326
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Psychopharmacology of smoking cessation medications: focus on patients with mental health disorders

ORCID Icon, , , , , , , , , , , ORCID Icon, , , ORCID Icon & show all
Pages 397-417 | Received 10 May 2023, Accepted 14 Aug 2023, Published online: 05 Sep 2023

References

  • Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Carvalho, C. F., Armentano, F., Frallonardo, F. P., Alves, T. C., Andrade, A. G., & Nicastri, S. (2013). Outcome predictors of smoking cessation treatment provided by an addiction care unit between 2007 and 2010. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999), 35(4), 338–346. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2012-0907.
  • Sweeney, C. T., Fant, R. V., Fagerstrom, K. O., McGovern, J. F., & Henningfield, J. E. (2001). Combination nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. CNS Drugs, 15(6), 453–467. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200115060-00004.
  • Zevin, S., & Benowitz, N. L. (1999). Drug interactions with tobacco smoking. An update. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 36(6)ClinPharmacokinet, 425–438. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199936060-00004.
  • Hughes, J. R., Stead, L. F., & Lancaster, T. (2005). Nortriptyline for smoking cessation: a review. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 7(4), 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200500185298.
  • Solai, L. K., Pollock, B. G., Mulsant, B. H., Frye, R. F., Miller, M. D., Sweet, R. A., Kirshner, M., Sorisio, D., Begley, A., & Reynolds, C. F. (2002). Effect of nortriptyline and paroxetine on CYP2D6 activity in depressed elderly patients. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22(5), 481–486. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004714-200210000-00007.
  • Lowenthal, D. T., Matzek, K. M., & MacGregor, T. R. (1988). Clinical pharmacokinetics of clonidine. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 14(5), 287–310. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-198814050-00002.
  • Frishman, W. H., Mitta, W., Kupersmith, A., & Ky, T. (2006). Nicotine and non-nicotine smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. Cardiology in Review, 14(2), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.crd.0000172309.06270.25.
  • A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence: A US Public Health Service report. The tobacco use and dependence clinical practice guideline panel, staff, and consortium representatives. JAMA, 283, 3244–3254. Review. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.24.3244.
  • Altarawneh, S., Bencharit, S., Mendoza, L., Curran, A., Barrow, D., Barros, S., Preisser, J., Loewy, Z. G., Gendreau, L., & Offenbacher, S. (2013). Clinical and histological findings of denture stomatitis as related to intraoral colonization patterns of Candida albicans, salivary flow, and dry mouth. Journal of Prosthodontics: official Journal of the American College of Prosthodontists, 22(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-849X.2012.00906.x.
  • Anthenelli, R. M., Benowitz, N. L., West, R., St Aubin, L., McRae, T., Lawrence, D., Ascher, J., Russ, C., Krishen, A., & Evins, A. E. (2016). Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet (London, England), 387(10037), 2507–2520. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30272-0.
  • Anthenelli, R. M., Gaffney, M., Benowitz, N. L., West, R., McRae, T., Russ, C., Lawrence, D., St Aubin, L., Krishen, A., & Evins, A. E. (2019). Predictors of Neuropsychiatric Adverse Events with Smoking Cessation Medications in the Randomized Controlled EAGLES Trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 34(6), 862–870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04858-2.
  • Aubin, H. J., Karila, L., & Reynaud, M. (2011). Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: present and future. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 17(14), 1343–1350. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161211796150837.
  • Aubin, H. J., Luquiens, A., & Berlin, I. (2016). Smoking and Suicide Mortality Risk in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77(7), e906. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.16lr10669.
  • Aubin, H. J., Rollema, H., Svensson, T. H., & Winterer, G. (2012). Smoking, quitting, and psychiatric disease: a review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 271–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.06.007.
  • Aveyard, P., Johnson, C., Fillingham, S., Parsons, A., & Murphy, M. (2008). Nortriptyline plus nicotine replacement versus placebo plus nicotine replacement for smoking cessation: pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 336(7655), 1223–1227. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39545.852616.BE.
  • Ayers, C. R., Heffner, J. L., Russ, C., Lawrence, D., McRae, T., Evins, A. E., & Anthenelli, R. M. (2020). Efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation in anxiety disorders: Subgroup analysis of the randomized, active- and placebo-controlled EAGLES trial. Depression and Anxiety, 37(3), 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22982.
  • Balmford, J., Borland, R., Hammond, D., & Cummings, K. M. (2011). Adherence to and reasons for premature discontinuation from stop-smoking medications: data from the ITC four-country survey. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 13(2), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntq215.
  • Barboza, J. L., Patel, R., Patel, P., & Hudmon, K. S. (2016). An update on the pharmacotherapeutic interventions for smoking cessation. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 17(11), 1483–1496. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2016.1197203.
  • Beard, E., Jackson, S. E., Anthenelli, R. M., Benowitz, N. L., Aubin, L. S., McRae, T., Lawrence, D., Russ, C., Krishen, A., Evins, A. E., & West, R. (2021). Estimation of risk of neuropsychiatric adverse events from varenicline, bupropion and nicotine patch versus placebo: secondary analysis of results from the EAGLES trial using Bayes factors. [published online ahead of print, 2021 Apr 22]Addiction (Abingdon, England), 116(10), 2816–2824. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15440.
  • Benowitz, N. L. (2009). Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 49, 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094742.
  • Berm, E., Kok, R., Hak, E., & Wilffert, B. (2016). Relation between CYP2D6 Genotype, Phenotype and Therapeutic Drug Concentrations among Nortriptyline and Venlafaxine Users in Old Age Psychiatry. Pharmacopsychiatry, 49(5), 186–190. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-105443.
  • Bertilsson, L. (2007). Metabolism of antidepressant and neuroleptic drugs by cytochrome p450s: clinical and interethnic aspects. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 82(5), 606–609. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100358.
  • Bis-Humbert, C., García-Cabrerizo, R., & García-Fuster, M. J. (2021). Dose-dependent opposite effects of nortriptyline on affective-like behavior in adolescent rats: Comparison with adult rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 910, 174465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174465.
  • BoehringerIngelheim. (1998). Catapres (clonidine hydrochloride USP) [prescribing information]. BoehringerIngelheim.
  • Bredfeldt, R. C., Sutherland, J. E., & Kruse, J. E. (1989). Efficacy of transdermalclonidine for headacheprophylaxis and reduction of narcotic use in migraine patients. A randomizedcrossover trial. J Fam Pract, 29(2), 153–156.
  • Bruijnzeel, A. W., Bishnoi, M., van Tuijl, I. A., Keijzers, K. F., Yavarovich, K. R., Pasek, T. M., Ford, J., Alexander, J. C., & Yamada, H. (2010). Effects of prazosin, clonidine, and propranolol on the elevations in brain reward thresholds and somatic signs associated with nicotine withdrawal in rats. Psychopharmacology, 212(4), 485–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-1970-0.
  • Burstein, A. H., Fullerton, T., Clark, D. J., & Faessel, H. M. (2006). Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability after single and multiple oral doses of varenicline in elderly smokers. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 46(11), 1234–1240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270006291837.
  • Cahill, K., Lindson-Hawley, N., Thomas, K. H., Fanshawe, T. R., & Lancaster, T. (2016). Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016(5), CD006103. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006103.pub7.
  • Cahill, K., Stevens, S., Perera, R., & Lancaster, T. (2013). Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013(5), CD009329.
  • Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Loreto, A. R., Carvalho, C. F., Frallonardo, F. P., & de Andrade, A. G. (2014). Retention predictors of a smoking treatment provided by a public psychosocial unit in Brazil. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 26(4), 515–523. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2014.928272.
  • Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Loreto, A. R., Guimarães-Pereira, B. B. S., Carvalho, C. F. C., Gil, F., Frallonardo, F. P., Ismael, F., Andrade, A. G., Ventriglio, A., Richter, K. P., & Bhugra, D. (2018). Smoking cessation treatment outcomes among people with and without mental and substance use disorders: An observational real-world study. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 52, 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.02.005.
  • Chao, C. T., Wu, V. C., & Wang, W. J. (2012). Charcoal hemoperfusion for bupropion overdose with ventricular tachycardia and status epilepticus. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi Zhi, 111(1), 51–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2011.01.001.
  • Chengappa, K. N., Perkins, K. A., Brar, J. S., Schlicht, P. J., Turkin, S. R., Hetrick, M. L., Levine, M. D., & George, T. P. (2014). Varenicline for smoking cessation in bipolar disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(7), 765–772. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08756.
  • Coe, J. W., Brooks, P. R., Vetelino, M. G., Wirtz, M. C., Arnold, E. P., Huang, J., Sands, S. B., Davis, T. I., Lebel, L. A., Fox, C. B., Shrikhande, A., Heym, J. H., Schaeffer, E., Rollema, H., Lu, Y., Mansbach, R. S., Chambers, L. K., Rovetti, C. C., Schulz, D. W., Tingley, F. D., & O’Neill, B. T. (2005). Varenicline: an r42 nicotinic receptor partial agonist for smoking cessation. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 48(10), 3474–3477. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm050069n.
  • Correa, J. B., Lawrence, D., McKenna, B. S., Gaznick, N., Saccone, P. A., Dubrava, S., Doran, N., & Anthenelli, R. M. (2021). Psychiatric co-morbidity and multi-morbidity in the EAGLES trial: Descriptive correlates and associations with neuropsychiatric adverse events, treatment adherence, and smoking cessation. [published online ahead of print, 2021 Mar 31]Nicotine & Tobacco Research: official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 23(10), 1646–1655. ntab056 https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab056.
  • Costa, C. L., Younes, R. N., & Lourenço, M. T. (2002). Stopping smoking: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study comparing nortriptyline to placebo. Chest, 122(2), 403–408. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.122.2.403.
  • Costa, R., Oliveira, N. G., & Dinis-Oliveira, R. J. (2019). Aug Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of bupropion: integrative overview of relevant clinical and forensic aspects. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 51(3), 293–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602532.2019.1620763.
  • Coustals, N., Martelli, C., Brunet-Lecomte, M., Petillion, A., Romeo, B., & Benyamina, A. (2020). Chronic smoking and cognition in patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 222, 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.071.
  • Crawford, P., & Cieslak, D. (2017). Varenicline for smoking cessation. American Family Physician, 96(5).
  • Cullum, J. L., Wojciechowski, A. E., Pelletier, G., & Simpson, J. S. (2004). Feb Bupropion sustained release treatment reduces fatigue in cancer patients. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 49(2), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370404900209.
  • Dean, L. (2012). Amitriptyline Therapy and CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Genotype. Medical Genetics Summaries. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  • Delanty, N., Vaughan, C. J., & French, J. A. (1998). Medical causes of seizures. Lancet (London, England), 352(9125), 383–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02158-8.
  • Dempsey, D., Tutka, P., Jacob, P., 3rd, Allen, F., Schoedel, K., Tyndale, R. F., & Benowitz, N. L. (2004). Jul Nicotine metabolite ratio as an index of cytochrome P450 2A6 metabolic activity. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 76(1), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clpt.2004.02.011.
  • Desai, H. D., Seabolt, J., & Jann, M. W. (2001). Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: A pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs, 15(6), 469–494. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200115060-00005.
  • Devi, R. E., Barman, D., Sinha, S., Hazarika, S. J., & Das, S. (2020). Nicotine replacement therapy: A friend or foe. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(6), 2615–2620. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_313_20.
  • Dunner, D. L., Zisook, S., Billow, A. A., Batey, S. R., Johnston, J. A., & Ascher, J. A. (1998). A prospective safety surveillance study for bupropion sustained-release in the treatment of depression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(7), 366–373. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v59n0705.
  • Ebbert, J., Jimenez-Ruiz, C., Dutro, M. P., Fisher, M., Li, J., & Hays, J. T. (2021). Frequently Reported Adverse Events With Smoking Cessation Medications: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Trial. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 96(7), 1801–1811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.10.046.
  • Edington, R. F., Chagnon, J. P., & Steinberg, W. M. (1980). Clonidine (Dixarit) for menopausal flushing. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 123(1), 23–26.
  • Elrashidi, M. Y., & Ebbert, J. O. (2014). Emerging drugs for the treatment of tobacco dependence: 2014 update. Expert OpinEmerg Drugs, 19(2), 243–260.
  • European Medicines Agency. (n.d.). Champix: summary of product characteristics [online]. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/doc ument_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000699/WC500025251.pdf
  • Evins, A. E., Benowitz, N. L., West, R., Russ, C., McRae, T., Lawrence, D., Krishen, A., St Aubin, L., Maravic, M. C., & Anthenelli, R. M. (2019). Neuropsychiatric Safety and Efficacy of Varenicline, Bupropion, and Nicotine Patch in Smokers With Psychotic, Anxiety, and Mood Disorders in the EAGLES Trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 39(2), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001015.
  • Evins, A. E., Cather, C., & Laffer, A. (2015). Treatment of tobacco use disorders in smokers with serious mental illness: toward clinical best practices. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 23(2), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000063.
  • Evins, A. E., West, R., Benowitz, N. L., Russ, C., Lawrence, D., McRae, T., Maravic, M. C., Heffner, J. L., & Anthenelli, R. M. (2021). Efficacy and Safety of Pharmacotherapeutic Smoking Cessation Aids in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Subgroup Analysis of EAGLES. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 72(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202000032.
  • Faber, M. S., & Fuhr, U. (2004). Time response of cytochrome P450 1A2 activity on cessation of heavy smoking. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 76(2), 178–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clpt.2004.04.003.
  • Faessel, H. M., Gibbs, M. A., Clark, D. J., Rohrbacher, K., Stolar, M., & Burstein, A. H. (2006). Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of the selective nicotinic receptor partial agonist, varenicline, in healthy smokers. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 46(12), 1439–1448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270006292624.
  • Faessel, H. M., Obach, R. S., Rollema, H., Ravva, P., Williams, K. E., & Burstein, A. H. (2010). A review of the clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of varenicline for smoking cessation. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 49(12), 799–816. https://doi.org/10.2165/11537850-000000000-00000.
  • Faucette, S. R., Hawke, R. L., Lecluyse, E. L., Shord, S. S., Yan, B., Laethem, R. M., & Lindley, C. M. (2000). Validation of bupropion hydroxylation as a selective marker of human cytochrome P450 2B6 catalytic activity. Drug Metabolism and Disposition: The Biological Fate of Chemicals, 28(10), 1222–1230.
  • Fava, M., Rush, A. J., Thase, M. E., et al. (2005). 15 years of clinical experience with bupropion HCl: from bupropion to bupropion SR to bupropion XL. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry, 7(3), 106–113.
  • FDA. (2016). Varenicline (marketedaschantix) information. https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationfor PatientsandProviders/ucm106540.htm
  • Ferguson, S. G., Gitchell, J. G., Shiffman, S., Sembower, M. A., Rohay, J. M., & Allen, J. (2011). Providing accurate safety information may increase a smoker’s willingness to use nicotine replacement therapy as part of a quit attempt. Addictive Behaviors, 36(7), 713–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.02.002.
  • Findlay, J. W., Van Wyck Fleet, J., Smith, P. G., Butz, R. F., Hinton, M. L., Blum, M. R., & Schroeder, D. H. (1981). Pharmacokinetics of bupropion, a novel antidepressant agent, following oral administration to healthy subjects. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 21(2), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00637513.
  • Foley, K. F., DeSanty, K. P., & Kast, R. E. (2006). Bupropion: pharmacology and therapeutic applications. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 6(9), 1249–1265. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.6.9.1249.
  • Franks, P., Harp, J., & Bell, B. (1989). Randomized, controlled trial of clonidine for smoking cessation in a primary care setting. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 262(21), 3011–3013. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.262.21.3011.
  • Gardner, J. S., Blough, D., Drinkard, C. R., Shatin, D., Anderson, G., Graham, D., & Alderfer, R. (2000). Tramadol and seizures: A surveillance study in a managed care population. Pharmacotherapy, 20(12), 1423–1431. https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.20.19.1423.34854.
  • Garrison, G. D., & Dugan, S. E. (2009). Varenicline: a first-line treatment option for smoking cessation. Clinical Therapeutics, 31(3), 463–491. Mar https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.03.021.
  • GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. (2020). Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet (London, England), 396(10258), 1223–1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2.
  • Ginsburg, J., O’Reilly, B., & Swinhoe, J. (1985). Effect of oral clonidine on human cardiovascular responsiveness: a possible explanation of the therapeutic action of the drug in menopausal flushing and migraine. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 92(11), 1169–1175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1985.tb03032.x.
  • Giulietti, F., Filipponi, A., Rosettani, G., Giordano, P., Iacoacci, C., Spannella, F., & Sarzani, R. (2020). Pharmacological Approach to Smoking Cessation: An Updated Review for Daily Clinical Practice. High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention: The Official Journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension, 27(5), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-020-00396-9.
  • Glassman, A. H., Stetner, F., Walsh, B. T., Raizman, P. S., Fleiss, J. L., Cooper, T. B., & Covey, L. S. (1988). Heavy smokers, smoking cessation, and clonidine. Results of a double-blind, randomized trial. JAMA, 259(19), 2863–2866. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03720190031026.
  • Glaxo-SmithKline (1998). Study AK1A1003. [data on file]. Glaxo-SmithKline.
  • GlaxoSmithKline. (2009). FDA prescribing information for bupropion hydrochloride. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/018644s039s040.pdf
  • Goetz, C. G., Tanner, C. M., & Klawans, H. L. (1984). Bupropion in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology, 34(8), 1092–1094. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.34.8.1092.
  • Gold, M. S. (1993). Opiate addiction and the locus coeruleus: The clinical utility of clonidine, naltrexone, methadone, and buprenorphine. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 16(1), 61–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30190-4.
  • Gómez-Coronado, N., Walker, A. J., Berk, M., & Dodd, S. (2018). Current and Emerging Pharmacotherapies for Cessation of Tobacco Smoking. Pharmacotherapy, 38(2), 235–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2073.
  • Gourlay, S. G., Forbes, A., Marriner, T., Kutin, J., & McNeil, J. (1994). A placebo‐controlled study of three clonidine doses for smoking cessation. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 55(1), 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1994.11.
  • Gourlay, S. G., Stead, L. F., & Benowitz, N. L. (2004). Clonidine for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2004(3), CD000058.
  • Gowing, L., Farrell, M. F., Ali, R., & White, J. M. (2014). Alpha2-adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD002024.
  • Gupta, R., Bharat, A., Dhiman, U., & Sharma, A. (2019). Nicotine replacement therapy: A smoking cessation aid… An overview. International Journal of Oral Health Dentistry, 5(2), 69–75. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijohd.2019.017.
  • Hao, W., Young, D., & Wei, H. ‐ (1988). Effect of clonidine on cigarette cessation and in the alleviation of withdrawal symptoms. British Journal of Addiction, 83(10), 1221–1226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb03029.x.
  • Hartwell, K. J., Lematty, T., McRae-Clark, A. L., Gray, K. M., George, M. S., & Brady, K. T. (2013). Resisting the urge to smoke and craving during a smoking quit attempt on varenicline: results from a pilot fMRI study. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 39(2), 92–98. Marhttps://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2012.750665.
  • Hashemi, S., Shirazi, H. G., Mohammadi, A., Zadeh-Bagheri, G., Noorian, Kh., & Malekzadeh, M. (2012). Nortriptyline versus fluoxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a six-month, double-blind clinical trial. ClinPharmacol, 4, 1–6.
  • Haslemo, T., Eikeseth, P. H., Tanum, L., Molden, E., & Refsum, H. (2006). The effect of variable cigarette consumption on the interaction with clozapine and olanzapine. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 62(12), 1049–1053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-006-0209-9.
  • Haustein, K. O., Krause, J., Haustein, H., Rasmussen, T., & Cort, N. (2003). Comparison of the effects of combined nicotine replacement therapy vs. Cigarette smoking in males. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 5(2), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/146222003100073676.
  • Heffner, J. L., Evins, A. E., Russ, C., Lawrence, D., Ayers, C. R., McRae, T., Aubin, L. S., Krishen, A., West, R., & Anthenelli, R. M. (2019). Safety and efficacy of first-line smoking cessation pharmacotherapies in bipolar disorders: Subgroup analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 256, 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.008.
  • Hefner, G., Geschke, K., & Hiemke, C. (2014). Severe adverse drug events under combination of nortriptyline and melperone due to pharmacokinetic interaction. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 34(3), 394–396. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000000127.
  • Hicks, J. K., Swen, J. J., Thorn, C. F., Sangkuhl, K., Kharasch, E. D., Ellingrod, V. L., Skaar, T. C., Müller, D. J., Gaedigk, A., & Stingl, J. C, (2013). Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes and dosing of tricyclic antidepressants. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 93(5), 402–408. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2013.2.
  • Hiemke, C., Baumann, P., Bergemann, N., Conca, A., Dietmaier, O., Egberts, K., Fric, M., Gerlach, M., Greiner, C., Gründer, G., Haen, E., Havemann-Reinecke, U., Jaquenoud Sirot, E., Kirchherr, H., Laux, G., Lutz, U. C., Messer, T., Müller, M. J., Pfuhlmann, B., … Zernig, G. (2011). AGNP Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Psychiatry: Update 2011. Pharmacopsychiatry, 44(6), 195–235. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1286287.
  • Hitsman, B., Moss, T. G., Montoya, I. D., & George, T. P. (2009). Treatment of tobacco dependence in mental health and addictive disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 54(6), 368–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400604.
  • Howes, S., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Livingstone-Banks, J., Hong, B., & Lindson, N. (2020). Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4(4), CD000031.
  • Hughes, J. R., Stead, L. F., & Lancaster, T. (2007). Antidepressants for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD000031.
  • Hukkanen, J., Jacob, P., 3rd,., & Benowitz, N. L. (2005). Metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine. Pharmacological Reviews, 57(1), 79–115. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.57.1.3.
  • Hurt, R. D., Sachs, D. P., Glover, E. D., Offord, K. P., Johnston, J. A., Dale, L. C., Khayrallah, M. A., Schroeder, D. R., Glover, P. N., Sullivan, C. R., Croghan, I. T., & Sullivan, P. M. (1997). A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. The New England Journal of Medicine, 337(17), 1195–1202. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199710233371703.
  • Jefferson, J. W. (2008). Bupropion extended-release for depressive disorders. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 8(5), 715–722. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.8.5.715.
  • Jefferson, J. W., Pradko, J. F., & Muir, K. T. (2005). Bupropion for major depressive disorder: pharmacokinetic and formulation considerations. Clinical Therapeutics, 27(11), 1685–1695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2005.11.011.
  • Jordan, C. J., & Xi, Z. X. (2018). Discovery and development of varenicline for smoking cessation. Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 13(7), 671–683. https://doi.org/10.1080/17460441.2018.1458090.
  • Jorenby, D. E., Hays, J. T., Rigotti, N. A., Azoulay, S., Watsky, E. J., Williams, K. E., Billing, C. B., Gong, J., & Reeves, K. R, Varenicline Phase 3 Study Group. (2006). Efficacy of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 296(1), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.1.56.
  • Jørgensen, C. K., Juul, S., Siddiqui, F., Barbateskovic, M., Munkholm, K., Hengartner, M. P., Kirsch, I., Gluud, C., & Jakobsen, J. C. (2021). Tricyclic antidepressants versus ‘active placebo’, placebo or no intervention for adults with major depressive disorder: a protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. Systematic Reviews, 10(1), 227. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01789-0.
  • Kennedy, S. H., McCann, S. M., Masellis, M., McIntyre, R. S., Raskin, J., McKay, G., & Baker, G. B. (2002). Combining bupropion SR with venlafaxine, paroxetine, or fluoxetine: A preliminary report on pharmacokinetic, therapeutic, and sexual dysfunction effects. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63(3), 181–186. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v63n0302.
  • Ketter, T. A., Jenkins, J. B., Schroeder, D. H., Pazzaglia, P. J., Marangell, L. B., George, M. S., Callahan, A. M., Hinton, M. L., Chao, J., & Post, R. M. (1995). Carbamazepine but not valproate induces bupropion metabolism. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15(5), 327–333. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199510000-00004.
  • Khan, S. R., Berendt, R. T., Ellison, C. D., Ciavarella, A. B., Asafu-Adjaye, E., Khan, M. A., & Faustino, P. J. (2016). Bupropion Hydrochloride. Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients, and Related Methodology, 41, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.podrm.2015.12.001.
  • King, D. P., Paciga, S., Pickering, E., Benowitz, N. L., Bierut, L. J., Conti, D. V., Kaprio, J., Lerman, C., & Park, P. W. (2012). Smoking cessation pharmacogenetics: analysis of varenicline and bupropion in placebo-controlled clinical trials. Neuropsychopharmacology: official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 37(3), 641–650. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.232.
  • Kirchheiner, J., Brøsen, K., Dahl, M. L., Gram, L. F., Kasper, S., Roots, I., Sjöqvist, F., Spina, E., & Brockmöller, J. (2001). CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype-based dose recommendations for antidepressants: a first step towards subpopulation-specific dosages. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 104(3), 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00299.x.
  • Knadler, M. P., Lobo, E., Chappell, J., & Bergstrom, R. (2011). Duloxetine: Clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 50(5), 281–294. https://doi.org/10.2165/11539240-000000000-00000.
  • Köhler-Forsberg, O., Larsen, E. R., Buttenschøn, H. N., Rietschel, M., Hauser, J., Souery, D., Maier, W., Farmer, A., McGuffin, P., Aitchison, K. J., Uher, R., & Mors, O. (2019). Effect of antidepressant switching between nortriptyline and escitalopram after a failed first antidepressant treatment among patients with major depressive disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 215(2), 494–501. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.302.
  • Kortmann, G. L., Dobler, C. J., Bizarro, L., & Bau, C. H. (2010). Pharmacogenetics of smoking cessation therapy. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics: The Official Publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, 153B(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30978.
  • Kotz, D., van Rossem, C., Viechtbauer, W., Spigt, M., & van Schayck, O. C. P. (2021). Validity of urges to smoke measures in predicting smoking relapse during treatment in primary care. NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine, 31(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-021-00259-3.
  • Laine, K., Tybring, G., Härtter, S., Andersson, K., Svensson, J. O., Widén, J., & Bertilsson, L. (2001). Inhibition of cytochrome P4502D6 activity with paroxetine normalizes the ultrarapid metabolizer phenotype as measured by nortriptyline pharmacokinetics and the debrisoquin test. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 70(4), 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-9236(01)21861-X.
  • Leckman, J. F., Detlor, J., Harcherik, D. F., Ort, S., Shaywitz, B. A., & Cohen, D. J. (1985). Short- and long-term treatment of Tourette’s syndrome with clonidine: a clinical perspective. Neurology, 35(3), 343–351. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.35.3.343.
  • Lee, E. J. (2020). Long-Term Effects of Smoking Cessation on Depressive Symptoms, Resilience, Coping Skills, and Serotonin. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 91(2), 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-019-09689-2.
  • Lesage, E., Aronson, S. E., Sutherland, M. T., Ross, T. J., Salmeron, B. J., & Stein, E. A. (2017). Neural signatures of cognitive flexibility and reward sensitivity following nicotinic receptor stimulation in dependent smokers: a randomized trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(6), 632–640. Jun 01https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0400.
  • Lewis, A., Miller, J. H., & Lea, R. A. (2007). Jan Monoamine oxidase and tobacco dependence. Neurotoxicology, 28(1), 182–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2006.05.019.
  • Lima, D. R., Carvalho, C. F. C., Guimarães-Pereira, B. B. S., Loreto, A. R., Frallonardo, F. P., Ismael, F., Andrade, A. G., & Castaldelli-Maia, J. M. (2020). Abstinence and retention outcomes in a smoking cessation program among individuals with co-morbid substance use and mental disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 125, 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.03.014.
  • Lind, A.-B., Reis, M., Bengtsson, F., Jonzier-Perey, M., Powell Golay, K., Ahlner, J., Baumann, P., & Dahl, M.-L. (2009). Steady-state concentrations of mirtazapine, N-desmethylmirtazapine, 8-hydroxymirtazapine and their enantiomers in relation to cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype, age and smoking behaviour. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 48(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.2165/0003088-200948010-00005.
  • Loreto, A. R., Carvalho, C. F. C., Frallonardo, F. P., Ismael, F., Andrade, A. G., & Castaldelli-Maia, J. M. (2017). Smoking Cessation Treatment for Patients With Mental Disorders Using CBT and Combined Pharmacotherapy. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 13(4), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2017.1328149.
  • Loughead, J., Ray, R., Wileyto, E. P., Ruparel, K., Sanborn, P., Siegel, S., Gur, R. C., & Lerman, C. (2010). Effects of the alpha4beta2 partial agonist varenicline on brain activity and working memory in abstinent smokers. Biological Psychiatry, 67(8), 715–721. Apr 15https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.016.
  • Lundstrøm, N. H., Holgersen, N. K., & Haastrup, M. B. (2022). The effect of smoking on the plasma concentration of tricyclic antidepressants: a systematic review. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 34(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2021.28.
  • Manakil, J., Miliankos, A., Gray, M., Itthagarun, A., & George, R. (2020). Oral health and nicotine replacement therapy product. European Journal of General Dentistry, 9(01), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/ejgd.ejgd_100_19.
  • Maneeton, N., Maneeton, B., Eurviriyanukul, K., & Srisurapanont, M. (2013). Sep 27 Efficacy, tolerability, and acceptability of bupropion for major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials comparison with venlafaxine. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 7, 1053–1062. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S46849.
  • Manhem, P., Nilsson, L. H., Moberg, A., Wadstein, J., & Hokfelt, B. (1985). Alcohol withdrawal: effects of clonidine treatment on sympathetic activity, the renin‐aldosterone system, and clinical symptoms. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 9(3), 238–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05743.x.
  • Mansbach, R. S., Chambers, L. K., & Rovetti, C. C. (2000). Effects of the competitive nicotinic antagonist erysodine on behavior occasioned or maintained by nicotine: comparison with mecamylamine. Psychopharmacology, 148(3), 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130050047.
  • Mansvelder, H. D., & McGehee, D. S. (2002). Cellular and synaptic mechanisms of nicotine addiction. Journal of Neurobiology, 53(4), 606–617. https://doi.org/10.1002/neu.10148.
  • McDonough, M. (2015). Update on medicines for smoking cessation. Australian Prescriber, 38(4), 106–111. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2015.038.
  • Mellström, B., & von Bahr, C. (1981). Demethylation and hydroxylation of amitriptyline, nortriptyline, and 10-hydroxyamitriptyline in human liver microsomes. Drug MetabDispos, 9(6), 565–568.
  • Mendelsohn, C. P., Kirby, D. P., & Castle, D. J. (2015). Smoking and mental illness. An update for psychiatrists. Australasian Psychiatry: bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 23(1), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856214562076.
  • Merwar, G., Gibbons, J. R., Hosseini, S. A., & Saadabadi, A. (2021). Nortriptyline. StatPearls Publishing.
  • Mills, E. J., Wu, P., Lockhart, I., Thorlund, K., Puhan, M., & Ebbert, J. O. (2018). Adverse events associated with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation. A systematic review and meta-analysis of one hundred and twenty studies involving 177,390 individuals. TobInduc Dis, 16, 14.
  • Minichino, A., Bersani, F. S., Calò, W. K., Spagnoli, F., Francesconi, M., Vicinanza, R., Delle Chiaie, R., & Biondi, M. (2013). Smoking behaviour and mental health disorders–mutual influences and implications for therapy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(10), 4790–4811. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104790.
  • Molander, L., Hansson, A., & Lunell, E. (2001). Pharmacokinetics of nicotine in healthy elderly people. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 69(1), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1067/mcp.2001.113181.
  • Molyneaux, E., Telesia, L. A., Henshaw, C., Boath, E., Bradley, E., & Howard, L. M. (2018). Antidepressants for preventing postnatal depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4(4), CD004363.
  • Molyneux, A., Králíková, E., & Himmerová, V. (2004). ABC of smoking cessation. Nicotine replacement therapy. CasLekCesk, 143(11), 781–783.
  • Moss, E. L., Simpson, J. S., Pelletier, G., & Forsyth, P. (2006). Mar An open-label study of the effects of bupropion SR on fatigue, depression and quality of life of mixed-site cancer patients and their partners. Psycho-oncology, 15(3), 259–267. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.952.
  • Network For Smoking, E., & Prevention, T. (2016). ENSP Guidelines for treating tobacco dependence the comprehensive guide to the implementation of treatments and strategies to treat tobacco dependence. https://elearning-ensp.eu/assets/English%2520version.pdf
  • Nides, M. (2008). Update on pharmacologic options for smoking cessation treatment. The American Journal of Medicine, 121(4 Suppl 1), S20–S31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.01.016.
  • Nims, R. W., Prough, R. A., Jones, C. R., Stockus, D. L., Dragnev, K. H., Thomas, P. E., & Lubet, R. A. (1997). In vivo induction and in vitro inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P450 activity by the benzodiazepine anticonvulsants clonazepam and diazepam. Drug Metabolism and Disposition: The Biological Fate of Chemicals, 25(6), 750–756.
  • Nordin, C., & Bertilsson, L. (1995). Active hydroxymetabolites of antidepressants. Emphasis on E-10-hydroxy-nortriptyline. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 28(1), 26–40. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199528010-00004.
  • Olesen, O. V., & Linnet, K. (1997). Hydroxylation and demethylation of the tricyclic antidepressant nortriptyline by cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P-450 isozymes. Drug Metabolism and Disposition: The Biological Fate of Chemicals, 25(6), 740–744.
  • Oon-Arom, A., Likhitsathain, S., & Srisurapanont, M. (2019). Efficacy and acceptability of varenicline for alcoholism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 205, 107631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107631.
  • Orbach, R. S., Reed-Hagen, A. E., & Krueger, S. S. (2006). Metabolism and disposition of varenicline, a selective α4 β2 acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, in vivo and in vitro. Drug MetabDispos, 34, 121–130.
  • Ornish, S. A., Zisook, S., & McAdams, L. A. (1988). Effects of transdermal clonidine treatment on withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation. A randomized, controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 148(9), 2027–2031. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.148.9.2027.
  • Pachas, G. N., Cather, C., Pratt, S. A., Hoeppner, B., Nino, J., Carlini, S. V., Achtyes, E. D., Lando, H., Mueser, K. T., Rigotti, N. A., Goff, D. C., & Evins, A. E. (2012). Varenicline for Smoking Cessation in Schizophrenia: Safety and Effectiveness in a 12-Week, Open-Label Trial. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 8(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2012.663675.
  • Perez-Paramo, Y. X., & Lazarus, P. (2021). Pharmacogenetics factors influencing smoking cessation success; the importance of nicotine metabolism. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 17(3), 333–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2021.1863948.
  • Pfizer Labs. (n.d.). Chantix (varenicline) tablets: product information [online]. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/ 2009/021928s012s013lbl.pdf
  • Piatkov, I., & Jones, T. (2011). Pharmacogenetics and gender association with psychotic episodes on nortriptyline lower doses: patient cases. ISRN Pharmaceutics, 2011, 805983. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/805983.
  • Picciotto, M. R., Zoli, M., Rimondini, R., Léna, C., Marubio, L. M., Pich, E. M., Fuxe, K., & Changeux, J. P. (1998). Acetylcholine receptors containing the beta2 subunit are involved in the reinforcing properties of nicotine. Nature, 391(6663), 173–177. https://doi.org/10.1038/34413.
  • Preskorn, S., & Ross, R. (2004). Antidepressants: past, present and future. Other Antidepressants, 157, 263–324.
  • Prochazka, A. V., Petty, T. L., Nett, L., Silvers, G. W., Sachs, D. P. L., & Rennard, S. I. (1992). Transdermal clonidine reduced some withdrawal symptoms but did not increase smoking cessation. Archives of Internal Medicine, 152(10), 2065–2069. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.152.10.2065.
  • Ragg, M., Gordon, R., Ahmed, T., & Allan, J. (2013). The impact of smoking cessation on schizophrenia and major depression. Australasian Psychiatry: bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 21(3), 238–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856213486213.
  • Reynolds, C. F., Perel, J. M., Frank, E., Cornes, C., Miller, M. D., Houck, P. R., Mazumdar, S., Stack, J. A., Pollock, B. G., Dew, M. A., & Kupfer, D. J. (1999). Three-year outcomes of maintenance nortriptyline treatment in late-life depression: a study of two fixed plasma levels. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(8), 1177–1181. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.8.1177.
  • Roberts, L. W., Louie, A. K., Guerrero, A. P. S., Balon, R., Beresin, E. V., Brenner, A., & Coverdale, J. (2017). Premature Mortality Among People with Mental Illness: Advocacy in Academic Psychiatry. Academic Psychiatry: The Journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry, 41(4), 441–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-017-0738-9.
  • Ross, S., & Williams, D. (2005). Nov Bupropion: risks and benefits. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 4(6), 995–1003. https://doi.org/10.1517/14740338.4.6.995.
  • Rudorfer, M. V., & Potter, W. Z. (1999). Metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 19(3), 373–409. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006949816036.
  • Ryu, S., Park, S., Lee, J. H., Kim, Y. R., Na, H. S., Lim, H. S., Choi, H. Y., Hwang, I. Y., Lee, J. G., Park, Z. W., Oh, W. Y., Kim, J. M., & Choi, S. E. (2017). A Study on CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 Polymorphic Effects on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Amitriptyline in Healthy Koreans. ClinTransl Sci, 10(2), 93–101.
  • Safarinejad, M. R. (2010). The effects of the adjunctive bupropion on male sexual dysfunction induced by a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor: a double-blind placebo-controlled and randomized study. BJU International, 106(6), 840–847. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.09154.x.
  • Safarinejad, M. R. (2011). Reversal of SSRI-induced female sexual dysfunction by adjunctive bupropion in menstruating women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized study. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 25(3), 370–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881109351966.
  • Sager, J. E., Choiniere, J. R., Chang, J., Stephenson-Famy, A., Nelson, W. L., & Isoherranen, N. (2016). Identification and structural characterization of three new metabolites of bupropion in humans. ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 7(8), 791–796. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00189.
  • Schwasinger-Schmidt, T. E., & Macaluso, M. (2019). Other Antidepressants. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 250, 325–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2018_167.
  • Shepherd, G. (2005). Adverse effects associated with extra doses of bupropion. Pharmacotherapy, 25(10), 1378–1382. https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.2005.25.10.1378.
  • Silagy, C., Lancaster, T., Stead, L., Mant, D., & Fowler, G. (2004). Nicotine  replacement  therapy  for  smoking  cessation. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3,  CD000146. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub2.
  • Siu, E. C., & Tyndale, R. F. (2007). Non-nicotinic therapies for smoking cessation. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 47, 541–564. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105354.
  • Sneader, W. (2006). Hormone Analogues. Drug Discovery: JohnWiley&Sons. p.188–225.
  • Stead, L. F., Koilpillai, P., Fanshawe, T. R., & Lancaster, T. (2016). Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3, CD008286.
  • Stead, L. F., Perera, R., Bullen, C., Mant, D., & Lancaster, T. (2008). Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, CD000146. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub3.
  • Steimer, W., Zöpf, K., von Amelunxen, S., Pfeiffer, H., Bachofer, J., Popp, J., Messner, B., Kissling, W., & Leucht, S. (2005). Amitriptyline or not, that is the question: pharmacogenetic testing of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 identifies patients with low or high risk for side effects in amitriptyline therapy. Clinical Chemistry, 51(2), 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.041327.
  • Sumana, C. K., Nagaraj, T., Nigam, H., Gogula, S., & Saxena, S. (2018). Nicotine replacement therapy: A review. Journal of Medicine, Radiology, Pathology & Surgery, 5(1), 6–8. https://doi.org/10.15713/ins.jmrps.117.
  • Tam, J., Taylor, G. M. J., Zivin, K., Warner, K. E., & Meza, R. (2020). Modeling smoking-attributable mortality among adults with major depression in the United States. Preventive Medicine, 140, 106241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106241.
  • Tapper, A. R., McKinney, S. L., Nashmi, R., Schwarz, J., Deshpande, P., Labarca, C., Whiteaker, P., Marks, M. J., Collins, A. C., & Lester, H. A. (2004). Nicotine reinforcement and cognition restored by targeted expression of nicotinic receptors. Nicotine activation of alpha4* receptors: sufficient for reward, tolerance, and sensitization. Science (New York, N.Y.), 306(5698), 1029–1032. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1099420.
  • Tatsumi, M., Groshan, K., Blakely, R. D., & Richelson, E. (1997). Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. European Journal of Pharmacology, 340(2-3), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01393-9.
  • Taylor, G. M., Lindson, N., Farley, A., Leinberger-Jabari, A., Sawyer, K., Te Water Naudé, R., Theodoulou, A., King, N., Burke, C., & Aveyard, P. (2021). Smoking cessation for improving mental health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3(3), CD013522.
  • Taylor, G., McNeill, A., Girling, A., Farley, A., Lindson-Hawley, N., & Aveyard, P. (2014). Change in mental health after smoking cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 348, g1151. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1151.
  • The Royal Australian New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. (2022). Mental Health Clinician Guidance for Managing People’s Smoking Cessation.
  • Thieme, D., Rolf, B., Sachs, H., & Schmid, D. (2008). Correlationof inter-individual variations of amitriptyline metabolism examined in hairs with CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 polymorphisms. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 122(2), 149–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-007-0184-4.
  • Thomas, K. H., Dalili, M. N., López-López, J. A., Keeney, E., Phillippo, D., Munafò, M. R., Stevenson, M., Caldwell, D. M., & Welton, N. J. (2021). Smoking cessation medicines and e-cigarettes: a systematic review, network meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England), 25(59), 1–224. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta25590.
  • Toce, M. S., Chai, P. R., Burns, M. M., & Boyer, E. W. (2018). Pharmacologic Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: a Review of Pharmacotherapy, Adjuncts, and Toxicity. Journal of Medical Toxicology: official Journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology, 14(4), 306–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-018-0685-1.
  • Tonstad, S., Arons, C., Rollema, H., Berlin, I., Hajek, P., Fagerström, K., Els, C., McRae, T., & Russ, C. (2020). Varenicline: mode of action, efficacy, safety and accumulated experience salient for clinical populations. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 36(5), 713–730. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2020.1729708.
  • Tsuda, Y., Saruwatari, J., & Yasui-Furukori, N. (2014). Meta-analysis: The effects of smoking on the disposition of two commonly used antipsychotic agents, olanzapine and clozapine. BMJ Open, 4(3), e004216. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004216.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). Smoking Cessation. A report of the surgeon general. In: Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/2020-cessation-sgr-full-report.pdf
  • Uher, R., Maier, W., Hauser, J., Marusic, A., Schmael, C., Mors, O., Henigsberg, N., Souery, D., Placentino, A., Rietschel, M., Zobel, A., Dmitrzak-Weglarz, M., Petrovic, A., Jorgensen, L., Kalember, P., Giovannini, C., Barreto, M., Elkin, A., Landau, S., … McGuffin, P. (2009). Mar Differential efficacy of escitalopram and nortriptyline on dimensional measures of depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 194(3), 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.057554.
  • Verpeut, J. L., & Bello, N. T. (2014). Jun Drug safety evaluation of naltrexone/bupropion for the treatment of obesity. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 13(6), 831–841. https://doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2014.909405.
  • Wadgave, U., & Nagesh, L. (2016). Nicotine Replacement Therapy: An Overview. International Journal of Health Sciences, 10(3), 425–435.
  • Wagena, E. J., Knipschild, P., & Zeegers, M. P. (2005). Should nortriptyline be used as a first-line aid to help smokers quit? Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 100(3), 317–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00998.x.
  • Wang, Y. Y., Wang, S., Zheng, W., Zhong, B. L., Ng, C. H., Ungvari, G. S., Wang, C. X., Xiang, Y. T., & Li, X. H. (2019). Cognitive functions in smoking and non-smoking patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies. Psychiatry Research, 272, 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.064.
  • Waxmonsky, J. G. (2005). Nonstimulant therapies for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. Essential Psychopharmacology, 6(5), 262–276.
  • West, R., Evins, A. E., Benowitz, N. L., Russ, C., McRae, T., Lawrence, D., St Aubin, L., Krishen, A., Maravic, M. C., & Anthenelli, R. M. (2018). Factors associated with the efficacy of smoking cessation treatments and predictors of smoking abstinence in EAGLES. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 113(8), 1507–1516. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14208.
  • WHO. (2019). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2019: Offer help to quit tobacco use. World Health Organization,
  • Williams, J. M., Anthenelli, R. M., Morris, C. D., Treadow, J., Thompson, J. R., Yunis, C., & George, T. P. (2012). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the safety and efficacy of varenicline for smoking cessation in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73(5), 654–660. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.11m07522.
  • Wu, P., Wilson, K., Dimoulas, P., & Mills, E. J. (2006). Effectiveness of smoking cessation therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 6(1), 300. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-300.
  • Xi, Z. X. (2010). Preclinical pharmacology. Efficacy and safety of varenicline in smoking cessation and clinical utility in high risk patients. Drug Healthc Patient Saf, 2, 39–48.
  • Xiao, D., Kotler, M., Kang, J., & Wang, C. (2020). A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a nicotine mint lozenge (2 and 4 mg) in smoking cessation. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 14(1), 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000547.
  • Yan, T., & Goldman, R. D. (2021). Bupropion for smoking cessation in adolescents. Canadian Family Physician Medecin de Famille Canadien, 67(10), 743–745. https://doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6710743.
  • Yasaei, R., & Saadabadi, A. (2021). Clonidine. StatPearls Publishing.
  • Yildiz, D. (2004). Nicotine, its metabolism and an overview of its biological effects. Toxicon: official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 43(6), 619–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.01.017.
  • Ziedonis, D., Hitsman, B., Beckham, J. C., Zvolensky, M., Adler, L. E., Audrain-McGovern, J., Breslau, N., Brown, R. A., George, T. P., Williams, J., Calhoun, P. S., & Riley, W. T. (2008). Tobacco use and cessation in psychiatric disorders: National Institute of Mental Health report. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 10(12), 1691–1715. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200802443569.
  • Zierler-Brown, S. L., & Kyle, J. A. (2007). Oral varenicline for smoking cessation. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 41(1), 95–99. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1H310.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.