232
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Psychiatric disorders during pregnancy

&
Pages 217-230 | Published online: 11 Jul 2009

References

  • ADDIS, A. & KOREN, G. (2000). Safety of fluoxetine during the first trimester of pregnancy: a meta-analytical review of epidemiological studies. Psychological Medicine, 30, 89–94
  • ALLISTER, L., LESTER, B.M., CARR, S. & Liu, J. (2001). The effects of maternal depression on fetal heart rate response to vibroacoustic stimulation. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20(3), 639–651
  • ALTSHULER, L., COHEN, L., SZUBA, M.P., BURT, V.K., GITLIN, M. & MINTZ, J. (1996). Pharmacologic manage-ment of psychiatric illness during pregnancy: dilemmas and guidelines. American journal of Psychiatry, 153, 592–606
  • ALTSHULER, L.L. & HENDIUCK, V. (1996). Pregnancy and psychotropic medication: changes in blood levels. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16, 78–80
  • ALTSHULER, L.L., HENDRICK, V. & COHEN, L.S. (1998). Course of mood and anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59\(Suppl. 2), 29–33
  • AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (1983). Drug interactions and adverse drug interactions. In: ANIA Drug Evaluations ( pp. 31–44). Chicago: American Medical Association
  • APPLEBY, L. (1991). Suicide during pregnancy and in the first postnatal year. British Medical Journal, 302, 137–140
  • AUERBACH, J.G., HANs, S.L., MARCUS, J., & MAEIR, S. (1992). Maternal psychotropic medication and neonatal behavior. Neurotoxicology & Teratology, 14, 399–406
  • BALDESSARINI, R.J., TONDO, L. & VIGUERA, A.C. (1999). Effects of discontinuing lithium maintenance treatment. Bipolar Disorders, 1, 17–24
  • BARLOW, S.M., KNIGHT, A.F. & SULLIVAN, F.M. (1979). Prevention by diazepam of adverse effects of maternal restraint stress on postnatal development and learning in the rat. Teratology, 19, 105–110
  • BENNEDSEN, B.E. (1998). Adverse pregnancy outcome in schizophrenic women: occurrence and risk factors. Schizophrenia Research, 33, 1–26
  • BENNEDSEN, B.E., MORTENSEN, P.B., OLESEN, A.V., HENRIKSEN, T.B. & FRYDENBERG, M. (2001). Obstetric complications in women with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 47, 167–175
  • BIRNDORF, C.A., MADDEN, A., PORTERA, L. & LEON, A.C. (2001). Psychiatric symptoms, functional impairment, and receptivity toward mental health treatment among obstetrical patients. International journal of Psychiatry & Medicine, 31, 355–365
  • BLEHAR, M, DEPAULO, J., GERSHON, E., REICH, T., SIMPSON, S.G. & NURNBERGER, J.I., JR. (1988). Women with bipolar disorder: findings from the NIMH genetics initiative sample. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 34, 239–243
  • BOGARDUS, S., HOLMBOE, E. & JEKEL, J.F. (1999). Perils, pitfalls, and possibilities in talking about medical risk. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 1037–1041
  • BROCKINGTON, I.F., OATES, M. & ROSE, G. (1990). Prepartum psychosis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 19, 31–35
  • BROUGHER, J.C. (1960). Use of an anti-emetic agent in nausea and vomiting associated with pregnancy. Western Medicine, I, 9
  • BURKE, K.C., BURKE, J.D., RAE, D.S. & REGIER, D.A. (1991). Comparing age at onset of major depression and other psychiatric disorders by birth cohorts in five US community populations. Archive in General Psychiatry, 48, 789–795
  • CHAMBERS, C.D., JOHNSON, K.A., DICK, L.N., FELIX, R.J. & JONES, K.L. (1996). Birth outcomes in pregnant women taking fluoxetine. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 1010–1015
  • CHAMBLESS, D.L. & Gmus, M.M. (1993). Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 248–260
  • CHELMOW, D. & HALFIN, V.P. (1997). Pregnancy compli-cated by obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, 6, 31–34
  • CHIU, C.C., HUANG, S.Y., SHEN, W. & Su, K.P. (2003). Omega-3 fatty acids for depression in pregnancy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 385
  • CHUNG, T.K., LAU, T.K., YIP, A.S., CHiu, H.F. & TFF, D.T. (2001). Antepartum depressive symptomatology is associated with adverse obstetric and neonatal out-comes. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(5), 830–834
  • CLAES, M., Ms, M. & JACQUEMYN, Y. (1997). The contribution of biological factors to the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders in the postpartum period: a survey. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 9,128–132
  • COHEN, L.S., HELLER, V.L., BAILEY, J.W., GRUSH, L., ABLON, J.S. & BOUFFARD, S.M. (2000). Birth outcomes following prenatal exposure to fluoxetine. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 996–1000
  • COHEN, L.S., FRIEDMAN, J.M., JEFFERSON, J.W., JOHNSON, E.M. & WEINER, M.L. (1994). A re-evaluation of the risk of in utero exposure to lithium. Journal of the American Medical Association, 271, 146–150
  • COHEN, L.S. & ROSENBAUM, J.F. (1998). Psychotropic drug use during pregnancy: weighing the risks. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59\(Suppl. 2), 18–28
  • COHEN, L.S., ROSENBAUM, J.F. & HELLER, V.L. (1989). Panic attack-associated placental abruption: a case report. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 50, 266–267
  • COHEN, L.S., SICHEL, D.A., FARAONE, S.V., ROBERTSON, L.M., DimmocK, J.A. & ROSENBAUM, J.F. (1996). Course of panic disorder during pregnancy and the puerperium: a preliminary study. Biological Psychiatry, 39,950–954
  • COHEN, L.S., SICHEL, D.A., ROBERTSON, L.M., HECKSCHER, E. & ROSENBAUM, J.F.(1995). Post-partum prophylaxis for women with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1641–1645
  • COSTEI, A.M., KOZER, E., Ho, T., ITO, S. & KOREN, G. (2002). Perinatal outcome following third trimester exposure to paroxetine. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 156, 1129–1132
  • COTT, J. (2000). Omega-3 fatty acids and pregnancy. Alternative Therapies in Women‘s Health, 2(12), 89–92
  • COVERDALE, J.H., MCCULLOUGH, L.B. & CHERVENAK, F.A. (2002). Enhancing decision-making by depressed pregnant patients. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 30(4), 349–351
  • COWE, L., LLOYD, D.J. & DAWLING, S. (1982). Neonatal convulsions caused by withdrawal from maternal clomipramine. British Medical Journal, 284, 1837–1838
  • DAYAN, J., CREVEUIL, C., HERLICOVIEZ, M., HERBEL, C., BARANGER, E., SAVOYE, C. & THoulx, A. (2002). Role of anxiety and depression in the onset of spontaneous preterm labor. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155(4), 293–301
  • DEBER, R.B., KRAETSCHMER, N. & IRVINE, J. (1996). What role do patients wish to play in decision-making? Archives in Internal Medicine, 156, 1414–1420
  • DELGADO-ESCUETA, A.V. & JANz, D. (1992). Consensus guidelines: preconception counseling, management, and care of the pregnant woman with epilepsy. Neurology, 42(Suppl. 5), 149–160
  • DESMOND, M.M., RUDOLPH, A.J. & HILL, R.M. (1967). Behavioral alterations in infants born to mothers on psychoactive medication during pregnancy. In: G. FARRELL (Ed), Congenital Mental Retardation. Austin: University of Texas
  • DICKSON, R.A. & HOGG, L. (1998). Pregnancy of a patient treated with clozapine. Psychiatric Services, 49, 1081–1083
  • DOLOVICH, L.R., ADDIS, A., VAILLANCOURT, J.M., POWER, J.D., KOREN, G. & EINARSON, T.R. (1998). Benzodiazepine use in pregnancy and major malforma-tions or oral cleft: meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies. British Medical Journal, 317, 839–843
  • EINARSON, A., FATOYE, B., SARKAR, M., LAVIGNE, S.V., BROCHU, J., CHAMBERS, C., MASTROIACOV, P., ADDIS, A., MATSUI D., SCHULER, L., EINARSON, T.R. & KOREN, G. (2001). Pregnancy outcome following gestational expo-sure to venlafaxine: a multicenter prospective controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1728–1730
  • ERICSON, A., KALLEN, B. & Wu-1mm, B. (1999). Delivery outcome after the use of antidepressants in early pregnancy. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 55,503–508
  • ERNST, C.L. & GOLDBERG, J.F. (2002). The reproductive safety profile of mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics, and broad-spectrum psychotropics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63 (Suppl. 4), 42–55
  • EVANS, J., HERON, J., FRANCOMB, H., OKE, S. & GOLDING, J. (2001). Cohort study of depressed mood during pregnancy and after childbirth. British Medical Journal, 323, 257–260
  • FDA (1999). Concept paper on pregnancy labeling. Summary of comments from a public hearing and model pregnancy labeling based on recommendations. May 20,1999. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/99/ transcpt/3516r1.doc
  • FERRILL, M.J., KEHOE, W.A. & JAcisiN, J.J. (1992). ECT during pregnancy: physiologic and pharmacologic considerations. Convulsant Therapy, 8, 186–200
  • FRANK, E., KUPFER, D . J., PEREL, J.M., CORNS, C., JARRETT, D.B., MALLINGER, A.G., THASE, M.E., MCEACHRAN, A.B. & GROCHOCHINSKI, V.J. (1990). Three-year outcomes for maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. Archives in General Psychiatry, 47, 1093–1099
  • FREEMAN, M.P. (2000). Omega-3 fatty acids in psychiatry: a review. Annals in Clinical Psychiatry, 12, 159–165
  • FREEMAN, M.P., WOSNITZER-SMITH, K., FREEMAN, S.A., MCELROY, S.L., KMETZ, G.F., WIUGHT, R. & KECK, P.E. JR. (2002). The impact of reproductive events on the course of bipolar disorder in women. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 284–287
  • GEORGE, D.T., LADENHEIM, J.A. & NuTT, D.J. (1987). Effects of pregnancy on panic attacks. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1078–1079
  • GOLDSTEIN, D.J., CORBIN, L.A. & FUNG, M.C. (2000). Olanzapine-exposed pregnancies and lactation: early experience. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 399–403
  • GOTLIB, I.H., WHIFF1N, V.E., MOUNT, J.H., MILNE, K. & CORDY, N.I. (1989). Prevalence rates and demographic characteristics associated with depression in pregnancy and the postpartum. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 57, 269–274
  • GRACIOUS, B.L. & WISNER, K.L. (1997). Phenelzine use throughout pregnancy and the puerperium: case report, review of the literature, and management recommenda-tions. Depression & Anxiety, 6, 124–128
  • GRANSTROM, M.L. (1982). Development of the children of epileptic mothers-preliminary results from the prospective Helsinki study. In: D. JANz, L. Boss‘ & M. DAM et al., (Eds), Epilepsy, Pregnancy, and the Child (pp. 403–408). New York: Raven Press
  • GROF, P., ROBBINS, W., ALDA, M., BERGHOEFER, A, VOJTECHOVSKY, M., NILSSON, A. & ROBERTSON, C. (2000). Protective effect of pregnancy in women with lithium-responsive bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 6/(1–2), 31–39
  • GUAY, J., GRENIER, Y. & VARIN, F. (1998). Clinical pharmacokinetics of neuromuscular relaxants in pregnancy. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 34, 483–496
  • HARTZ, S.C., HEINONEN, 0.P., SHAPIRO, S., SISKIND, V. & SLONE, D. (1975). Antenatal exposure to meprobamate and chlordiazepoxide in relation to malformations, mental development, and childhood mortality. New England journal of Medicine, 292, 726–728
  • HEIKKINEN, T., EKBLAD, U., KERO, P., EKBLAD, S. & LAINE, K. (2002). Citalopram in pregnancy and lacta-tion. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapy, 72, 184–191
  • HEINONEN, 0.P., SLONE, D. & SHAPIRO, S. (1977). Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy. Littleton, Mass: Publishing Science Group
  • HENDRICK, V. & ALTSHULER, L. (2002). Management of major depression during pregnancy. American Journal of Psychiatry, /59(10), 1667–1673
  • HENDRICK, V.C. & ALTSHULER, L.L. (1997). Management of breakthrough panic disorder symptoms during pregnancy (letter). Journal of Clinical Psychopharma-cology, 17, 228–229
  • HIBBELN, J.R. (2002). Seafood consumption, the DHA content of mothers‘ milk and prevalence rates of postpartum depression: a cross-sectional, ecological analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 69, 15–29
  • HOLMES, L.B., HARVEY, E.A., Cow., B.A., HUNTINGDON, K.B., KHOSHBIN, S., HAYES, A.M. & RYAN, L.M. (2001). The teratogenicity of anticonvulsant drugs. New England Journal of Medicine, 334, 1132–1138
  • HOSTETTER, A., STOWE, Z.N., STRADER, J.R. JR., MCLAUGHLIN, E. & LLEWFT T YN, A. (2000). Dose of selective serotonin uptake inhibitors across pregnancy: clinical implications. Depression & Anxiety, 11(2), 51–57
  • HUTCHINGS, D.E. (1983). Behavioral teratology: a new frontier in neurobehavioral research. In: E.M. JOHNSON & D.M. KOCHHAR (Eds), Teratogenesis and Reproductive Toxicology (pp. 207–235). New York: Springer Verlag
  • ISTVAN, J. (1986). Stress, anxiety, and birth outcomes: a critical review of the evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 331–348
  • IQBAL, M.M., GUNDLAPALLI, S.P., RYAN, W.G., RYALS, T. & PASSMAN, T.E. (2001). Effects of anti-manic mood-stabilizing drugs on fetuses, neonates, and nursing infants. Southern Medicine Journal, 94, 304–322
  • JACOBSON, S.j, JONES, K., JOHNSON, K., CEOZIN, L., KAUR, P., SAHN, D., DONNENFELD, A.E., RIEDER, M., SANTELLI, R. & SmyTEE, J. (1992). Prospective multi-center study of pregnancy outcome after lithium exposure during first trimester. Lancet, 339, 530–533
  • JoHANsoN, R., CHAPMAN, G., MURRAY, D., JOHNSON, I. & COX, J. (2000). The North Staffordshire Maternity Hospital prospective study of pregnancy-associated depression. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 21(2), 93–97
  • KENDELL, R.E., CHALMERS, J.C. & PLATZ, C. (1987). Epidemiology of puerperal psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 662–673
  • KENT, L.S. & LAIDLAW, J.D. (1995). Suspected congenital sertraline dependence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 412–413
  • KESSLER, R. C., MCGONAGLE, K.A., ZHAO, S., NELSON, C.B .3 HUGHES, M., ESHLEMAN, S., WITTCHEN, H.U. & KENDLER, K.S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives in General Psychiatry, 51, 8–19
  • KOREN, G., BOLOGA, M., LONG, D., FELDMAN, Y. & SHEAR, N.H. (1989). Perception of teratogenic risk by pregnant women exposed to drugs and chemicals during the first trimester. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 160, 1190–1194
  • KOREN, G., COHN, T., CHITAYAT, D., KAPUR, B., REMINGTON, G., REED, D.M. & ZIPURSKY, R.B. (2002). Use of atypical antipsychotics during pregnancy and the risk of neural tube defects in infants. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 136–137
  • KULIN, N.A., PASTUSZAK, A., SAGE, S.R., SCHICK-BOSCHETTO, B., SPIVEY, G., FELDKAMP, M., ORMOND, K., MATSUI, D., STEIN-SCHECHMAN, A.K., COOK, L., BROCHU, J., RIEDER, M. & KOREN, G. (1998). Pregnancy outcome following maternal use of the new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 609–610
  • KURKI, T., FIIILESMAA3 V., RAITASALO, R., MATTILA, H. & YLIKORKALA, 0. (2000). Depression and anxiety in early pregnancy and risk for preeclampsia. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 95, 487–490
  • LAEGREID, L., OLEGARD, R., CONRADI, N., HAGBERG, G., WAHLSTROM, J. & ABRAHAMSSON, L. (1990). Congenital malformations and maternal consumption of benzodia-zepines: a case control study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 32, 432–441
  • LAMOTRIGINE PREGNANCY REGISTRY. (2002). Interim report, September 1992 through March 2001. GlaxoSmith Kline Corporation, Research Triangle, NC
  • LIER, L., KASTRUP, M. & RAFAELSEN, O.J. (1989). Psychiatric illness in relation to childbirth and preg-nancy, II: diagnostic profiles, psychosocial and perinatal aspects. Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift, 43, 535–542
  • LINDHOUT, D. & OMTZIGT, J.G.C. (1994). Teratogenic effects of anti-epileptic drugs: implications for the management of epilepsy in women of childbearing age. Epilepsia, 35, 519–528
  • LIVEZEY, G.T. & RAYBURN, W.F. (1992). Principles of perinatal pharmacology. In: W.F. RAYBURN & F.P. ZUSPAN (Eds), Drug Therapy in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 3rd edition. (pp. 3–12). St. Louis: Mosby Year Book Inc
  • LLEWELLYN, A., STOWE, Z.N. & STRADER J.R. JR. (1998). The use of lithium and management of women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy and lactation. journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59\(Suppl. 6), 57–64
  • MAES, M., VERKERK, R., BONACCORSO, S., OMBELET, W., BOSMANS, E. & SCHARPE, S. (2002). Depressive and anxiety symptoms in the early puerperium are related to increased degradation of tryptophan into kynurenine, a phenomenon that is related to immune activation. Life Sciences, 71, 1837–1848
  • MANBER, R., ALLEN, J.J.B. & MORRIS, M.M. (2002). Alternative treatments for depression: empirical support and relevance to women. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 628–640
  • MCELHATTON, P.R. (1994). The effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy and lactation. Reproductive Toxicology, 8, 461–475
  • McNEIL, T.F. & MALMQUIST-LARSSON, A. (1984). Women with non-organic psychosis: mental disturbance during pregnancy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 70, 127–139
  • MHANNA, M.J., BENNET, J.B. & IZATT, S.D. (1997). Potential fluoxetine chloride (Prozac) toxicity in a newborn. Pediatrics, 100, 158–159
  • MILLER, L.J. (1994). Use of electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 45, 444–450
  • MOORE, K.L. & PERSAUD, T.V. (1998). The developing human: clinically oriented embryology, 6th edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co
  • NAHAS, Z., BOIINING, D.E., MOLLOY, M.A., OUSTZ, J.A., RISCH, S.C. & GEORGE, M.S. (1999). Safety and feasibility of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of anxious depression in pregnancy: a case report. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 50–52
  • NEMETS, B., STAHL, Z. & BELMAKER, R.H. (2002). Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medica-tion treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 477–479
  • NEWPORT, D.J., WILCOX, M.M. & STOWE, Z.N. (2001). Antidepressants during pregnancy and lactation: defining exposure and treatment issues. Seminars in Perinatology, 25, 177–190
  • NEZIROGLU, F., ANEMONE, R. & YARYURA-TOBIAS, J.A. (1992). Onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 947–950
  • NILSSON, E., LICHTENSTEIN, P., CNATTINGIUS, S., MURRAY, R.M. & HULTMAN, C.M. (2002). Women with schizophrenia: pregnancy outcome and infant death among their offspring. Schizophrenia Research, 58, 221–229
  • NORTHCOTT, C.J. & STEIN, M.B. (1994). Panic disorder in pregnancy. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 539–542
  • NULMAN, I., ROVET, J., STEWART, D.E., WOLPIN, J., GARDNER, H.A., THEIS, J.G., . & KOREN, G., for the Motherisk Program, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto (1997). Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to antidepressant drugs. New England Journal of Medicine, 336, 258–262
  • NULMAN, I., ROVET, J., STEWART, D.E., WOLPIN, J., PACE-ASCIAK, P., SHUHAIBER, S. & KOREN, G., for the Motherisk Program, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto (2002). Child development following exposure to tricyclic antidepressants or fluo-xetine throughout fetal life: a prospective, controlled study. American journal of Psychiatry, /59(11), 1889–1895
  • O‘CoNNoR, T.G., HERON, J.3 GOLDING, J.3 BEVERIDGE, M. & GLOVER, V. (2002). Maternal antenatal anxiety and children‘s behavioural/emotional problems at 4 years. Report from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 502–508
  • O‘HARA, M.W., NEUNABER, D.J. & ZEKOSKI, E.M. (1984). Prospective study of postpartum depression: prevalence, course, and predictive factors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 158–171
  • OREN, D.A., WISNER, K.L., SPINFJJJ, M. EPPERSON, C.N., PEINOL, K.S., TERMAN, J.S. & TERMAN, M. (2002). An open trial of morning light therapy for treatment of antepartum depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 666–669
  • ORR, S.T. & MILLER, C.A. (1995). Maternal depressive symptoms and the risk of poor pregnancy outcome. Epidemiology Review, /7, 165–171
  • PAJUL0, M., SAVONLAHTI, E., SOURANDER, A., FIELENIUS3 H. & PIHA, J. (2001). Antenatal depression, substance dependency and social support. Journal of Affective Disorders, 65, 9–17
  • PARRY, B.L., CURRAN, M.L., STUENKEL, C.A., YOKIMOZO3 M., TAM, L., POWELL, K.A. & GILLIN, J.C. (2000). Can critically timed sleep deprivation be useful in pregnancy and postpartum depressions? Journal of Affective Disorders, 60, 201–212
  • PASTUSZAK, A., SCHICK-BOSCHETTO, B. & ZUBER, C. (1993). Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to fluoxetine (Prozac). Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 2246–2248
  • PATTON, S.W., MISRI, S., CORRAL, M.R., PERRY, K.F. & KuAN, A.J. (2002). Antipsychotic medication during pregnancy and lactation in women with schizophrenia: evaluating the risk. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 959–965
  • PINELLI, J.M3 SYMINGTON, AT, CUNNINGHAM, K.A. & PAEs, B.A. (2002). Case report and review of the perinatal implications of maternal lithium use. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 187, 245–249
  • PLATT, J.E., FRIEDHOFF, A.J., BROMAN, S.H., BOND, R.N., LASKA, E. & LIN, S.P. (1988). Effects of prenatal exposure to neuroleptic drugs on children‘s growth. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1, 205–212
  • PURI, B.K., STEINER, R. & RICHARDSON, A.J. (1998). Sustained remission of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia following treatment with eicosapentae-noic acid. Archives in General Psychiatry, 55, 188–189
  • RAYBURN, W.F., CHRISTENSEN, H.D., & GONZALEZ, C.L. (2000). Effect of antenatal exposure to Saint John‘s wort (Hypericum) on neurobehavior of developing mice. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 183, 1225–1231
  • RAYBURN, W.F., GONZALEZ, C.L., CHRISTENSEN, H.D. & STEWART, J.D. (2001). Effect of prenatally administered hypericum (St John‘s Wort) on growth and physical maturation of mouse offspring. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 184, 191–195
  • REGISTRY OF CLOZARIe BABIES. (2002). Novartis Corp, East Hanover, NJ
  • ROBINSON, L., WALKER, J.R. & ANDERSON, D. (1992). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder during pregnancy and lactation. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 623–626
  • RosA, F. (1994). Medicaid antidepressant pregnancy exposure outcome. Reproductive Toxicology, 8, 444–445
  • SACKER, A., DONE, D.J. & CROW, T.J. (1996). Obstetric complications in children born to parents with schizo-phrenia: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Psychological Medicine, 26, 279–287
  • SAFRA, M.J. & OAKLEY, G.P. JR. (1975). Association between cleft lip with or without cleft palate and prenatal exposure to diazepam. Lancet, 2, 478–480
  • SAKS, B.R. (2001). Mirtazapine: treatment of depression, anxiety, and hyperemesis gravidarum in the pregnant patient: a report of 7 cases. Archives of Women‘s Mental Health, 4, 165–170
  • SANDMAN, C.A., WADHWA, P.D., DUNKEL-SCHETTER, C., CHICZ-DEMET, A., BELMAN, J., PORTO, M., MURATA, Y., GARITE, T.J. & CIUNELLA, F.M. (1994). Psychobiological influences of stress and HPA regulation on the human fetus and infant birth outcomes. Annals of the NY Academy of Science, 739, 198–210
  • ScHou, M. (1976). What happened to the lithium babies? A follow-up study of children born without malforma-tions. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 54, 193–197
  • SCOLNIK, D., NULMAN, I. & RUVET, J. (1994). Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy. journal of the American Medical Association, 271, 767–770
  • SHEAR, M.K. & MAMMEN, 0. (1995). Anxiety disorders in pregnant and postpartum women. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 31, 693–703
  • SIINIDER, S.M. & LEVINSON, G. (1993). Anesthesia for Obstetrics, 3rd edition. Baltimore: William & Wilkins
  • SIMINOFF, L.A. & FETTING, J.H. (1989). Effects of outcome framing on treatment decisions in the real world: impact of framing on adjuvant breast cancer decisions. Medical Decision Making, 9, 262–271
  • SIMON, G.E., CUNNINGHAM, M.L. & DAVIS, R.L. (2002). Outcomes of prenatal antidepressant exposure. American Journal of Psychiatry, /59(12), 2055–2061
  • SLovic, P. (1987). Perception of risk. Science, 36, 280–285
  • SPINELLI, M.G. (1997). Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed antepartum women: a pilot study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1028–1030
  • ST CLAIR, S.M. & SCHIRMER, R.G. (1992). First-trimester exposure to alprazolam. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 80, 843–846
  • STEER, R.A., SCROLL, T.O., HEDIGER, M.L. & FISCHER, R.L. (1992). Self-reported depression and negative pregnancy outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 45, 1093–1099
  • STOLL, A.L., SEVERUS, E., FREEMAN, M.P., RUETER, S., ZBOYAN, H.A., DIAMOND, E., CRESS, K.K. & MARANGELL, L.B. (1999). Omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Archives in General Psychiatry, 56, 407–412
  • STONER, S.C., SOMMI, R.W. JR. & MARREN, P.A. (1997). Clozapine use in two full-term pregnancies (letter). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58, 364–365
  • STOTT, D.H. (1973). Follow-up study from birth of the effects of prenatal stresses. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 15, 770–787
  • Su, K., SHEN, W.W. & HUANG, S. (2001). Omega-3 fatty acids as a psychotherapeutic agent for a pregnant schizophrenic patient. European Neuropsychophar-macology, 11, 295–299
  • TERMAN, M., TERMAN, J.S. & Ross, D.C. (1998). A controlled trial of timed bright light and negative air ionization for treatment of winter depression. Archives in General Psychiatry, 55, 875–882
  • VIGGEDAL, G., HAGBERG, B.S., LAEGREID, L. & ARONSSON, M. (1993). Mental development in late infancy after prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines-a prospective study. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 34, 295–305
  • VIGUER A. C .3 COHEN, L.S., BALDESSARINI, R.J. & NONACS, R. (2002a). Managing bipolar disorder during pregnancy: weighing the risks and benefits. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 426–436
  • VIGUERA, A.C., COHEN, L.S., BOUFFARD, S., WHITFIELD, T.H. & BALDESSARINI, R.J. (2002b). Reproductive decisions by women with bipolar disorder after pre-pregnancy psychiatric consultation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(12), 2102–2104
  • VIGUERA, A.C., NONACS, R., COHEN, L.S., TONDO, L., MURRAY, A. & BALDESSARINI, R.J. (2000). Risk of recurrence of bipolar disorder in pregnant and non-pregnant women after discontinuing lithium mainte-nance. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 179–184
  • VIGUERA, A.C., MCCARTHY, C., WHITFIELD, T.H., POITRA, J.R., BEKKEN, K. & SHERMAN, J. (2001). Neurobehavioral outcome following lithium exposure: what happens to lithium babies. New Orleans: American Psychiatric Association
  • VIILEPONTEAUX, V.A., LYDIARD, R.B., LARAIA, M.T., STUART, G.W. & BALLENGER, J. C . (1992). The effects of pregnancy on pre-existing panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53, 201–203
  • VITIELLO, B. (1998). Pediatric psychopharmacology and the interaction between drugs and the developing brain. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 582–584
  • WADHWA, P.D., SANDMAN, C.A., PORTO, M., DUNKEL-SCHETTER, C. & GAIUTE, T.J. (1993). The association between prenatal stress and infant birth weight and gestational age at birth: a prospective investigation. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, /69, 858–865
  • WALDMAN, M.D. & SAFFERMAN, A.Z. (1993). Pregnancy and clozapine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 168–169
  • WARE, M.R. & DWANE, C.L. (1990). Imipramine treat-ment of panic disorder during pregnancy (letter). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 482–484
  • WEBSTER, P.A. (1973). Withdrawal symptoms in neonates associated with maternal antidepressant therapy. Lancet, 2, 318–319
  • WEINSTEIN, M.R. & GOLDFIELD, M. (1975). Cardiovascular malformations with lithium use during pregnancy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 529–531
  • WEISBERG, R.B. & PAQUETTE, J.A. (2002). Screening and treatment of anxiety disorders in pregnant women. Women‘s Health Issues, 12, 32–36
  • WILLIAMS, K.E. & KORAN, L.M. (1997). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy, the puerperium, and the premenstruum. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58(7), 330–334
  • WILSON, J.G. (1977). Current status of teratology: general principles and mechanisms derived from animal studies. In: J.G. WILSON & F.C. FRASER (Eds), Handbook of Teratology, General Principles and Etiology (pp. 47–74). New York: Plenum Press
  • WISNER, K.L., GELENBERG, A.J., LEONARD, H., ZARIN, D. & FRANK, E. (1999). Pharmacologic treatment of depres-sion during pregnancy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 1264–1269
  • WISNER, K.L., PEINDL, K.S. & HANUSA, B.H. (1996). Effects of childbearing on the natural history of panic disorder with comorbid mood disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 4/(3), 173–180
  • WISNER, K.L., PEINDL, K. S. & PEREL, J.M. (2002). Verapamil treatment for women with bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 745–752
  • WISNER, K.L. & PEREL, J.M. (1988). Psychopharmacologic agents and electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy and the puerperium. In: R.L. COHEN (Ed), Psychiatric Consultation in Childbirth Settings (pp. 165–206). New York: Plenum
  • WISNER, K.L., PEREL, J.M. & WHEELER, S.B. (1993). Tricyclic dose requirements across pregnancy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1541–1542
  • WISNER, K.L., ZARIN, D.A., HOLMBOE, E.S., APPELBAUM, P.S., GELENBERG, A.J., LEONARD, H.L. & FRANK, E. (2000). Risk-benefit decision making for treatment of depression during pregnancy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(12), 1933–1940
  • Wu, J., VIGUERA, A., RILEY, L., COHEN, L. & ECKER, J. (2002). Mood disturbance in pregnancy and the mode of delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, /87(4), 864–867
  • YERBY, M.S. (1987). Problems and management of the pregnant woman with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 28\(Suppl. 3), 29–36
  • YOUNG, S.A., CAMPBELL, N. & HARPER, A. (2002). Depression in women of reproductive age. Considera-tions in selecting safe, effective therapy. Postgraduate Medicine, 112(3), 45–50
  • ZANAIUNI, M.C. & FRANKENBURG, F.R. (2003). Omega-3 fatty acid treatment of women with borderline personality disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 167–169
  • ZUCKERMAN, B., AMAR03 H., BAUCHNER, H. & CABRAL, H. (1989). Depressive symptoms during pregnancy: rela-tionship to poor health behaviors. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 160, 1107–1111

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.