Discrimination in health care against people with mental illness

References

• Al-Krenawi A, Graham JR, Dean YZ, Eltaiba N. Cross-national study of attitudes towards seeking professional help: Jordan, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Arabs in Israel. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 2004; 50: 102–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H, Riedel-Heller SG. Whom to ask for help in case of a mental disorder? Preferences of the lay public. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1999; 34: 202–210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arikan K, Uysal O. Emotional reactions to the mentally ill are positively influenced by personal acquaintance. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 1999; 1999: 100–104
   Google Scholar
• Arikan K, Uysal O, Cetin G. Public awareness of the effectiveness of psychiatric treatment may reduce stigma. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 1999; 1999: 95–99
   Google Scholar
• Arkar H, Eker D. Influence of a 3-week psychiatric training programme on attitudes toward mental illness in medical students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1997; 32: 171–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asbring P, Narvanen AL. Women's experiences of stigma in relation to chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. Qualitative Health Research 2002; 2002: 148–160
   Google Scholar
• Bar-Levav R. The stigma of seeing a psychiatrist. American Journal of Psychotherapy 1976; 30: 473–482
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benkert O, Graf-Morgenstern M, Hillert A, Sandmann J, Ehmig SC, Weissbecker H, et al. Public opinion on psychotropic drugs: An analysis of the factors influencing acceptance or rejection. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1997; 185: 151–158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black K, Peters L, Rui Q, Milliken H, Whitehorn D, Kopala LC. Duration of untreated psychosis predicts treatment outcome in an early psychosis program. Schizophrenia Research 2001; 47: 215–222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Broadhead WE. Misdiagnosis of depression. Physicians contribute to the stigmatization of mental illness. Archives of Family Medicine 1994; 3: 319–320
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burti L, Mosher LR. Attitudes, values and beliefs of mental health workers. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 2003; 12: 227–231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caldwell TM, Jorm AF. Mental health nurses' beliefs about interventions for schizophrenia and depression: A comparison with psychiatrists and the public. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 34: 602–611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell TM, Jorm AF. Mental health nurses' beliefs about likely outcomes for people with schizophrenia or depression: A comparison with the public and other healthcare professionals. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing 2001; 10: 42–54
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Camp DL, Finlay WM, Lyons E. Is low self-esteem an inevitable consequence of stigma? An example from women with chronic mental health problems. Social Science and Medicine 2002; 55: 823–834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlin J. On our own: Patient-controlled alternatives to the mental health system. McGraw-Hill, New York 1979
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlain J. User/consumer involvement in mental health service delivery. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 2005; 14: 10–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chikara F, Manley MR. Psychiatry in Zimbabwe. Hospital Community Psychiatry 1991; 42: 943–947
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciompi L. Learning from outcome studies. Toward a comprehensive biological-psychosocial understanding of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1988; 1: 373–384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton MT, Kaslow NJ, Walker EF. Observations on parent/family factors that may influence the duration of untreated psychosis among African American first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum patients. Schizophrenia Research 2004; 68: 373–385
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper AE, Corrigan PW, Watson AC. Mental illness stigma and care seeking. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2003; 191: 339–341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan P. How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist 2004b; 59: 614–625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan PW. On the stigma of mental illness: Practical strategies for research and social change. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 2004a
   Google Scholar
• Corrigan P. On the stigma of mental illness. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 2005
   Google Scholar
• Davis S, Ford M. A conceptual model of barriers to mental health services among African Americans. African American Research Perspectives 2004; 10: 44–54
   Google Scholar
• Davidson J. Contesting stigma and contested emotions: Personal experience and public perception of specific phobias. Social Science and Medicine 2005; 61: 2155–2164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai MM, Rosenheck RA, Druss BG, Perlin JB. Mental disorders and quality of diabetes care in the veterans health administration. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1584–1590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druss BG. Cardiovascular procedures in patients with mental disorders. Journal of the American Medical Association 2000; 283: 3198–3199
   Google Scholar
• Druss BG, Bradford WD, Rosenheck RA, Radford MJ, Krumholz HM. Quality of medical care and excess mortality in older patients with mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001; 58: 565–572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlund MJ, Wang PS, Berglund PA, Katz SJ, Lin E, Kessler RC. Dropping out of mental health treatment: Patterns and predictors among epidemiological survey respondents in the United States and Ontario. Archives of General Psychiatry 2002; 159: 845–851
   Google Scholar
• Filipcic I, Pavicic D, Filipcic A, Hotujac L, Begic D, Grubisin J, et al. Attitudes of medical staff towards the psychiatric label “schizophrenic patient” tested by an anti-stigma questionnaire. Collegium Anthropologicum 2003; 27: 301–307
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleming J, Szmukler GI. Attitudes of medical professionals towards patients with eating disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 26: 436–443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser K, Gallop R. Nurses' confirming/disconfirming responses to patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 1993; 7: 336–341
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gallop R, Lancee WJ, Garfinkel P. How nursing staff respond to the label “borderline personality disorder”. Hospital Community Psychiatry 1989; 40: 815–819
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goffman I. Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Penguin Books, HarmondsworthMiddlesex 1963
   Google Scholar
• Goffman I. Asylums. Pelican Books, Harmondsworth 1968
   Google Scholar
• Gove WR, Fain T. The stigma of mental hospitalization. An attempt to evaluate its consequences. Archives of General Psychiatry 1973; 28: 494–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding CM, Brooks GW, Ashikaga T, Strauss JS, Breier A. The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness, I: Methodology, study sample, and overall status 32 years later. American Journal of Psychiatry 1987a; 144: 718–726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding CM, Brooks GW, Ashikaga T, Strauss JS, Breier A. The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness, II: Long-term outcome of subjects who retrospectively met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1987b; 144: 727–735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris EC, Barraclough B. Excess mortality of mental disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 173: 11–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hines-Martin V, Brown-Piper A, Kim S, Malone M. Enabling factors of mental health service use among African Americans. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 2003; 17: 197–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschfeld RM, Keller MB, Panico S, Arons BS, Barlow D, Davidoff F, et al. The National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association consensus statement on the undertreatment of depression. Journal of the American Medical Association 1997; 277: 333–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodges B, Inch C, Silver I. Improving the psychiatric knowledge, skills, and attitudes of primary care physicians, 1950–2000: A review. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 158: 579–1586
   Google Scholar
• Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL. Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine 2004; 351: 13–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugo M. Mental health professionals' attitudes towards people who have experienced a mental health disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing 2001; 8: 419–425
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jason LA, Taylor RR, Plioplys S, Stepanek Z, Shlaes J. Evaluating attributions for an illness based upon the name: Chronic fatigue syndrome, myalgic encephalopathy and Florence Nightingale disease. American Journal of Community Psychology 2002; 30: 133–148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannessen JO, McGlashan TH, Larsen TK, Horneland M, Joa I, Mardal S, et al. Early detection strategies for untreated first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 2001; 51: 39–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones DR, Macias C, Barreira PJ, Fisher WH, Hargreaves WA, Harding CM. Prevalence, severity, and co-occurrence of chronic physical health problems of persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services 2004; 55: 1250–1257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm AF, Korten AE, Jacomb PA, Christensen H, Henderson S. Attitudes towards people with a mental disorder: A survey of the Australian public and health professionals. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 33: 77–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating F, Robertson D. Fear, black people and mental illness. A vicious circle?. Health Social Care Community 2004; 12: 439–447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Bruce ML, Koch JR, Laska EM, Leaf PJ, et al. The prevalence and correlates of untreated serious mental illness. Health Services Research 2001; 36: 987–1007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Demler O, Frank RG, Olfson M, Pincus HA, Walters EE, et al. Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990 to 2003. New England Journal of Medicine 2005; 352: 2515–2523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killaspy H, Banerjee S, King M, Lloyd M. Prospective controlled study of psychiatric out-patient non-attendance. Characteristics and outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 176: 160–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau S. How effective is community-based therapy of criminals? The effectiveness of community-related measures to prevent re-offending in criminals and mentally ill lawbreakers. Psychiatrische Praxis 2003; 30: 119–126
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lequesne ER, Hersh RG. Disclosure of a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2004; 10: 170–176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levinson MC, Druss BG, Dombrowski EA, Rosenheck RA. Barriers to primary medical care among patients at a community mental health center. Psychiatric Services 2003; 54: 1158–1160
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis G, Appleby L. Personality disorder: The patients psychiatrists dislike. British Journal of Psychiatry 1988; 153: 44–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llerena A, Caceres M, Penas-LLedo E. Schizophrenia stigma among medical and nursing undergraduates. European Psychiatry 2002; 17: 298–299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link BG, Cullen FT, Struening EL, Shrout PE, Dohrenwend BP. A modified labeling theory approach in the area of mental disorders: An empirical assessment. American Sociological Review 1989; 54: 100–123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons M, Ziviani J. Stereotypes, stigma, and mental illness: Learning from fieldwork experiences. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1995; 49: 1002–1008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLean G, Wessely S. Professional and popular views of chronic fatigue syndrome. British Medical Journal (BMJ) 1994; 308: 776–777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann CE, Himelein MJ. Factors associated with stigmatization of persons with mental illness. Psychiatric Services 2004; 55: 185–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markham D. Attitudes towards patients with a diagnosis of ‘borderline personality disorder’: Social rejection and dangerousness. Journal of Mental Health 2005; 12: 595–612
   Google Scholar
• Mazeh D, Melamed Y, Barak Y. Emergency psychiatry: Treatment of referred psychiatric patients by general hospital emergency department physicians. Psychiatric Services 2003; 54: 1221–1222, 1225
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCreadie RG. Diet, smoking and cardiovascular risk in people with schizophrenia: Descriptive study. British Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 183: 534–539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCreadie RG, Stevens H, Henderson J, Hall D, McCaul R, Filik R, et al. The dental health of people with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2004; 10: 306–310
   Google Scholar
• Mino Y, Yasuda N, Kanazawa S, Inoue S. Effects of medical education on attitudes towards mental illness among medical students: A five-year follow-up study. Acta Medica Okayama 2000; 54: 127–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mino Y, Yasuda N, Tsuda T, Shimodera S. Effects of a one-hour educational program on medical students’ attitudes to mental illness. Psychiatry and the Clinical Neurosciences 2001; 55: 501–507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee R, Fialho A, Wijetunge A, Checinski K, Surgenor T. The stigmatisation of psychiatric illness: The attitudes of medical students and doctors in a London teaching hospital. Psychiatric Bulletin 2002; 26: 178–181
   Google Scholar
• Murray MG, Steffen JJ. Attitudes of case managers toward people with serious mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal 1999; 35: 505–514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narrow WE, Regier DA, Rae DS, Manderscheid RW, Locke BZ. Use of services by persons with mental and addictive disorders. Findings from the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Archives of General Psychiatry 1993; 50: 95–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). Management of depression in primary and secondary care. Clinical guideline 23. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), London 2004
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Mental Health in England. Inside outside: Improving mental health services for black and minority ethnic communities in england. Department of Health, London 2003
   Google Scholar
• Nehls N. Borderline personality disorder: Gender stereotypes, stigma, and limited system of care. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 1998; 19: 97–112
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parkman S, Davies S, Leese M, Phelan M, Thornicroft G. Ethnic differences in satisfaction with mental health services among representative people with psychosis in south London: PRiSM study 4. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 171: 260–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelan M, Stradins L, Morrison S. Physical health of people with severe mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 322(7284)443–444
   Google Scholar
• Pinfold V, Thornicroft G, Huxley P, Farmer P. Active ingredients in anti-stigma programmes in mental health. International Review of Psychiatry 2005, 2005 (in press)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinfold V, Toulmin H, Thornicroft G, Huxley P, Farmer P, Graham T. Reducing psychiatric stigma and discrimination: Evaluation of educational interventions in UK secondary schools. British Journal of Psychiatry 2003a; 182: 342–346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinfold V, Toulmin H, Thornicroft G, Huxley P, Farmer P, Graham T. Reducing psychiatric stigma and discrimination–evaluating an educational intervention with the police force in England. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2003b; 38: 337–344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier DA, Narrow WE, Rae DS, Manderscheid RW, Locke BZ, Goodwin FK. The de facto US mental and addictive disorders service system. Epidemiologic catchment area prospective 1-year prevalence rates of disorders and services. Archives of General Psychiatry 1993; 50: 85–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rethink. Running on empty: Building momentum to improve wellbeing in severe mental illness. Rethink, London 2005
   Google Scholar
• Rodrigues CR. [Comparison of the attitudes of Brazilian and Spanish medical students towards mental disease]. Actas Luso-Espnanolas de Neurologia, Psiquiatria Y Ciencias Afines 1992; 20: 30–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rossi A, Amaddeo F, Bisoffi G, Ruggeri M, Thornicroft G, Tansella M. Dropping out of care: Inappropriate terminations of contact with community-based psychiatric services. British Journal of Psychiatry 2002; 181: 331–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth D, Antony MM, Kerr KL, Downie F. Attitudes toward mental illness in medical students: Does personal and professional experience with mental illness make a difference?. Medical Education 2000; 34: 234–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadow D, Ryder M, Webster D. Is education of health professionals encouraging stigma towards the mentally ill?. Journal of Mental Health 2002; 11: 657–665
   Google Scholar
• Sartorius N. Iatrogenic stigma of mental illness. British Medical Journal 2002; 324: 1470–1471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlosberg A. Psychiatric stigma and mental health professionals (stigmatizers and destigmatizers). Medicine and Law 1993; 12: 409–416
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sierles FS, Taylor MA. Decline of U.S. medical student career choice of psychiatry and what to do about it. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1416–1426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirey JA, Bruce ML, Alexopoulos GS, Perlick DA, Friedman SJ, Meyers BS. Stigma as a barrier to recovery: Perceived stigma and patient-rated severity of illness as predictors of antidepressant drug adherence. Psychiatric Services 2001a; 52: 1615–1620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirey JA, Bruce ML, Alexopoulos GS, Perlick DA, Raue P, Friedman SJ, et al. Perceived stigma as a predictor of treatment discontinuation in young and older outpatients with depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001b; 158: 479–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirey JA, Meyers BS, Bruce ML, Alexopoulos GS, Perlick DA, Raue P. Predictors of antidepressant prescription and early use among depressed outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 156: 690–696
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sivakumar K, Wilkinson G, Toone BK, Greer S. Attitudes to psychiatry in doctors at the end of their first post-graduate year: Two-year follow-up of a cohort of medical students. Psychological Medicine 1986; 16: 457–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szmukler G, Appelbaum P. Treatment pressures, coercion and compulsion. Textbook of community psychiatry, G. Thornicroft G, G. Szmukler. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2001; 529–544
   Google Scholar
• Tehrani E, Krussel J, Borg L, Munk-Jorgensen P. Dropping out of psychiatric treatment: A prospective study of a first-admission cohort. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1996; 94: 266–271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang PS, Lane M, Olfson M, Pincus HA, Wells KB, Kessler RC. Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005b; 62: 629–640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang PS, Berglund P, Olfson M, Pincus HA, Wells KB, Kessler RC. Failure and delay in initial treatment contact after first onset of mental disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005a; 62: 603–613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiese HJ, Wilson JF, Jones RA, Neises M. Obesity stigma reduction in medical students. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 1992; 16: 859–868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ucok A, Polat A, Sartorius N, Erkoc S, Atakli C. Attitudes of psychiatrists toward patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry and the Clinical Neurosciences 2004; 58: 89–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young AS, Grusky O, Jordan D, Belin TR. Routine outcome monitoring in a public mental health system: The impact of patients who leave care. Psychiatric Services 2000; 51: 85–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar