High prevalence of childhood emotional, physical and sexual trauma among a Canadian cohort of HIV-seropositive illicit drug users

References

• Allen , D.M. and Tarnowski , K.J. 1989 . Depressive characteristics of physically abused children . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 17 ( 1 ) : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , D.P. , Stein , J.A. , Newcomb , M.D. , Walker , E. , Pogge , D. , Ahluvalia , T. and Zule , W. 2003 . Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire . Child Abuse & Neglect , 27 ( 2 ) : 169 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braitstein , P. , Li , K. , Tyndall , M. , Spittal , P.M. , O'Shaughnessy , M.V. , Schilder , A. and Schechter , M.T. 2003 . Sexual violence among a cohort of injection drug users . Social Science & Medicine , 57 ( 3 ) : 561 – 569 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brayden , R.M. , Altemeier , W.A. , Tucker , D.D. , Dietrich , M.S. and Vietze , P. 1992 . Antecedents of child neglect in the first two years of life . Journal of Pediatrics , 120 ( 3 ) : 426 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere , J. and Jordan , C.E. 2009 . Childhood maltreatment, intervening variables, and adult psychological difficulties in women: An overview . Trauma, Violence, Abuse , 10 ( 4 ) : 375 – 388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke , J. , Stein , M.D. , Sobota , M. , Marisi , M. and Hanna , L. 1999 . Victims as victimizers: Physical aggression by persons with a history of childhood abuse . Archives of Internal Medicine , 159 ( 16 ) : 1920 – 1924 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffin , P.O. , Galea , S. , Ahern , J. , Leon , A.C. , Vlahov , D. and Tardiff , K. 2003 . Opiates, cocaine and alcohol combinations in accidental drug overdose deaths in New York City, 1990–98 . Addiction , 98 ( 6 ) : 739 – 747 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , R.J. , Dickens , B.M. and Thapa , S. 2005 . Caring for victims of sexual abuse . International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics , 91 ( 2 ) : 194 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham , R.M. , Stiffman , A.R. , Doré , P. and Earls , F. 1994 . The association of physical and sexual abuse with HIV risk behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood: Implications for public health . Child Abuse & Neglect , 18 ( 3 ) : 233 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danese , A. , Moffitt , T.E. , Harrington , H. , Milne , B.J. , Polanczyk , G. , Pariante , C.M. and Caspi , A. 2009 . Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: Depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers . Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , 163 ( 12 ) : 1135 – 1143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle , C. 2001 . Surviving and coping with emotional abuse in childhood . Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 6 ( 3 ) : 387 – 402 .
   Google Scholar
• Driessen , M. , Schroeder , T. , Widmann , B. , von Schönfeld , C.-E. and Schneider , F. 2006 . Childhood trauma, psychiatric disorders, and criminal behavior in prisoners in Germany: A comparative study in incarcerated women and men . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 67 ( 10 ) : 1486 – 1492 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube , S.R. , Anda , R.F. , Felitti , V.J. , Croft , J.B. , Edwards , V.J. and Giles , W.H. 2001 . Growing up with parental alcohol abuse: Exposure to childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction . Child Abuse & Neglect , 25 ( 12 ) : 1627 – 1640 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube , S.R. , Anda , R.F. , Felitti , V.J. , Edwards , V.J. and Williamson , D.F. 2002 . Exposure to abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction among adults who witnessed intimate partner violence as children: Implications for health and social services . Violence and Victims , 17 ( 1 ) : 3 – 17 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dubowitz , H. , Giardino , A. , & Gustavson , E. 2000 . Child neglect: Guidance for pediatricians . Pediatrics in Review , 21 4 , 111 116 ; quiz 116 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Felson , R.B. and Lane , K.J. 2009 . Social learning, sexual and physical abuse, and adult crime . Aggressive Behavior , 35 ( 6 ) : 489 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink , L.A. , Bernstein , D. , Handelsman , L. , Foote , J. and Lovejoy , M. 1995 . Initial reliability and validity of the childhood trauma interview: A new multidimensional measure of childhood interpersonal trauma . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 ( 9 ) : 1329 – 1335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelhor , D. , Ormrod , R.K. and Turner , H.A. 2007 . Poly-victimization: A neglected component in child victimization . Child Abuse & Neglect , 31 ( 1 ) : 7 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert , R. , Widom , C.S. , Browne , K. , Fergusson , D. , Webb , E. and Janson , S. 2009 . Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries . Lancet , 373 ( 9657 ) : 68 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillis , S.D. , Anda , R.F. , Felitti , V.J. and Marchbanks , P.A. 2001 . Adverse childhood experiences and sexual risk behaviors in women: A retrospective cohort study . Family Planning Perspectives , 33 ( 5 ) : 206 – 211 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holmes , W.C. 1997 . Association between a history of childhood sexual abuse and subsequent, adolescent psychoactive substance use disorder in a sample of HIV seropositive men . Journal of Adolescent Health , 20 ( 6 ) : 414 – 419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosser , D. , Raddatz , S. and Windzio , M. 2007 . Child maltreatment, revictimization, and violent behavior . Violence and Victims , 22 ( 3 ) : 318 – 333 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kairys , S.W. and Johnson , C.F. 2002 . The psychological maltreatment of children – technical report . Pediatrics , 109 ( 4 ) : e68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotch , J.B. , Lewis , T. , Hussey , J.M. , English , D. , Thompson , R. , Litrownik , A.J. and Dubowitz , H. 2008 . Importance of early neglect for childhood aggression . Pediatrics , 121 ( 4 ) : 725 – 731 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig , S. 1981 . A multidisciplinary approach to child abuse . Nursing Clinics of North America , 16 ( 1 ) : 161 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medrano , M.A. , Hatch , J.P. , Zule , W.A. and Desmond , D.P. 2002 . Psychological distress in childhood trauma survivors who abuse drugs . The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 28 ( 1 ) : 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medrano , M.A. , Hatch , J.P. , Zule , W.A. and Desmond , D.P. 2003 . Childhood trauma and adult prostitution behavior in a multiethnic heterosexual drug-using population . The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 29 ( 2 ) : 463 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , M. 1999 . A model to explain the relationship between sexual abuse and HIV risk among women . AIDS Care , 11 ( 1 ) : 3 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , J.E.B. 2002 . Keep the lifeboat afloat . Child Abuse & Neglect , 26 ( 6–7 ) : 561 – 567 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neigh , G.N. , Gillespie , C.F. and Nemeroff , C.B. 2009 . The neurobiological toll of child abuse and neglect . Trauma, Violence, Abuse , 10 ( 4 ) : 389 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ompad , D.C. , Ikeda , R.M. , Shah , N. , Fuller , C.M. , Bailey , S. , Morse , E. and Strathdee , S.A. 2005 . Childhood sexual abuse and age at initiation of injection drug use . American Journal of Public Health , 95 ( 4 ) : 703 – 709 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paivio , S.C. and Cramer , K.M. 2004 . Factor structure and reliability of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in a Canadian undergraduate student sample . Child Abuse & Neglect , 28 ( 8 ) : 889 – 904 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarchiapone , M. , Carli , V. , Cuomo , C. , Marchetti , M. and Roy , A. 2009 . Association between childhood trauma and aggression in male prisoners . Psychiatry Research , 165 ( 1–2 ) : 187 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiffman , A.R. 1989 . Suicide attempts in runaway youths . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior , 19 ( 2 ) : 147 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoltz , J.-A.M. , Shannon , K. , Kerr , T. , Zhang , R. , Montaner , J.S.G. and Wood , E. 2007 . Associations between childhood maltreatment and sex work in a cohort of drug-using youth . Social Science & Medicine , 65 ( 6 ) : 1214 – 1221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strathdee , S.A. , Palepu , A. , Cornelisse , P.G. , Yip , B. , O'Shaughnessy , M.V. , Montaner , J.S. and Hogg , R.S. 1998 . Barriers to use of free antiretroviral therapy in injection drug users . JAMA , 280 ( 6 ) : 547 – 549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyndall , M.W. , Currie , S. , Spittal , P.M. , Li , K. , Wood , E. , O'Shaughnessy , M.V. and Schechter , M.T. 2003 . Intensive injection cocaine use as the primary risk factor in the Vancouver HIV-1 epidemic . AIDS , 17 ( 6 ) : 887 – 893 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B.A. , Roth , S. , Pelcovitz , D. , Sunday , S. and Spinazzola , J. 2005 . Disorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 18 ( 5 ) : 389 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , E. , Hogg , R.S. , Bonner , S. , Kerr , T. , Li , K. , Palepu , A. and Montaner , J.S. 2004 . Staging for antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected drug users . JAMA , 292 ( 10 ) : 1175 – 1177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , E. , Hogg , R.S. , Lima , V.D. , Kerr , T. , Yip , B. , Marshall , B.D. and Montaner , J.S. 2008 . Highly active antiretroviral therapy and survival in HIV-infected injection drug users . JAMA , 300 ( 5 ) : 550 – 554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , E. , Hogg , R.S. , Yip , B. , Harrigan , P.R. , O'Shaughnessy , M.V. and Montaner , J.S. 2003 . Effect of medication adherence on survival of HIV-infected adults who start highly active antiretroviral therapy when the CD4+ cell count is 0.200 to 0.350 x 10(9) cells/L . Annals of Internal Medicine , 139 ( 10 ) : 810 – 816 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda , R. , Halligan , S.L. and Grossman , R. 2001 . Childhood trauma and risk for PTSD: Relationship to intergenerational effects of trauma, parental PTSD, and cortisol excretion . Development and Psychopathology , 13 ( 3 ) : 733 – 753 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zierler , S. , Feingold , L. , Laufer , D. , Velentgas , P. , Kantrowitz-Gordon , I. and Mayer , K. 1991 . Adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse and subsequent risk of HIV infection . American Journal of Public Health , 81 ( 5 ) : 572 – 575 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar