1,252
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A transdiagnostic investigation of emotional distress after traumatic brain injury

, , &
Pages 410-445 | Received 28 Dec 2014, Accepted 01 Apr 2015, Published online: 28 Apr 2015

REFERENCES

  • Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A transdiagnostic examination. Behavior Research and Therapy, 48, 974–983. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.002
  • Allen, L. B., McHugh, R. K., & Barlow, D. H. (2008). Emotional disorders. A unified approach. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders (4th ed., pp. 216–249). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Americal Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2004). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Text revision ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Anson, K., & Ponsford, J. (2006). Coping and emotional adjustment following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 21(3), 248–259. doi: 10.1097/00001199-200605000-00005
  • Army Individual Test Battery. (1944). Manual of directions and scoring. Washington, DC: War Department, Adjutant General's Office.
  • Ashman, T. A., Cantor, J. B., Gordon, W. A., Spielman, L., Flanagan, S., Ginsberg, A., … Greenwald, B. (2009). A randomized controlled trial of setraline for the treatment of depression in persons with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90, 733–740. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.11.005
  • Ashworth, F., Gracey, F., & Gilbert, P. (2011). Compassion focused therapy after traumatic brain injruy: Theoretical foundations and case illustration. Brain Impairment, 12, 128–139. doi: 10.1375/brim.12.2.128
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2007). National survey of mental health and wellbeing: Summary of results. Canberra: Author.
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2011). Australian standard geographical classification (ASGC). Retrieved from http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/32FBEDE1EA4C5800CA25791F000F2E1C/$File/att98dqt.pdf
  • Barlow, D. H., Allen, L. B., & Choate, M. L. (2004). Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders. Behavior Therapy, 35, 205–230. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80036-4
  • Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various chi square approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 16(Series B), 296–298.
  • Beck, R., Benedict, B., & Winkler, A. (2003). Depression and anxiety: Integrating tripartite and cognitive content-specificity assessment models. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 25, 251–256. doi: 10.1023/A:1025899029040
  • Bédard, M., Felteau, M., Gibbons, C., Klein, R., Mazmanian, D., Fedyk, K., & Mack, G. (2005). A mindfulness-based intervention to improve quality of life among individuals who sustained traumatic brain injuries: One year follow-up. The Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation, 8–13. Retrieved from http://www.jofcr.com/jcrarchives/vol23/V23I1Bedard.pdf
  • Bédard, M., Felteau, M., Marshall, S., Cullen, N., Gibbons, C., Dubois, S., … Moustgaard, A. (2014). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy reduced symptoms of depression in people with traumatic brain injury: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 29, E13–E22. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e3182a615a0
  • Bédard, M., Felteau, M., Mazmanian, D., Fedyk, K., Klein, R., Richardon, J., … Minthorn-Biggs, M-B. (2003). Pilot evaluation of a mindfulness-based intervention to improve quality of life among individuals who sustained traumatic brain injuries. Disability and Rehabilitation, 25, 722–731. doi: 10.1080/0963828031000090489
  • Benton, A. L., & Hamsher, K. deS. (1976). Mulitilingual aphasia examination. Iowa, IA: University of Iowa.
  • Bombardier, C. H., Fann, J. R., Temkin, N. R., Esselman, P. C., Barber, J., & Dikmen, S. S. (2010). Rates of major depressive disorder and clinical outcomes following traumatic brain injury. Journal of the American Medical Association, 303(19), 1938–1945. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.281
  • Bradbury, C. L., Christensen, B. K., Lau, M. A., Ruttan, L. A., Arundine, A. L., & Green, R. E. (2008). The efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of emotional distress after acquired brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89(Suppl.), S61–S68. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2008.08.210
  • Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2009). A proposal for a dimensional classification system based on the shared features of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders: Implications for assessment and treatment. Psychological Assessment, 21, 256–271. doi: 10.1037/a0016608
  • Campbell-Sills, L., & Barlow, D. H. (2007). Incorporating emotion regulation conceptualization and treatments of anxiety and mood disorders. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of ER (pp. 542–559). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Cantor, J. B., Ashman, T. A., Schwartz, M. E., Gordon, W. A., Hibbard, M. R., Brown, M., … Cheng, Z. (2005). The role of self-discrepancy theory in understanding post-traumatic brain injury affective disorders. A pilot study. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 20(6), 527–543. doi: 10.1097/00001199-200511000-00005
  • Carlson, L. E., Angen, M., Cullum, J., Goodey, E., Koopmans, J., Lamont, L., … Bultz, B. D. (2004). High levels of untreated distress and fatigue in cancer patients. British Journal of Cancer, 90(12), 2297–2304. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601887
  • Carroll, E., & Coetzer, R. (2011). Identity, grief and self-awareness after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 21, 289–305. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2011.555972
  • Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1987). The blind men and the elephant: Selective examination of the public-private literature gives rise to faulty perception. Journal of Personality, 55, 525–541. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00449.x
  • Cattran, C., Oddy, M., & Wood, R. (2011). The development of a measure of emotional regulation following acquired brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33, 672–679. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2010.550603
  • Cicerone, K. D., & Azulay, J. (2007). Perceived self-efficacy and life satisfaction after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 22, 257–266. doi: 10.1097/01.HTR.0000290970.56130.81
  • Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316–336. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316
  • Cooper-Evans, S., Alderman, N., Knight, C., & Oddy, M. (2008). Self-esteem as a predictor of psychological distress after severe acquired brain injury: An exploratory study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18, 607–626. doi: 10.1080/09602010801948516
  • Curran, C. A., Ponsford, J. L., & Crowe, S. (2000). Coping strategies and emotional outcome following traumatic brain injury: A comparison with orthopedic patients. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 15(6), 1256–1274. doi: 10.1097/00001199-200012000-00006
  • Dahm, J., Wong, D., Ponsford, J. (2013). Vailidity of the depression anxiety stress scales in assessing depression and anxiety following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151, 392–396. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.011
  • Derogatis, L. (1975). SCL-90-R (revised version) manual. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University School of Medicine.
  • Derogatis, L. (2001). Brief Symptom Inventory 18: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Minneapolis, MN: NCS Assessments.
  • Dozois, D. J. A., Seeds, P. M., & Collins, K. A. (2009). Transdiagnostic approaches to the prevention of depression and anxiety. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 23(1), 44–59. doi: 10.1891/0889-8391.23.1.44
  • Duval, S., & Wicklund, R. (1972). A theory of objective self-awareness. New York: Academic Press.
  • Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. R. (2008). Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1, 192–205. doi: 10.1521/ijct.2008.1.3.192
  • Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (1989). Coping with frustrations to self-realization: Stress, anxiety, crises and adjustment. In E. Krau (Ed.), Self-realization, success and adjustment (pp. 151–164). New York: Praeger.
  • Exner, J. E. Jr. (1973). The self focus sentence completion: A study of egocentricity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 37, 437–455. doi: 10.1080/00223891.1973.10119902
  • Falquez, R., Couto, B., Ibanez, A., Freitag, M. T., Berger, M., Arens, E. A., … Barnow, S. (2014). Detaching from the negative by reappraisal: the role of right superior frontal gyrus (BA9/32). Frontiers on Behavioral Science, 8. 165. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00165
  • Fann, J. R., Uomoto, J. M., & Katon, W. J. (2000). Sertraline in the treatment of major depression following mild traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 12, 226–232. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12.2.226
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., Lang, A-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlational and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149–1160. doi: 10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
  • Fleminger, S. (2008). Long-term psychiatric disorders after traumatic brain injury. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 25(Suppl 42), 123–130. doi: 10.1017/S0265021507003250
  • Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 992–1003. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.50.5.992
  • Gilbert, P. (2010). Compassion focused therapy: Distinctive features. East Sussex: Routledge.
  • Gillis, M. M., Haaga, D. A. F., & Ford, G. T. (1995). Normative values for the beck anxiety inventory, fear questionnaire, Penn state worry questionnaire, and social Phobia and anxiety inventory. Psychological Assessment, 7, 450–455. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.7.4.450
  • Goldstein, K. (1939). On the conception of the organism as a whole the organism: A holisitic approach to biology derived from pathological data in man. Salt Lake City, UT: American Book Publishing.
  • Goldstein, K. (1943). On so-called war neuroses. Psychosomatic Medicine, 5(4), 376–383. doi: 10.1097/00006842-194310000-00007
  • Gordon, C., & Ownsworth, T. (2010). The need for a transdiagnostic conceptualisation of depression and anxiety symptomology following traumatic brain injury. Paper presented at the 33rd Brain Impairment Conference, Gold Coast, Australia.
  • Gould, K. R., Ponsford, J. L., Johnston, L., & Schönberger, M. (2011). The nature, frequency and course of psychiatric disorders in the first year after traumatic brain injury: A prospective study. Psychological Medicine, 41, 2099–2109. doi: 10.1017/S003329171100033X
  • Gould, K. R., Ponsford, J. L., & Spitz, G. (2014). Association between cognitive impariments and anxiety disorders following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 36, 1–14. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2013.863832
  • Gracey, F., Evans, J. J., & Malley, D. (2009). Capturing process and outcome in complex rehabilitation intervention: A “Y-shaped” model. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19, 867–890. doi: 10.1080/09602010903027763
  • Gracey, F., Palmer, S., Rous, B., Psaila, K., Shaw, K., O'Dell, J., … Mohamed, S. (2008). “Feeling part of things”: Personal construction of self after brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18, 627–650. doi: 10.1080/09602010802041238
  • Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54. doi: 10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
  • Green, J. D., Sedikides, C., Saltzberg, J. A., Wood, J. V., & Forzano, L. B. (2003). Happy mood decreases self-focused attention. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 147–157. doi: 10.1348/014466603763276171
  • Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
  • Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–9). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Hair, J. F. Jr, Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Hair, J. F. Jr, Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Harvey, A., & Bryant, R. A. (1998). Predictors of acute stress following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 12, 147–154. doi: 10.1080/026990598122773
  • Harvey, A., Watkins, E., Mansell, W., & Shafran, R. (2004). Cognitive and behavioural processes across psychological disorders. A transdiagnostic approach to research and treatment. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy. An expereintial approach to beahvior change (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Hodgson, J., McDonald, S., Tate, R., & Gertler, P. (2005). A randomised controlled trial of a cognitive-behavioural therapy program for managing social anxiety after acquired brain injury. Brain Impairment, 6(3), 169–180. doi: 10.1375/brim.2005.6.3.169
  • Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 169–183. doi: 10.1037/a0018555
  • de Jong-Meyer, R., Beck, B., & Riede, K. (2009). Relationships between rumination, worry, intolerance of uncertainty and metacognitive beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 547–551. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.12.010
  • Jorge, R. E., Robinson, R. G., Moser, D., Tateno, A., Crespo-Facorro, B., & Arndt, S. (2004). Major depression following traumatic brain injury. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 42–50. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.61.1.42
  • Jorge, R. E., Robinson, R. G., Starkstein, S. E., & Arndt, S. V. (1993). Depression and anxiety following traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 5(4), 369–374. doi: 10.1176/jnp.5.4.369
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31–36. doi: 10.1007/BF02291575
  • Kendall, E., & Terry, D. (2009). Predicting emotional well-being following traumatic brain injury: A test of mediated and moderated models. Social Science and Medicine, 69, 947–954. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.06.021
  • Kersel, D. A., Marsh, N. V., Havill, J. H., & Sleigh, J. W. (2001). Psychosocial functioning during the year following severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 15, 683–696. doi: 10.1080/02699050010013662
  • Klonoff, P. S., Lage, G. A., & Chiapello, D. A. (1993). Varieties of the catastrophic reaction to brain injury. A self psychology perspective. Bulletin of Menninger Clinic, 57(2), 227–241.
  • Kohn, N., Eickhoff, S. B., Scheller, M., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., & Habel, U. (2014). Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation—An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis. Neuroimage, 15, 245–255. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.001
  • Kortte, K. B., Wegener, S. T., & Chwalisz, K. (2003). Anosognosia and denial: Their relationship to coping and depression in acquired brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 48, 131–136. doi: 10.1037/0090-5550.48.3.131
  • Kreutzer, J. S., Seel, R. T., & Gourley, E. (2001). The prevalence and symptom rates of depression after traumatic brain injury: A comprehensive examination. Brain Injury, 15, 563–576. doi: 10.1080/02699050116884
  • Krpan, K. M., Stuss, D. T., & Anderson, N. D. (2011). Planful versus avoidant coping: Behaviour of individuals with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury during a psychosocial stress test. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 248–255. doi: 10.1017/S1355617710001499
  • Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159–174. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2529310
  • Lazarus, R. (1993). Coping theory and research: Past, present, and future. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55(3), 234–247. doi: 10.1097/00006842-199305000-00002
  • Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
  • Lévesque, J., Eugéne, F., Joanette, Y., Paquette, V., Mensour, B., Beaudoin, G., … Beauregard, M. (2003). Neural circuitry underlying voluntary suppression of sadness. Biological Psychiatry, 53(6), 502–510. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01817-6
  • Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Social cognitive neuroscience: A review of core processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 259–289. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085654
  • Linehan, M. M. (1993). Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales (2nd ed.). Sydney: The Psychology Foundation of Australia.
  • Malia, K., Powell, G., & Torode, S. (1995). Coping and psychosocial function after brain injury. Brain Injury, 9(6), 607–618. doi: 10.3109/02699059509008219
  • Mansell, W., Harvey, A., Watkins, E., & Shafran, R. (2009). Conceptual foundations of the transdiagnostic approach to CBT. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 23(1), 6–19. doi: 10.1891/0889-8391.23.1.6
  • Mansell, W., Harvey, A., Watkins, E. R., & Shafran, R. (2008). Cognitive behavioral processes across psychological disorders: A review of the utility and validity of the transdiagnostic approach. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1, 181–191. doi: 10.1680/ijct.2008.1.3.181
  • McDonald, S. (2003). Traumatic brain injury and psychosocial function: Let's get social. Brain Impairment, 4(1), 36–47. doi: 10.1375/brim.4.1.36.27032
  • McDonald, S., Rushby, J., Kelly, M., & de Sousa, A. (2014). Disorders of emotion and social cognition following traumatic brain injury. In H. Levin, D. Shum, & R. Chan (Eds.), Understanding traumatic brain injury: Current research and future directions (pp. 133–162). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • McGrath, J. C., & Linley, P. A. (2006). Post-traumatic growth in acquired brain injury: A preliminary small scale study. Brain Injury, 20, 767–773. doi: 10.1080/02699050600664566
  • Meachen, S-J, Hanks, R. A., Millis, S. R., & Rapport, L. J. (2008). The reliability and validity of the Brief Symptom Inventory—18 in persons with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89, 958–965. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.12.028
  • Meares, S., Shores, E. A., Batchelor, J., Baguley, I. J., Chapman, J., Gurka, J., & Marosszeky, J. E. (2006). The relationship of psychological and cognitive factors and opiods in the development of the postconcussion syndrome in general trauma patients with mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 792–801. doi: 10.1017/S1355617706060978
  • Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn state worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487–495. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6
  • Moldover, J. E., Goldberg, K. B., & Prout, M. F. (2004). Depression after traumatic brain injury: A review of evidence for clinical heterogeneity. Neuropsychology Review, 14(3), 143–154. doi: 10.1023/B:NERV.0000048181.46159.61
  • Moore, A. D., & Stambrook, M. (1995). Cognitive moderators of outcome following traumatic brain injury: A conceptual model and implications for rehabilitation. Brain Injury, 9(2), 109–130. doi: 10.3109/02699059509008185
  • Mor, N., & Winquist, J. (2002). Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 638–662. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.638
  • Nalder, E., Fleming, J., Cornwell, P., Foster, M., Ownsworth, T., Shields, C., & Haines, T. (2012). Recording sentinel events in the life course of individuals with acquired brain injury: A preliminary study. Brain Injury, 26, 1381–1396. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2012.676225
  • Nalder, E., Fleming, J., Foster, M., Cornwell, P., Shields, C., & Khan, A. (2012). Identifying factors associated with perceived success in the transition from hospital to home after brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 27, 143–153. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e3182168fb1
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Watkins, E. R. (2011). A heuristic for developing transdiagnostic models of psychopathology: Explaining multifinality and divergent trajectories. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 589–609. doi: 10.1177/1745691611419672
  • Ownsworth, T. (2014). Self-identity after brain injury. East Sussex: Psychology Press.
  • Ownsworth, T., Fleming, J., Haines, T., Cornwell, P., Kendall, M., Nalder, E., & Gordon, C. (2011). Development of depressive symptoms during early community reintegration after traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 112–119. doi: 10.1017/S1355617710001311
  • Ownsworth, T., Little, T., Turner, B., Hawkes, A., & Shum, D. (2008). Assessing emotional status following acquired brain injury: The clinical potential of the depression anxiety and stress scale. Brain Injury, 22, 858–869. doi: 10.1080/02699050802446697
  • Ownsworth, T., & McKenna, K. (2004). Investigation of factors related to employment outcome following traumatic brain injury: A critical review and conceptual model. Disability and Rehabilitation, 26, 765–783. doi: 10.1080/09638280410001696700
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioural research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879–903. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  • Randolphs, C. (1998). Repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
  • Raskin, S. A., & Rearick, E. (1996). Verbal fluency in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology, 10, 416–422. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.10.3.416
  • Riley, G. A., Brennan, A. J., & Powell, T. (2004). Threat appraisal and avoidance after traumatic brain injury: Why and how often are activities avoided? Brain Injury, 18, 871–888. doi: 10.1080/02699050410001671829
  • Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1991). Criteria for scale selection and evaluation. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 1–16). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Rochat, L., Ammann, J., Mayer, E., Annoni, J-M., & Van der Linden, M. (2009). Executive disorders and percieved socio-emotional changes after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuropsychology, 3, 213–227. doi: 10.1348/174866408X397656
  • Rubin, D. B. (1996). Multiple imputation after 18+ years. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91, 473–489. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1996.10476908
  • Rutterford, N. A., & Wood, R. L. (2006). Evaluating a theory of stress and adjustment when predicting long-term psychosocial outcome after brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 359–367. doi: 10.1017/S1355617706060450
  • Salas, C. E., Gross, J. J., Rafal, R. D., Viñas-Guasch, N., & Turnball, O. H. (2013). Concrete behaviour and reappraisal deficits after left frontal stroke: A case study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 23, 467–500. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2013.784709
  • Salas, C. E., Gross, J. J., & Turnbull, O. H. (2014). Reappraisal generation after acquired brain damage: The role of laterality and cognitive control. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00242
  • Santoro, J., & Spiers, M. (1994). Social cognitive factors in brain injury-associated personality change. Brain Injury, 8(3), 265–276. doi: 10.3109/02699059409150978
  • Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). Consort 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. Annals of Internal Medicine, 152(11), 726–733. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00232
  • Seel, R. T., Kreutzer, J. S., Rosenthal, M., Hammond, F. M., Corrigan, J. D., & Black, K. (2003). Depression after traumatic brain injury: A national institute on disability and rehabilitation research model systems multicenter investigation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84(11), 177–184. doi: 10.1053/apmr.2003.50106
  • Shields, C., & Ownsworth, T. (2013). An integration of third wave cognitive behavioural interventions following stroke: A case study. Neuro-Disability and Psychotherapy, 1(1), 39–69.
  • Silva, J., Ownsworth, T., Shields, C., & Fleming, J. (2011). Enhanced appreciation of life following acquired brain injury: Posttraumatic growth at 6 months postdischarge. Brain Impairment, 12, 93–104. doi: 10.1375/brim.12.2.93
  • Sinharay, S., Stern, H. S., & Russell, D. (2001). The use of multiple imputation for the analysis of missing data. Psychological Methods, 6(4), 317–329. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.6.4.317
  • Spector, P. E. (2006). Method variance in organizational research: Truth or urban legend? Organizational Research Methods, 9, 221–232. doi: 10.1177/1094428105284955
  • Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1998). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., & Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Tate, R. L. (1999). Executive dysfunction and characterological changes after traumatic brain injury: Two sides of the same coin? Cortex, 35, 39–55. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70784-6
  • Tate, R. L. (2010). A compendium of tests, scales and questionnaires. A practitioner's guide to measuring outcomes after acquired brain impairment. East Sussex: Psychology Press.
  • Tateno, A, Jorge, R. E., & Robinson, R. G. (2003). Clinical correlates of aggressive behavior after traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 15(2), 155–160. doi: 10.1176/jnp.15.2.155
  • Tombaugh, T. N., Kozak, J., & Rees, L. (1999). Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency: FAS and animal naming. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 167–177. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6177(97)00095-4
  • Trosper, S. E., Buzzella, B. A., Bennett, S. M., & Ehrenreich, J. T. (2009). Emotion regulation in youth with emotional disorders: Implications for a unified treatment approach. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 12, 234–254. doi: 10.1007/s10567-009-0043-6
  • Tyerman, A. (1997). The Head Injury Semantic Differential – III. Bucks, UK: Community Head Injury Service Camborne Centre.
  • Tyerman, A., & Humphrey, M. (1984). Changes in self-concept following severe head injury. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 7(1), 11–24. doi: 10.1097/00004356-198403000-00002
  • Valera, E. M., & Berenbaum, H. (2003). Brain Injury in battered women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 797–804. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.11.039
  • Vickery, C. D., Gontkovsky, S. T., & Caroselli, J. S. (2005). Self-concept and quality of life following aquired brain injury: A pilot investigation. Brain Injury, 19(9), 657–665. doi: 10.1080/02699050400005218
  • Waldron, B., Casserly, L. M., & O'Sullivan, C. (2013). Cognitive behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety in adults with acquired brain injury. What works for whom? Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. An International Journal, 23, 64–101. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2012.724196
  • Watson, D. (2005). Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: A quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(4), 522–536. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.522
  • Whelan-Goodinson, R, Ponsford, J., Johnston, L., & Grant, F. (2009). Psychiatric disorders following traumatic brain injury: Their nature and frequency. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 24(5), 324–332. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181a712aa
  • Wilde, E. A., Whiteneck, G. G., Bogner, J., Bushnik, T., Cifu, D. X., Dikmen, S., … von Steinbuechel, N. (2010). Recommendations for the use of common outcome measures in traumatic brain injury research. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 1650–1660.e17. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.06.033
  • Williams, W. H., Evans, J. J., & Fleminger, S. (2003). Neurorehabilitation and cognitive-behaviour therapy of anxiety disorders after brain injury: An overview and a case illustration of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 13, 133–148. doi: 10.1080/09602010244000417
  • Wood, R. L., & Doughty, C. (2013). Alexithymia and avoidance coping following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 28, 98–105. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e3182426029
  • Wood, R. L., & Rutterford, N. A. (2006). Demographic and cognitive predictors of long-term psychosocial outcome following traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 350–358. doi: 10.1017/0S1355617706060498
  • Woodruff-Borden, J., Brothers, A. J., & Lister, S. C. (2001). Self-focused attention: Commonalities across psychopathologies and predictors. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 169–178. doi: 10.1017/S1352465801002041
  • Wright, J. C., & Telford, R. (1996). Postconcussive symptoms and psychological distress. Clinical Rehabilitation, 10, 334–336. doi: 10.1177/026921559601000412

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.