A longitudinal study investigating how stroke severity, disability, and physical function the first week post-stroke are associated with walking speed six months post-stroke

References

• Abellan van Kan G, Rolland Y, Andrieu S, Bauer J, Beauchet O, Bonnefoy M, Cesari M, Donini LM, Gillette Guyonnet S, Inzitari M, et al 2009 Gait speed at usual pace as a predictor of adverse outcomes in community-dwelling older people. An International Academy on Nutrition and Aging (IANA) task force. Journal Nutrition, Health Aging 13: 881–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An S, Lee Y, Shn H, Lee G 2015 Gait velocity and walking distance to predict community walking after stroke. Nursing & Health Sciences 17: 533–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barclay R, Ripat J, Mayo N 2015 Factors describing community ambulation after stroke: A mixed-methods study. Clinical Rehabilitation 29: 509–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benaim C, Pérennou DA, Villy J, Rousseaux M, Pelissier JY 1999 Validation of a standardized assessment of postural control in stroke patients: The Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS). Stroke 30: 1862–1868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijleveld-Uitman M, van De Port I, Kwakkel G 2013 Is gait speed or walking distance a better predictor for community walking after stroke? Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 45: 535–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brott T, Adams HP, Olinger CP, Marler JR, Barsan WG, Biller J, Spilker J, Holleran R, Eberle R, Hertzberg V 1989 Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: A clinical examination scale. Stroke 20: 864–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho C, Sunnerhagen KS, Willen C 2010 Walking speed and distance in different environments of subjects in the later stage post-stroke. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 26: 519–527.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chien CW, Hu MH, Tang PF, Sheu CF, Hsieh CL 2007 A comparison of psychometric properties of the smart balance master system and the postural assessment scale for stroke in people who have had mild stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 88: 374–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Monaco M, Trucco M, Di Monaco R, Tappero R, Cavanna A 2010 The relationship between initial trunk control or postural balance and inpatient rehabilitation outcome after stroke: A prospective comparative study. Clinical Rehabilitation 24: 543–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz S, Lusardi M 2009 White paper: “Walking speed: the sixth vital sign”. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 32: 46–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjelsvik BE, Breivik K, Verheyden G, Smedal T, Hofstad H, Strand LI 2012 The trunk impairment scale–modified to ordinal scales in the Norwegian version. Disability and Rehabilitation 34: 1385–1395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjelsvik BE, Hofstad H, Smedal T, Eide GE, Næss H, Skouen JS, Frisk B, Daltveit S, Strand LI 2014 Balance and walking after three different models of stroke rehabilitation: Early supported discharge in a day unit or at home, and traditional treatment (control). BMJ Open 4: e004358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein LB, Samsa GP 1997 Reliability of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Extension to non-neurologists in the context of a clinical trial. Stroke 28: 307–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison JK, McArthur KS, Quinn TJ 2013 Assessment scales in stroke: Clinimetric and clinical considerations. Clinical Interventions in Aging 8: 201–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstad H, Gjelsvik BE, Næss H, Eide GE, Skouen JS 2014 Early supported discharge after stroke in Bergen (ESD Stroke Bergen): Three and six months results of a randomised controlled trial comparing two early supported discharge schemes with treatment as usual. BMC Neurol 14: 239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstad H, Naess H, Gjelsvik BE, Eide GE, Skouen JS 2017 Subjective health complaints predict functional outcome six months after stroke. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 135: 161–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstad H, Naess H, Moe-Nilssen R, Skouen JS 2013 Early supported discharge after stroke in Bergen (ESD Stroke Bergen): a randomized controlled trial comparing rehabilitation in a day unit or in the patients’ homes with conventional treatment. International Journal of Stroke 8: 582–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden MK, Gill KM, Magliozzi MR, Nathan J, Piehl-Baker L 1984 Clinical gait assessment in the neurologically impaired: Reliability and meaningfulness. Physical Therapy 64: 35–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jette DU, Latham NK, Smout RJ, Gassaway J, Slavin MD, Horn SD 2005 Physical therapy interventions for patients with stroke in inpatient rehabilitation facilities. Physical Therapy 85: 238–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollen B, Kwakkel G, Lindeman E 2006 Time dependency of walking classification in stroke. Physical Therapy 86: 618–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin JH, Hsu MJ, Hsu HW, Wu HC, Hsieh CL 2010 Psychometric comparisons of 3 functional ambulation measures for patients with stroke. Stroke 41: 2021–2025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu TW, Ng SS, Kwong PW, Ng GY 2015 Fear avoidance behavior, not walking endurance, predicts the community reintegration of community-dwelling stroke survivors. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 96: 1684–1690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord SE, McPherson K, McNaughton HK, Rochester L, Weatherall M 2004 Community ambulation after stroke: How important and obtainable is it and what measures appear predictive? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 85: 234–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord SE, Rochester L 2008 Gait velocity and community ambulation: The limits of assessment. Stroke 39: e75-e76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lusardi MM 2012 Using walking speed in clinical practice: Interpreting age-, gender-, and function-specific norms. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation 28: 77–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney FI, Barthel DW 1965 Functional evaluation: The Barthel index. Maryland State Medical Journal 14: 61–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mayo NE, Korner-Bitensky NA, Becker R 1991 Recovery time of independent function post-stroke. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 70: 5–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo NE, Wood-Dauphinee S, Ahmed S, Gordon C, Higgins J, McEwen S, Salbach N 1999 Disablement following stroke. Disability and Rehabilitation 21: 258–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrholz J, Wagner K, Rutte K, Meissner D, Pohl M 2007 Predictive validity and responsiveness of the functional ambulation category in hemiparetic patients after stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 88: 1314–1319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Dell MW, Au J, Schwabe E, Batistick H, Christos PJ 2013 A comparison of two balance measures to predict discharge performance from inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 5: 392–399.
   Google Scholar
• Perry J, Garrett M, Gronley JK, Mulroy SJ 1995 Classification of walking handicap in the stroke population. Stroke 26: 982–989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peurala SH, Karttunen AH, Sjögren T, Paltamaa J, Heinonen A 2014 Evidence for the effectiveness of walking training on walking and self-care after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 46: 387–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosa MC, Marques A, Demain S, Metcalf CD 2015 Fast gait speed and self-perceived balance as valid predictors and discriminators of independent community walking at 6 months post-stroke: A preliminary study. Disability and Rehabilitation. 37: 129–134.
   Google Scholar
• Salter K, Jutai JW, Teasell R, Foley NC, Bitensky J, Bayley M 2005 Issues for selection of outcome measures in stroke rehabilitation: ICF activity. Disability and Rehabilitation 27: 315–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilson JK, Settle SM, Sullivan KJ 2008 Application of evidence-based practice strategies: Current trends in walking recovery interventions poststroke. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 15: 227–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbull GI, Charteris J, Wall JC 1995 A comparison of the range of walking speeds between normal and hemiplegic subjects. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 27: 175–182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van De Port IG, Kwakkel G, Lindeman E 2008 Community ambulation in patients with chronic stroke: How is it related to gait speed? Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 40: 23–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, Schouten HJ, van Gijn J 1988 Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke 19: 604–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veerbeek JM, Van Wegen EE, Harmeling-Van Der Wel BC, Kwakkel G 2011 Is accurate prediction of gait in nonambulatory stroke patients possible within 72 hours poststroke? The EPOS study. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 25: 268–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verheyden G, Vereeck L, Truijen S, Troch M, Herregodts I, Lafosse C, Nieuwboer A, De Weerdt W 2006 Trunk performance after stroke and the relationship with balance, gait and functional ability. Clinical Rehabilitation 20: 451–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• William LS, Yilmaz EY, Lopez-Yunez AM 2000 Retrospective assessment of initial stroke severity with the NIH stroke scale. Stroke 31: 858–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing K, Lynskey JV, Bosch PR 2012 Walking speed in stroke survivors: Considerations for clinical practice. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation 28: 113–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar