An exploratory study of community violence and HIV care engagement among Black gay and bisexual men

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). HIV and African Americans. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racialethnic/africanamericans/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, C. J., Bukowski, L. A., Matthews, D. D., Hawk, M. E., Markovic, N., Stall, R. D., & Egan, J. E. (2019). Understanding the impact of a syndemic on the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis in a community-based sample of behaviorally PrEP-eligible BMSM in the United States. AIDS Care, 32(5), 551–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1659921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicchetti, D., & Lynch, M. (1993). Toward an ecological/transactional model of community violence and child maltreatment: Consequences for children’s development. Psychiatry, 56(1), 96–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1993.11024624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale, S. K., Bogart, L. M., Wagner, G. J., Galvan, F. H., & Klein, D. J. (2014). Medical mistrust is related to lower longitudinal medication adherence among African-American males with HIV. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(7), 1311–1321. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314551950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingerhut, L. A., & Kleinman, J. C. (1990). International and interstate comparisons of homicide among young males. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 263(24), 3292–3295. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.263.24.3292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghidei, L., Simone, M. J., Salow, M. J., Zimmerman, K. M., Paquin, A. M., Skarf, L. M., Kostas, T. R. M., & Rudolph, J. L. (2013). Aging, antiretrovirals, and adherence: A meta analysis of adherence among older HIV-infected individuals. Drugs & Aging, 30(10), 809–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-013-0107-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, J. S., Penedo, F. J., Antoni, M. H., Durán, R. E., McPherson-Baker, S., Ironson, G., Isabel Fernandez, M., Klimas, N. G., Fletcher, M. A., & Schneiderman, N. (2004). Social support, positive states of mind, and HIV treatment adherence in men and women living with HIV/AIDS. Health Psychology, 23(4), 413–418. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.23.4.413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griva, K., Davenport, A., Harrison, M., & Newman, S. P. (2012). Non-adherence to immunosuppressive medications in kidney transplantation: Intent vs. forgetfulness and clinical markers of medication intake. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 44(1), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9359-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, G. L., & Heath, M. (2020). Poor medication adherence in African Americans is a matter of trust. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 8(4), 927–942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00850-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haukkala, A., Uutela, A., Vartiainen, E., Mcalister, A., & Knekt, P. (2000). Depression and smoking cessation: The role of motivation and self-efficacy. Addictive Behaviors, 25(2), 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00125-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, C. J., Heckman, T. G., Hansen, N. B., Kochman, A., & Sikkema, K. J. (2009). Adherence to antiretroviral medication in older adults living with HIV/AIDS: A comparison of alternative models. AIDS Care, 21(5), 541–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120802385611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliewer, W., Lepore, S. J., Oskin, D., & Johnson, P. D. (1998). The role of social and cognitive processes in children’s adjustment to community violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.66.1.199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löwe, B., Kroenke, K., Herzog, W., & Gräfe, K. (2004). Measuring depression outcome with a brief self-report instrument: Sensitivity to change of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Journal of Affective Disorders, 81(1), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(03)00198-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolin, G., & Gordis, E. B. (2000). The effects of family and community violence on children. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), 445–479. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maulsby, C., Millett, G., Lindsey, K., Kelley, R., Johnson, K., Montoya, D., & Holtgrave, D. (2013). HIV among Black men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States: A review of the literature. AIDS and Behavior, 18(1), 10–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0476-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millett, G. (2015). Contextualizing the US HIV epidemic among black MSM [PowerPoint slides]. https://www.hanc.info/Documents/Greg20Millett20Slides%204.2.15.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Motley, R., Sewell, W., & Chen, Y.-C. (2017). Community violence exposure and risk taking behaviors among Black emerging adults: A systematic review. Journal of Community Health, 42(5), 1069–1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-017-0353-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutchler, M. G., Bogart, L. M., Klein, D. C., Wagner, G. J., Klinger, I. A., Tyagi, K., & McDavitt, B. (2019). Age matters: Differences in correlates of self-reported HIV antiretroviral treatment adherence between older and younger Black men who have sex with men living with HIV. AIDS Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV, 31(8), 965–972. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1612020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla, M., Carter, B., Gutierrez, M., & Fagan, J. (2022). The boundary of HIV care: Barriers and facilitators to care engagement among people with HIV in the United States. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 36(8), 321–331. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2022.0062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, K., Voisin, D. R., Bouris, A., & Schneider, J. (2016). Psychological distress, drug use, sexual risks and medication adherence among young HIV-positive Black men who have sex with men: Exposure to community violence matters. AIDS Care, 28(7), 866–872. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1153596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, K. G., Reed, S. J., Dickson-Gomez, J., & Kelly, J. A. (2018). An exploration of syndemic factors that influence engagement in HIV care among Black men. Qualitative Health Research, 28(7), 1077–1087. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732318759529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, K. G., Spector, A., Takahashi, L., & Voisin, D. R. (2021). Conceptualizing the effects of continuous traumatic violence on HIV continuum of care outcomes for young Black men who have sex with men in the United States. AIDS and Behavior, 25(3), 758–772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03040-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richters, J. E. (1993). Community violence and children’s development: Toward a research agenda for the 1990s. Psychiatry, 56(1), 3–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1993.11024616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richters, J. E., & Martinez, P. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: I. Children as victims of and witnesses to violence. Psychiatry, 56(1), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1993.11024617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saegert, S., & Evans, G. W. (2003). Poverty, housing niches, and health in the United States. Journal of Social Issues, 59(3), 569–589. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., & Wilson, W. J. (2013). Toward a theory of race, crime, and urban inequality. In S. Gabbidon & H. T. Green (Eds.), Race, crime, and justice: A reader (pp. 177–189). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sherdell, L., Waugh, C. E., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012). Anticipatory pleasure predicts motivation for reward in major depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoni, J. M., Huh, D., Wilson, I. B., Shen, J., Goggin, K., Reynolds, N. R., Remien, R. H., Rosen, M. I., Bangsberg, D. R., & Liu, H. (2012). Racial/ethnic disparities in ART adherence in the United States. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 60(5), 466–472. https://doi.org/10.1097/qai.0b013e31825db0bd
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, N. A., Voisin, D. R., Yang, J. P., & Tung, E. L. (2019). Keeping your guard up: Hypervigilance among urban residents affected by community and police violence. Health Affairs, 38(10), 1662–1669. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith Lee, J. R., & Robinson, M. A. (2019). “That’s my number one fear in life. It’s the police”: Examining young Black men’s exposures to trauma and loss resulting from police violence and police killings. Journal of Black Psychology, 45(3), 143–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798419865152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen, J. R., Marquart, J. W., & Brock, D. E. (1993). Factors related to killings of felons by police officers: A test of the community violence and conflict hypotheses. Justice Quarterly, 10(3), 417–440. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829300091911
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Kataoka, S., Rhodes, H. J., & Vestal, K. D. (2003). Prevalence of child and adolescent exposure to community violence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(4), 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:ccfp.0000006292.61072.d2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, M. B., Walker, J. R., Hazden, A. L., & Forde, D. R. (1997). Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings from a community survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(8), 1114–1119. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.8.1114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi, A., Gardner, L. I., Ogbuanu, I., Youmans, E., Stephens, T., Gibson, J. J., & Duffus, W. A. (2011). Predictors of time to enter medical care after a new HIV diagnosis: A statewide population-based study. AIDS Care, 23(11), 1366–1373. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2011.565032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voisin, D. R. (2003). Victims of community violence and HIV sexual risk behaviors among African American adolescent males. Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention & Education for Adolescents & Children, 5(3–4), 87–110. https://doi.org/10.1300/j129v05n03_05
   Google Scholar
• Voisin, D. R. (2019). America the beautiful and violent: Black youth and neighborhood trauma in Chicago. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Voisin, D. R., Jenkins, E. J., & Takahashi, L. (2011). Toward a conceptual model linking community violence exposure to HIV-related risk behaviors among adolescents: Directions for research. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(3), 230–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voisin, D. R., Patel, S., Hong, J. S., Takahashi, L., & Gaylord-Harden, N. (2016). Behavioral health correlates of exposure to community violence among African-American adolescents in Chicago. Children and Youth Services Review, 69, 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voisin, D. R., & Takahashi, L. M. (2021). The relationship between violence syndemics and sexual risk behaviors among African American adolescents: Implications for future research. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(5), 937–944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, G. J., Bogart, L. M., Galvan, F. H., Banks, D., & Klein, D. J. (2011). Discrimination as a key mediator of the relationship between posttraumatic stress and HIV treatment adherence among African American men. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35(1), 8–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9320-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside, Y. O., Cohen, S. M., Bradley, H., Skarbinski, J., Hall, H. I., & Lansky, A. (2014). Progress along the continuum of HIV care among blacks with diagnosed HIV-United States, 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(5), 85–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, J. K., Wilton, L., Magnus, M., Wang, L., Wang, J., Penniman Dyer, T., Koblin, B. A., Hucks-Ortiz, C., Fields, S. D., Shoptaw, S., Stephenson, R., O’Cleirigh, C., & Cummings, V. (2015). Relation of childhood sexual abuse, intimate partner violence, and depression to risk factors for HIV among Black men who have sex with men in 6 US cities. American Journal of Public Health, 105(12), 2473–2481. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zepf, R., Greene, M., Hessol, N. A., Johnson, M. O., Santos, G. M., John, M. D., & Dawson-Rose, C. (2020). Syndemic conditions and medication adherence in older men living with HIV who have sex with men. AIDS Care, 32(12), 1610–1616. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1772954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimet, G., Powell, S., Farley, G., Werkman, S., & Berkoff, K. (1990). Psychometric characteristics of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(3), 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5503&4_17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuromski, K. L., Ustun, B., Hwang, I., Keane, T. M., Marx, B. P., Stein, M. B., Ursano, R. J., & Kessler, R. C. (2019). Developing an optimal short-form of the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Depression and Anxiety, 36(9), 790–800. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar