Impact of cannabis legalization on treatment and research priorities for cannabis use disorder

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Anthony, J. (2006). The epidemiology of cannabis dependence. In R. Roffman & R. S. Stephens, (Eds.), Cannabis dependence: Its nature, consequences and treatment (pp. 58–105). New York: Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Asbridge, M., Hayden, J. A., & Cartwright, J. L. (2012). Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: Systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 344, e536. doi:10.1136/bmj.e536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco, C., Rafful, C., Wall, M. M., Ridenour, T. A., Wang, S., and., & Kendler, K. S. (2014). Towards a comprehensive developmental model of cannabis use disorders. Addiction, 109, 284–294. doi:10.1111/add.12382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonn-Miller, M. O., Boden, M. T., Bucossi, M. M., & Babson, K. A. (2014). Self-reported cannabis use characteristics, patterns and helpfulness among medical cannabis users. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 40, 23–30. doi:10.3109/00952990.2013. 821477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen, L. L., & McRae-Clark, A. L. (2018). Therapeutic benefit of smoked Cannabis in randomized placebo-controlled studies. Pharmacotherapy, 38, 80–85. doi:10.1002/phar.2064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady, J. E., & Li, G. (2014). Trends in alcohol and other drugs detected in fatally injured drivers in the United States, 1999-2010. American Journal of Epidemiology, 179, 692–699. doi:10.1093/aje/kwt327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budney, A. J., Higgins, S. T., Radonovich, K. J., & Novy, P. L. (2000). Adding voucher-based incentives to coping skills and motivational enhancement improves outcomes during treatment for marijuana dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 1051–1061. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.6.1051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budney, A. J., Moore, B. A., Rocha, H. L., & Higgins, S. T. (2006). Clinical trial of abstinence-based vouchers and cognitive-behavioral therapy for cannabis dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 307–316. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.2.307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budney, A. J., Radonovich, K. J., Higgins, S. T., & Wong, C. J. (1998). Adults seeking treatment for marijuana dependence: A comparison with cocaine-dependent treatment seekers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 6, 419–426. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.6.4.419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budney, A. J., Stanger, C., Tilford, J. M., Scherer, E. B., Brown, P. C., Li, Z., … Walker, D. D. (2015). Computer-assisted behavioral therapy and contingency management for Cannabis use disorder. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29, 501–511. doi:10.1037/adb0000078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budney, A. J., Vandrey, R. G., Hughes, J. R., Moore, B. A., & Bahrenburg, B. (2007). Oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol suppresses cannabis withdrawal symptoms. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 86, 22–29. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budney, A. J., Vandrey, R. G., Hughes, J. R., Thostenson, J. D., & Bursac, Z. (2008). Comparison of cannabis and tobacco withdrawal: Severity and contribution to relapse. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 35, 362–368. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2008.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K. M., McDowell, D., Brooks, D. J., Cheng, W. Y., & Levin, F. R. (2009). A preliminary trial: Double-blind comparison of nefazodone, bupropion-SR, and placebo in the treatment of cannabis dependence. American Journal on Addiction, 18, 53–64. doi:10.1080/10550490802408936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerdá, M., Wall, M., Keyes, K. M., Galea, S., & Hasin, D. (2012). Medical marijuana laws in 50 states: Investigating the relationship between state legalization of medical marijuana and marijuana use, abuse, and dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 120, 22–27. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaborators UBoD (2013). The state of US health, 1990-2010: Burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. Journal of the American Medical Association, 310, 591–608. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.13805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, S. E., Clifasefi, S. L., Logan, D. E., Samples, L. S., Somers, J. M., & Marlatt, G.A. (2011). Current status, historical highlights, and basic principles of harm reduction. In G. A. Marlatt, M. E. Larimer, & K. Witkiewitz (Eds.). Harm reduction: Pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Compton, W. M., & Han, B. (2018). The epidemiology of Cannabis use in the United States. In T. C. Michael & W. M. Marc (Eds.), The complex connection between Cannabis and Schizophrenia (pp. 9–36). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Copeland, J., Swift, W., Roffman, R., & Stephens, R. (2001). A randomized controlled trial of brief cognitive—behavioral interventions for cannabis use disorder. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 21, 55–64. doi:10.1016/S0740-5472(01)00179-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane, N. A., Schuster, R. M., Fusar-Poli, P., & Gonzalez, R. (2013). Effects of cannabis on neurocognitive functioning: Recent advances, neurodevelopmental influences, and sex differences. Neuropsychology Review, 23, 117–137. doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9222-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Dios, M. A., Herman, D. S., Britton, W. B., Hagerty, C. E., Anderson, B. J., & Stein, M. D. (2012). Motivational and mindfulness intervention for young adult female marijuana users. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 42, 56–64. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2011.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis, M., Godley, S. H., Diamond, G., Tims, F. M., Babor, T., Donaldson, J., … Funk, R. (2004). The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) study: Main findings from two randomized trials. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27, 197–213. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2003.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Forti, M., Sallis, H., Allegri, F., Trotta, A., Ferraro, L., Stilo, S. A., … Murray, R. M. (2014). Daily use, especially of high-potency cannabis, drives the earlier onset of psychosis in cannabis users. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40, 1509–1517. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faggiano, F., Minozzi, S., Versino, E., & Buscemi, D. (2014). Universal school-based prevention for illicit drug use (review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD003020.
   Google Scholar
• Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Lynskey, M. T., & Madden, P. A. (2003). Early reactions to cannabis predict later dependence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 1033–1039. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.10.1033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., van den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., … Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 107, e1–e12. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn, A. B., Falco, M., & Hocini, S. (2015). Independent evaluation of middle school-based drug prevention curricula: A systematic review. JAMA Pediatrics, 169, 1046–1052. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.1736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franz, C. A., & Frishman, W. H. (2016). Marijuana use and cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Rev, 24, 158–162. doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallup. 2017. Record-High Support for Legalizing Marijuana Use in U.S. Retrieved from http://news.gallup.com/poll/221018/record-high-support-legalizing-marijuana.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Gates, S., McCambridge, J., Smith, L. A., & Foxcroft, D. (2006). Interventions for prevention of drug use by young people delivered in non-school settings (review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD005030.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gray, K. M., Carpenter, M. J., Baker, N. L., DeSantis, S. M., Kryway, E., Hartwell, K. J., … Brady, K. T. (2012). A double-blind randomized controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine in cannabis-dependent adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 805–812. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, K. M., Sonne, S. C., McClure, E. A., Ghitza, U. E., Matthews, A. G., McRae-Clark, A. L., … Levin, F. R. (2017). A randomized placebo-controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine for cannabis use disorder in adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 177, 249–257. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.04.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use?. Addiction, 110, 19–35. doi:10.1111/add.12703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, W., & Weier, M. (2015). Assessing the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the USA. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 97, 607–615. doi:10.1002/cpt.110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, B., Compton, W. M., Jones, C. M., & Blanco, C. (2017). Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders among youth in the United States, 2002-2014. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 78, 1404–1413. doi:10.4088/JCP.16m10948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haney, M., Cooper, Z. D., Bedi, G., Vosburg, S. K., Comer, S. D., & Foltin, R. W. (2013). Nabilone decreases marijuana withdrawal and a laboratory measure of marijuana relapse. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 1557–1565. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haney, M., Hart, C. L., Vosburg, S. K., Comer, S. D., Reed, S. C., & Foltin, R. W. (2008). Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 197, 157–168. doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1020-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haney, M., Hart, C. L., Vosburg, S. K., Nasser, J., Bennett, A., Zubaran, C., & Foltin, R. W. (2004). Marijuana withdrawal in humans: Effects of oral THC or divalproex. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 158–170. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasin, D. S., Kerridge, B. T., Saha, T. D., Huang, B., Pickering, R., Smith, S. M., … Grant, B. F. (2016). Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, 2012-2013: Findings from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related Conditions–III. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 588–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasin, D. S., Saha, T. D., Kerridge, B. T., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H., … Grant, B. F. (2015). Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States between 2001–2002 and 2012–2013. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 1235–1242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, L. D., Miech, R. A., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016) “Teen use of any illicit drug other than marijuana at new low, same true for alcohol.” Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan News Service. Retrieved April 12, 2017, from http://www.monitoringthefuture.org
   Google Scholar
• Kadden, R. M., Litt, M. D., Kabela-Cormier, E., & Petry, N. M. (2007). Abstinence rates following behavioral treatments for marijuana dependence. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1220–1236. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, J. L., Altar, C. A., Taylor, D. L., Degtiar, I., & Hornberger, J. C. (2014). The social and economic burden of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A systematic literature review. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29, 63–76. doi:10.1097/YIC.0b013e32836508e6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Large, M., Sharma, S., Compton, M. T., Slade, T., & Nielssen, O. (2011). Cannabis use and earlier onset of psychosis: A systematic meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 555–561. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, A., Clemenza, K., Rynn, M., & Lieberman, J. (2017). Evidence for the risks and consequences of adolescent cannabis exposure. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56, 214–225. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.12.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, F. R., Mariani, J. J., Brooks, D. J., Pavlicova, M., Cheng, W., & Nunes, E. V. (2011). Dronabinol for the treatment of cannabis dependence: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 116, 142–150. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, F. R., Mariani, J. J., Pavlicova, M., Brooks, D., Glass, A., Mahony, A., … Choi, J. C. (2016). Dronabinol and lofexidine for cannabis use disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 159, 53–60. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, F. R., McDowell, D., Evans, S. M., Nunes, E., Akerele, E., Donovan, S., & Vosburg, S.K. (2004). Pharmacotherapy for marijuana dependence: A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of divalproex sodium. American Journal on Addiction, 13, 21–32. doi:10.1080/10550490490265280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, L. A., Ilgen, M. A., Jannausch, M., & Bohnert, K. M. (2016). Comparing adults who use cannabis medically with those who use recreationally: Results from a national sample. Addictive Behaviors, 61, 99–103. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lize, S. E., Iachini, A. L., Weizhou, T., Tucker, J., Seay, K.D., Clone, S., …Browne, T. (2017). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of interactive middle school cannabis prevention programs. Prevention Science, 18, 50–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Quintero, C., Perez de los Cobos, J., Hasin, D. S., Okuda, M., Wang, S., Grant, B. F., … Blanco, C. (2011). Probability and predictors of transition from first use to dependence on nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine: Results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 115, 120–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynskey, M., & Hall, W. (2000). The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: A review. Addiction, 95, 1621–1630. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.951116213.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacArthur, G. J., Harrison, S., Caldwell, D. M., Hickman, M., & Campbell, R. (2016). Peer-led interventions to prevent tobacco, alcohol and/or drug use among young people aged 11–21 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction, 111, 391–407. doi:10.1111/add.13224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahu, I. T., Doucet, C., O’leary-Barrett, M., & Conrad, P. J. (2015). Can cannabis use be prevented by targeting personality risk in schools? Twenty-four-month outcome of the adventure trial on cannabis use: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Addiction, 110, 1625–1633. doi:10.1111/add.12991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marijuana Treatment Project Research Group (MTPRG). (2004). Brief treatments for cannabis dependence: Findings from a randomized multisite trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 455–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, G., & Copeland, J. (2008). The adolescent cannabis check-up: Randomized trial of a brief intervention for young cannabis users. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 34, 407–414. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2007.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, B. J., Crean, R., Goodell, V., Light, J. M., Quello, S., Shadan, F., … Rao, S. (2012). A proof-of-concept randomized controlled study of gabapentin: Effects on cannabis use, withdrawal and executive function deficits in cannabis-dependent adults. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37, 1689–1698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRae-Clark, A. L., Baker, N. L., Gray, K. M., Killeen, T. K., Wagner, A. M., Brady, K. T., … Norton, J. (2015). Buspirone treatment of cannabis dependence: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 156, 29–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, M. H., Caspi, A., Ambler, A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R. S., … Moffitt, T.E. (2012). Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, E2657–E2664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, S. M., Siegel, J. T., Hohman, Z., & Crano, W.D. (2013). Factors mediating the association of the recency of parent’s marijuana use and their adolescent children’s subsequent initiation. Psychol Addictive Behaviors, 27, 848–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, T. H., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R., Jones, P. B., Burke, M., & Lewis, G. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: A systematic review. Lancet, 370, 319–328. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordstrom, B. R., & Levin, F. R. (2007). Treatment of cannabis use disorders: A review of the literature. American Journal on Addiction, 16, 331–342. doi:10.1080/10550490701525665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, K. P., Sutter, M. E., & Albertson, T. E. (2014). Marijuana: Respiratory tract effects. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, 46, 65–81. doi:10.1007/s12016-013-8374-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmgreen, P., Donohew, L., Pugzles Lorch, E., Hoyle, R. H., & Stephenson, M. T. (2001). Television campaigns and adolescent marijuana use: Tests of sensation seeking targeting. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 292–296. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.2.292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter, L., Pugh, B. S., & Ball, S. A. (2017). Assessing the risk of marijuana use disorder among adolescents and adults who use marijuana. American Journal of Drug Alcohol Abuse, 43, 247–260. doi:10.3109/00952990.2016.1164711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooke, S., Copeland, J., Norberg, M., Hine, D., & McCambridge, J. (2013). Effectiveness of a self-guided web-based cannabis treatment program: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15, e26. doi:10.2196/jmir.2256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safety IIHS. (2017). High claims: Legalizing recreational marijuana use is linked to increase in crashes. Status Report, 52, 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Sahlem, G. L., Baker, N. L., George, M. S., Malcolm, R. J., & McRae-Clark, A. L. (2018). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) administration to heavy cannabis users. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 44, 47–55. doi:10.1080/00952990.2017.1355920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomonsen-Sautel, S., Min, S. J., Sakai, J. T., Thurstone, C., & Hopfer, C. (2014). Trends in fatal motor vehicle crashes before and after marijuana commercialization in Colorado. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 140, 137–144. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman, B. J., Baker, N. L., & McRae-Clark, A. L. (2017). Effect of oxytocin pretreatment on cannabis outcomes in a brief motivational intervention. Psychiatry Research, 249, 318–320. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman, B. J., Baker, N. L., Squeglia, L. M., & McRae-Clark, A. L. (2018). Approach bias modification for cannabis use disorder: A proof-of-principle study. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 87, 16–22. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2018.01.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman, B. J., & McRae-Clark, A. L. (2016). Treatment of cannabis use disorder: Current science and future outlook. Pharmacotherapy, 36, 511–535. doi:10.1002/phar.1747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAMHSA. (2015). Behavioral health trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/data/
   Google Scholar
• SAMHSA. (2017). Behavioral health trends in the United States: Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/data/
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, G., Kloner, R. A., & Rezkalla, S. (2014). Adverse cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular effects of marijuana inhalation: What cardiologists need to know. The American Journal of Cardiology, 113, 187–190. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.09.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tossmann, H. P., Jonas, B., Tensil, M. D., Lang, P., & Struber, E. (2011). A controlled trial of an internet-based intervention program for cannabis users. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 673–679. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandrey, R., & Haney, M. (2009). Pharmacotherapy for cannabis dependence: How close are we? CNS Drugs, 23, 543–553. doi:10.2165/00023210-200923070-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandrey, R., Stitzer, M. L., Mintzer, M. Z., Huestis, M. A., Murray, J. A., & Lee, D. (2013). The dose effects of short-term dronabinol (Oral THC) maintenance in daily cannabis users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 128, 64–70. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeulen-Smit, E., Verdurmen, J. E. E., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2015). The effectiveness of family interventions in preventing adolescent illicit drug use: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 18, 218–239. doi:10.1007/s10567-015-0185-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verweij, K. J., Huizink, A. C., Agrawal, A., Martin, N. G., & Lynskey, M. T. (2013). Is the relationship between early-onset cannabis use and educational attainment causal or due to common liability? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 133, 580–586. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow, N. D., Baler, R. D., Compton, W. M., & Weiss, S. R. (2014). Adverse health effects of marijuana use. The New England Journal of Medicine, 370, 2219–2227. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1402309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F., Croyle, R. T., Bianchi, D. W., Gordon, J. A., Koroshetz, W. J., … Weiss, S.R.B. (2017). The conception of the ABCD study: From substance use to a broad NIH collaboration. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 30072–30075. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.10.002
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, F. A., & Anthony, J. C. (2002). From first drug use to drug dependence: Developmental periods of risk for dependence upon marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol. Neuropsychopharmacology, 26, 479–488. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00367-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton, M. A., Resko, S., Barry, K.L., Chermack, S. T., Zucker, R. A., Zimmerman, M. A., …Blow, F. C. (2014). A randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of a brief cannabis universal prevention program among adolescents in primary care. Addiction, 109, 786–797. doi:10.1111/add.12469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein, A. M., Miller, H., Bluvstein, I., Rapoport, E., Schreiber, S., Bar-Hamburger, R., & Bloch, M. (2014). Treatment of cannabis dependence using escitalopram in combination with cognitive-behavior therapy: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 40, 16–22. doi:10.3109/00952990.2013.819362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiting, P. F., Wolff, R. F., Deshpande, S., Di Nisio, M., Duffy, S., Hernandez, A. V., … Kleijnen, J. (2015). Cannabinoids for medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 313, 2456–2473. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar