing effects. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008;17:327–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulcelik NE, Karakaya J, Gedik A, et al. Serum vaspin levels in type 2 diabetic women in relation to microvascular complications. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;160:65–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usluoğullari B, Usluogullari CA, Balkan F, et al. Role of serum levels of irisin and oxidative stress markers in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2017;33:405–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortelazzi D, Corbetta S, Ronzoni S, et al. Maternal and foetal resistin and adiponectin concentrations in normal and complicated pregnancies. Clin Endocrinol. 2007;66:447–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazaki-Tovi S, Kanety H, Pariente C, et al. Maternal serum adiponectin levels during human pregnancy. J Perinatol. 2007;27:77–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan AJ, Kriketos AD, Martin A, et al. Serum adiponectin levels in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2006;25:193–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan TF, Yuan SSF, Chen HS, et al. Correlations between umbilical and maternal serum adiponectin levels and neonatal birthweights. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83:165–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalano PM, Hoegh M, Minium J, et al. Adiponectin in human pregnancy: implications for regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Diabetologia. 2006;49:1677–1685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajantie E, Hytinantti T, Hovi P, et al. Cord plasma adiponectin: a 20-fold rise between 24 weeks gestation and term. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:4031–4036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Tan B, Karteris E, et al. Secretion of adiponectin by human placenta: differential modulation of adiponectin and its receptors by cytokines. Diabetologia. 2006;49:1292–1302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haugen F, Ranheim T, Harsem NK, et al. Increased plasma levels of adipokines in preeclampsia: relationship to placenta and adipose tissue gene expression. Am J Physiol Endocr Metabol. 2006;290:E326–E333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lappas M, Yee K, Permezel M, et al. Release and regulation of leptin, resistin and adiponectin from human placenta, fetal membranes, and maternal adipose tissue and skeletal muscle from normal and gestational diabetes mellitus-complicated pregnancies. J Endocrinol. 2005;186:457–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuzaki H, Ogawa Y, Sagawa N, et al. Nonadipose tissue production of leptin: leptin as a novel placenta- derived hormone in humans. Nat Med. 1997;3:1029–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepercq J, Challier JC, Guerre-Millo M, et al. S. Prenatal leptin production: evidence that fetal adipose tissue produces leptin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:2409–2413.
   Google Scholar
• Oteng-Ntim E, Varma R, Croker H, et al. Lifestyle interventions for overweight and obese pregnant women to improve pregnancy outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2012;10:47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golbidi S, Laher I. Potential mechanisms of exercise in gestational diabetes. J Nutr Metab. 2013;2013:285948.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biron-Shental T, Schaiff WT, Ratajczak CK, et al. Hypoxia regulates the expression of fatty acid-binding proteins in primary term human trophoblasts. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197:516.e1–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen D, Dong M, Fang Q, et al. Alterations of serum resistin in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Clin Sci. 2005;108:81–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telejko B, Kuzmicki M, Zonenberg A, et al. Visfatin in gestational diabetes: serum level and mRNA expression in fat and placental tissue. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;84:68–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan SA, Bringolf JB, Seidel ER. Visfatin expression is elevated in normal human pregnancy. Peptides. 2008;29:1382–1389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briana DD, Boutsikou M, Gourgiotis D, et al. Role of visfatin, insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin in fetal growth. J Perinat Med. 2007;35:326–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcés MF, Ruíz-Linares CE, Vallejo SA, et al. Maternal serum omentin-1 profile is similar in humans and in the rat animal model. Cytokine. 2015;75:136–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aktas G, Alcelik A, Ozlu T, et al. Association between omentin levels and insulin resistance in pregnancy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2014;122:163–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt B, Mazaki-Tovi S, Hemi R, et al. Omentin, an adipokine with insulin-sensitizing properties, is negatively associated with insulin resistance in normal gestation. J Perinat Med. 2015;43:325–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker G, Lim R, Georgiou HM, et al. Omentin-1 is decreased in maternal plasma, placenta and adipose tissue of women with pre-existing obesity. PLoS One. 2012;7:e42943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giomisi A, Kourtis A, Toulis KA, et al. Serum vaspin levels in normal pregnancy in comparison with non-pregnant women. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;164:579–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gkiomisi A, Makedou KG, Anastasilakis AD, et al. Serum vaspin levels in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and postpartum. Cytokine. 2013;61:127–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worda C, Leipold H, Gruber C, et al. Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191:2120–2124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradisi G, Ianniello F, Tomei C, et al. Longitudinal changes of adiponectin, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in pregnant women at high risk for gestational diabetes. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2010;26:539–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thagaard IN, Krebs L, Holm JC, et al. Adiponectin and leptin as first trimester markers for gestational diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017;55:1805–1812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams MA, Qiu C, Muy-Rivera M, et al. Plasma adiponectin concentrations in early pregnancy and subsequent risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2306–2311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgiou HM, Lappas M, Georgiou GM, et al. Screening for biomarkers predictive of gestational diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol. 2008;45:157–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savvidou M, Nelson SM, Makgoba M, et al. First-trimester prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus: examining the potential of combining maternal characteristics and laboratory measures. Diabetes. 2010;59:3017–3022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira AF, Rezende JC, Vaikousi E, et al. Maternal serum visfatin at 11–13 weeks of gestation in gestational diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem. 2011;57:609–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guelfi KJ, Ong MJ, Li S, et al. Maternal circulating adipokine profile and insulin resistance in women at high risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2017;75:54–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacroix M, Battista MC, Doyon M, et al. Lower adiponectin levels at first trimester of pregnancy are associated with increased insulin resistance and higher risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:1577–1583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cseh K, Baranyi E, Melczer Z, et al. Plasma adiponectin and pregnancy-induced insulin resistance. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:274–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weerakiet S, Lertnarkorn K, Panburana P, et al. Can adiponectin predict gestational diabetes? Gynecol Endocrinol. 2006;22:362–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maitland RA, Seed PT, Briley AL, et al. Prediction of gestational diabetes in obese pregnant women from the UK Pregnancies Better Eating and Activity (UPBEAT) pilot trial. Diabet Med. 2014;31:963–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saucedo R, Valencia J, Gutierrez C, et al. Gene variants in the FTO gene are associated with adiponectin and TNF-alpha levels in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2017;9:32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsiotra PC, Halvatsiotis P, Patsouras K, et al. Circulating adipokines and mRNA expression in adipose tissue and the placenta in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Peptides. 2018;101:157–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abell SK, Shorakae S, Harrison CL, et al. The association between dysregulated adipocytokines in early pregnancy and development of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2017;33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winzer C, Wagner O, Festa A, et al. Plasma adiponectin, insulin sensitivity, and subclinical inflammation in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1721–1727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heitritter SM, Solomon CG, Mitchell GF, et al. Subclinical inflammation and vascular dysfunction in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:3983–3988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung HC, Soo HK, Youn BS, et al. High plasma retinol binding protein-4 and low plasma adiponectin concentrations are associated with severity of glucose intolerance in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3142–3148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasshauer M, Klein J, Neumann S, et al. Hormonal regulation of adiponectin gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;290:1084–1089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu C, Williams MA, Vadachkoria S, et al. Increased maternal plasma leptin in early pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103:519–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Anna R, Baviera G, Cannata ML, et al. Midtrimester amniotic fluid leptin and insulin levels and subsequent gestational diabetes. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2007;64:65–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lea RG, Howe D, Hannah LT, et al. Placental leptin in normal, diabetic and fetal growth retarded pregnancies. Mol Hum Reprod. 2000;6:763–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuamah MA, Yura S, Sagawa N, et al. Significant increase in maternal plasma leptin concentration in induced delivery: a possible contribution of pro-inflammatory cytokines to placental leptin secretion. Endocr J. 2004;51:177–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatima SS, Alam F, Chaudhry B, et al. Elevated levels of chemerin, leptin, and interleukin-18 in gestational diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30:1023–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kralisch S, Hoffmann A, Kratzsch J, et al. The brown-fat-secreted adipokine neuregulin 4 is decreased in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. 2018;44:150–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega-Senovilla H, Schaefer-Graf U, Meitzner K, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus causes changes in the concentrations of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein and other adipocytokines in cord blood. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2061–2066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Zhang H, Lu J, et al. Changes in serum adipocyte fatty acid‐binding protein in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and normal pregnant women during mid‐ and late pregnancy. J Diabetes Investig. 2016;7:797–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kralisch S, Stepan H, Kratzsch J, et al. Serum levels of adipocyte fatty acid binding protein are increased in gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;160:33–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palik E, Baranyi E, Melczer Z, et al. Elevated serum acylated (biologically active) ghrelin and resistin levels associate with pregnancy-induced weight gain and insulin resistance. Diab Res Clin Pract. 2007;76:351–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazaki-Tovi S, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, et al. Maternal visfatin concentration in normal pregnancy. J Perinat Med. 2009;37:206–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megia A, Vendrell J, Gutierrez C, et al. Insulin sensitivity and resistin levels in gestational diabetes mellitus and after parturition. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;158:173–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewandowski KC, Stojanovic N, Press M, et al. Elevated serum levels of visfatin in gestational diabetes: a comparative study across various degrees of glucose tolerance. Diabetologia. 2007;50:1033–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krzyzanowska K, Krugluger W, Mittermayer F, et al. Increased visfatin concentrations in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Clin Sci. 2006;110:605–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazaki-Tovi S, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, et al. Visfatin in human pregnancy: maternal gestational diabetes vis-à-vis neonatal birthweight. J Perinat Med. 2009;37:218–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan TF, Chen YL, Lee CH, et al. Decreased plasma visfatin concentrations in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2006;13:364–367.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haider DG, Handisurya A, Storka A, et al. Visfatin response to glucose is reduced in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1889–1891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akturk M, Altinova AE, Mert I, et al. Visfatin concentration is decreased in women with gestational diabetes mellitus in the third trimester. J Endocrinol Invest. 2008;31:610–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Görkem Ü, Küçükler FK, Toğrul C, et al. Are adipokines associated with gestational diabetes mellitus? J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2016;17:186–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mierzyński R, Dłuski D, Nowakowski Ł, et al. Adiponectin and omentin levels as predictive biomarkers of preterm birth in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepan H, Kralisch S, Klostermann K, et al. Preliminary report: circulating levels of the adipokine vaspin in gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia. Metab Clin Exp. 2010;59:1054–1056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huo Y, Liu SX, Song GY, et al. Plasma levels and placental expression of vaspin in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2015;48:273–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia X, Wang S, Ma N, et al. Comparative analysis of vaspin in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus and healthy non-pregnant women. Endocrine. 2015;48:533–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Y, Qiao P, Qu X, et al. Comparison of serum vaspin levels and vaspin expression in adipose tissue and smooth muscle tissue in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes. Clin Endocrinol. 2017;87:344–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lal KK, Jarwar R, Farhat S, et al. Association of Vaspin levels and its SNP rs2236242 with Gestational Diabetes at a tertiary care setting: research article. J Pak Med Assoc. 2018;68:1736–1740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mm WQ, Fan J, Khor S, et al. Serum vaspin levels and vaspin mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014;182:98–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aslan M, Celik O, Celik N, et al. Cord blood nesfatin-1 and apelin-36 levels in gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocrine. 2012;41:424–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfau D, Stepan H, Kratzsch J, et al. Circulating levels of the adipokine chemerin in gestational diabetes mellitus. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010;74:56–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker G, Lim R, Rice GE, et al. Increased chemerin concentrations in fetuses of obese mothers and correlation with maternal insulin sensitivity. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25:2274–2280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kralisch S, Hoffmann A, Lössner U, et al. Regulation of the novel adipokines/hepatokines fetuin A and fetuin B in gestational diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2017;68:88–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao L, Li J, Li ZL, et al. Circulating irisin is lower in gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocr J. 2015;62:921–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzmicki M, Telejko B, Lipinska D, et al. Serum irisin concentration in women with gestational diabetes. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2014;30:636–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erol O, Erkal N, Ellidağ HY, et al. Irisin as an early marker for predicting gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29:3590–3595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar