188
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Long-term effects of progestins on bone quality and fractures

Pages 45-52 | Received 17 May 2007, Accepted 05 Sep 2007, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

References

  • Schindler A E, Campagnoli C, Druckmann R, Huber J, Pasqualini J R, Schweppe K W, Thijssen J HH. Classification and pharmacology of progestins. Maturitas 2003; 46(Suppl 1)S7–S16
  • Thijssen J HH. Overview on the effects of progestins on bone. Maturitas 2003; 46(Suppl 1)S77–S87
  • Prior J C. Progesterone as a bone-trophic hormone. Endocr Rev 1990; 11: 386–398
  • Dören M, Samsioe G. Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis with oestrogen replacement therapy and associated compounds: update on clinical trials since 1005. Hum Reprod Update 2000; 6: 419–426
  • Manolagas S C. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 2000; 21: 115–137
  • Prior J C, Tremollieres F, Forsmo S, Seifert-Klaus V. Unsuccessful attempt to demonstrate progesterone's bone formation actions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192: 1502–1503
  • Peacock M, Turner C H, Econs M J, Foroud T. Genetics of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 2002; 23: 303–326
  • Wainwright S A, Marshall L M, Ensrud K E, Cauley J A, Black D M, Hillier T A, Hochberg M C, Vogt M T, Orwoll E S. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Hip fracture in women without osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 2787–2793
  • Kaptoge S, Benevolenskaya L I, Bhalla A K, Cannata J B, Boonen S, Falch J A, Felsenberg D, Finn J D, Nuti R, Hoszowski K, et al. Low BMD is less predictive than reported falls for future limb fractures in women across Europe: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study. Bone 2005; 36: 387–398
  • Kannus P, Uusi-Rasi K, Palvanen M, Parkkari J. Non-pharmacological means to prevent fractures among older adults. Ann Med 2005; 37: 303–310
  • Cummings S R, Bates D, Black D M. Clinical use of bone densitometry: scientific review. J Am Med Assoc 2002; 288: 1889–1897
  • Soroko S B, Barrett-Connor E, Edelstein S L, Kritz-Silverstein D. Family history of osteoporosis and bone mineral density at the axial skeleton: the Rancho Bernardo study. J Bone Mineral Res 1994; 9: 761–769
  • Nguyen T V, Eisman J A. Genetics of fractures: challenges and opportunities. J Bone Mineral Res 2000; 15: 1253–1256
  • Ralston S H. Genetic control of susceptibility to osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 2460–2466
  • Zmuda J M, Sheu J T, Moffett S P. Genetic epidemiology of osteoporosis: past, present and future. Curr Osteoporos 2005; Rep 3: 111–115
  • Michaëlsson K, Melhus H, Ferm H, Ahlbom A, Pedersen N L. Genetic liability to fractures in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 2005; 185: 1825–1830
  • Avenell A, Gillespie W J, Gillespie L D, O'Connell D L. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and postmenopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, 3, CD000227
  • Bischoff-Ferrari H A, Willett W C, Wong J B, Giovannuci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Med Assoc 2005; 293: 2257–2264
  • Jackson R D, LaCroix A Z, Gass M, Wallace R B, Robbins J, Lewis C E, Bassford T, Beresford S A, Black H R, Blanchette P, Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 669–683
  • Bischoff-Ferrari H A, Orav E J, Dawson-Hughes B. Effect of cholecalciferol plus calcium on falling in ambulatory older men and women: a 3-year randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2006; 166: 424–430
  • Gennari L, Becherini L, Falchetti A, Masi L, Massart F, Brandi M L. Genetics of osteoporosis: role of steroid hormone receptor polymorphisms. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 81: 1–24
  • Thijssen J HH. Gene polymorphisms involved in the regulation of bone quality. Gynecol Endocrinol 2006; 22: 31–39
  • Martins S L, Curtis K M, Glasier A F. Combined hormonal contraception and bone health: a systematic review. Contraception 2006; 73: 445–469
  • Curtis K M, Martins S L. Progestogen-only contraception and bone health: a systematic review. Contraception 2006; 73: 470–487
  • WHO statement on hormonal contraception and bone health. Contraception 2006; 73: 443–444
  • Hartard M, Kleinmond C, Luppa P, Zelger O, Egger K, Wiseman M, Weissenbacher E R, Felsenberg D, Erben R G. Comparison of the skeletal effects of the progestogens desogestrel and levonorgestrel in oral contraceptive preparations in young women: controlled, open, partly randomized investigation over 13 cycles. Contraception 2006; 74: 367–375
  • Gold M A, Bachrach L K. Contraceptive use in teens: a threat to bone health?. J Adolesc Health 2002; 35: 427–429
  • Clark M K, Sowers M, Levy B, Nichols S. Bone mineral density loss and recovery during 48 months in first-time users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Fertil Steril 2006; 86: 1466–1474
  • Scholes D, LaCroix A Z, Ichikawa L E, Barlow W F, Ott S M. Changes in bone mineral density among adolescent women using and discontinuing depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005; 59: 139–144
  • Albertazzi P, Bottazzi M, Steel S A. Bone mineral density and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Contraception 2006; 73: 577–583
  • Bahamondes L, Monteiro-Dantas C, Espejo-Arce X, Dos Santos Fernandes A M, Lui-Filho J F, Perrotti M, Petta C A. A prospective study of the forearm bone density of users of etonorgestrel and levonorgestrel releasing contraceptive implants. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 466–470
  • Bahamondes L, Espejo-Arce X, Hidalgo M M, Hidalgo-Regine C, Teatin-Juliato C A. A cross-sectional study of the forearm bone density of long-term users of levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 1316–1319
  • Massai R, Mäkäräinen L, Kuukankorpi A, Klipping C, Duijkers I, Dieben T. The combined contraceptive vaginal ring and bone mineral density in healthy pre-menopausal women. Hum Reprod 2005; 20: 2764–2768
  • Uusi-Rasi K, Sievanen H, Heinonen A, Beck T J, Vuori I. Determinants of changes in bone mass and femoral neck structure, and physical performance after menopause: a 9-year follow-up of initially perimenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 616–622
  • Hundrup Y A, Hoidrup S, Ekholm O, Davidsen M, Obel E B. Risk of low-energy hip, wrist, and upper arm fractures among current and previous users of hormone replacement therapy: the Danish Nurse Cohort Study. Eur J Epidemiol 2004; 19: 1089–1095
  • Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Tofteng C L, Jensen L B, Barenholdt O, Pors Nielsen S, Abrahamsen B, Brixen K, Mosekilde L. Response rates to oestrogen treatment in perimenopausal women: 5-year data from the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study (DOPS). Maturitas 2004; 48: 307–320
  • Liu J H, Muse K N. The effect of progestins on bone density and bone metabolism in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192: 1316–1323
  • Gambacciani M, Ciaponi M, Cappagli B, Monteleone P, Benussi C, Bevilacqua G, Genazzani A R. Postmenopausal femur bone loss: effect of a low dose hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 2003; 45: 175–183
  • Osmanagaoglu M A, Osmanagaoglu S, Osmanagaoglu T, Bozkaya H. Effect of different preparations of hormone therapy on lipid and glucose metabolism, coagulation factors and bone mineral density in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 2005; 84: 382–393
  • Ravn P, Warming L, Christgau S, Christiansen C. The effect on cartilage of different forms of application of postmenopausal estrogen therapy: comparison of oral and transdermal therapy. Bone 2004; 35: 1216–1221
  • Banks E, Beral V, Reeves G, Balkwill A, Barnes I. Fracture incidence in relation to the pattern of use of hormone therapy in postmenopausal women. J Am Med Assoc 2004; 291: 2212–2220
  • Christiansen C. Effects of drospirenone/estrogen combinations on bone metabolism. Climacteric 2005; 8(Suppl 3)35–41
  • Nappi C, Di Spiezio Sardo A, Tommaselli G A, Giordano E, Guida M. Effects of an oral contraceptive containing drospirenone on bone turnover and bone mineral density. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105: 53–60
  • Grubb G, Spielmann D, Pickar J, Constantine G. Clinical experience with trimegestone as a new progestin in therapy. Steroids 2003; 68: 921–926
  • Warming L, Ravn P, Spielmann D, Delmas P, Christiansen C. Trimegestone in a low-dose, continuous-combined hormone therapy regimen prevents bone loss in osteopenic postmenopausal women. Menopause 2004; 11: 337–342
  • Collette J, Viethel P, Dethor M, Chevallier T, Micheletti M C, Foidart J M, Reginster J Y. Comparison of changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover after 6 months of hormone replacement therapy with either transdermal estradiol or equine conjugated estrogen plus nomegestrol acetate. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2003; 31: 434–441
  • Nguyen-Pascal M L, Thomas J L, Bergougnoux L, Garnero P, Drapier-Faure E, Delmas P. Nomegestrol acetate may enhance the skeletal effects of estradiol on biochemical markers of bone turnover in menopausal women after a 12-week treatment period. Climacteric 2005; 8: 136–145
  • Taechakraichana N, Limpaphayom K, Ninlagam T, Panyakhamlerd K, Chaikittisilpa S, Dusitsin N. A randomized trial of oral contraceptive and hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density and coronary heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 87–94
  • Liao E Y, Luo X H, Deng X G, Wu X P, Wang P F, Mao J P, Huang G, Wei Q Y. The effect of low dose nylestriol–levonorgestrel replacement therapy on bone mineral density in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Res 2003; 29: 217–226
  • Lindsay R, Gallagher J C, Kleerekoper M, Pickar J H. Bone response to treatment with lower doses of conjugated estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate in early postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 372–379
  • Bhattoa H P, Bettembuk P, Balogh A, Szegedi G, Kiss E. The effect of 1-year transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteopenic postmenopausal systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trail. Osteoporos Int 2004; 15: 396–404
  • Al-Azzawi F, Lees B, Thompson J, Stevenson J C. Bone mineral density in postmenopausal women treated with a vaginal ring delivering systemic doses of estradiol acetate. Menopause 2005; 12: 331–339
  • Rowan J P, Simon J A, Sperofff L, Ellman H. Effects of low-dose norethindrone acetate plus ethinyl estradiol (0.5 mg/2.5 microg) in women with postmenopausal symptoms: updated analysis of three randomized, controlled trials. Clin Ther 2006; 28: 921–932
  • Jirapinyo M, Theppisai U, Manonai J, Suchartwatnachai C, Jorgersen L N. Effect of combined oral estrogen/progestogen preparation (Kliogest) on bone mineral density, plasma lipids and postmenopausal symptoms in HRT-naïve Thai women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82: 857–866
  • Popp A W, Bodmer C, Senn C, Fuchs G, Kraenzlin M E, Wyss H, Birkhaeuser M H, Lippuner K. Prevention of postmenopausal bone loss with long-cycle hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 2006; 53: 191–200
  • Mizunuma H, Shiraki M, Shintani M, Gorai I, Makita K, Itoga S, Mochizuki Y, Mogi H, Iwaoki Y, Kosha S, et al. Randomized trial comparing low-dose hormone replacement therapy and HRT plus 1α-OH-vitamin D3 (alfacalcidol) for treatment of postmenopausal bone loss. J Bone Mineral Res 2006; 24: 11–15
  • Lydeking-Olsen E, Beck Jensen H E, Setchell K D, Holm-Jensen T. Soymilk or progesterone for prevention of bone loss: a 2 year randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2004; 43: 246–257
  • Tremollieres F, Pouilles J M, Ribot C. Effect of long-term administration of progestogen on postmenopausal bone loss: result of a two-year, controlled randomized study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1993; 38: 627–631
  • Wermers R A, Hurley D L, Kearns E. Osteoporosis associated with megestrol acetate. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79: 1557–1561
  • Vogel V, Costantino J P, Wickerham D L, Cronin W M, Cecchini R S, Atkins J N, Bevers T B, Fehrenbacher L, Pajon E R, Jr, Wade J L, 3rd, National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP). Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: the NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial. J Am Med Assoc 2006; 295: 2727–2741
  • Johnson K A. The SERM of my dreams. J Clin Endocrin Metab 2006; 91: 3754–3756
  • Kenemans P, Speroff L. Tibolone: clinical recommendations and practical guidelines. A report of the International Tibolone Consensus Group. Maturitas 2005; 51: 21–28
  • Bianco V, Murina F, Valente I. Tibolone in the treatment of menopause: compliance, efficacy and safety in a ten year experience. Minerva Ginecol 2006; 58: 335–344
  • Riggs B L, Parfitt A M. Drugs used to treat osteoporosis: the critical need for a uniform nomenclature based on their activity on bone remodelling. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20: 177–184
  • Cranney A, Guyatt G, Griffith L, Wells G, Tugwell P, Rosen C. Summary of meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 2002; 23: 570–578
  • O'Donnell S, Cranney A, Wells G A, Adachi J D, Reginster J Y. Strontium ranelate for preventing and treating postmenopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, 3, CD005326
  • Close P, Neuprez A, Reginster J Y. Developments in the pharmacotherapeutic management of osteoporosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006; 7: 1603–1615

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.