The role of spirituality and identity formation in personal recovery from traumatic brain injury: A qualitative analysis through the personal experiences of survivors

References

• Ackley, B. J., Ladwig, G. B., Makic, M. B. F., Martinez-Kratz, M., & Zanotti, M. (2021). Nursing diagnosis handbook, revised reprint with 2021– 2023 NANDA-I® updates-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Adams, N. (1996). Positive outcomes in families following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 17(2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1467-8438.1996.tb01077.x
   Google Scholar
• Alway, Y., Gould, K. R., Johnston, L., McKenzie, D., & Ponsford, J. (2016). A prospective examination of axis I psychiatric disorders in the first 5 years following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Psychological Medicine, 46(6), 1331–1341. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony, W. A. (1993). Recovery from mental illness: The guiding vision of the Mental Health Service System in the 1990s. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 16(4), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0095655
   Google Scholar
• Bombardier, C. H. (2010). Rates of major depressive disorder and clinical outcomes following traumatic brain injury. JAMA, 303(19), 1938–1945. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornet, M.-A., Rochat, E., Dürst, A.-V., Fustinoni, S., Büla, C., von Gunten, A., & Monod, S. (2016). Instruments to assess depressive symptoms and spiritual distress investigate different dimensions. Clinical Gerontologist, 39, 104–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Brenner, L. A., Homaifar, B. Y., Adler, L. E., Wolfman, J. H., & Kemp, J. (2009). Suicidality and veterans with a history of traumatic brain injury: precipitating events, protective factors, and prevention strategies. Rehabil Psychol., 54(4), 390–397. doi:10.1037/a0017802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldeira, S., Carvalho, E. C., & Vieira, M. (2013). Spiritual distress-proposing a new definition and defining characteristics. International Journal of Nursing Knowledge, 24(2), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-3095.2013.01234.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canda, E. R., & Furman, L. D. (2010). Spiritual diversity in social work practice: The heart of helping (2nd edn.). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cantor, J. B., Ashman, T. A., Schwartz, M. E., Gordon, W. A., Hibbard, M. R., Brown, M., Spielman, L., Charatz, H. J., & Cheng, Z. (2005). The role of self-discrepancy theory in understanding post–traumatic brain injury affective disorders. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 20(6), 527–543. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001199-200511000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christman, J. (2004). Narrative unity as a condition of personhood. Metaphilosophy, 35(5), 695–713. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9973.2004.00345.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun, S., & Lee, Y. (2008). The experience of posttraumatic growth for people with spinal cord injury. Qualitative Health Research, 18(7), 877–890. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732308318028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicerone, K. D. (1996). Attention deficits and dual task demands after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain injury, 10(2), 79–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coetzer, R. (2008). Holistic neuro-rehabilitation in the community: Is identity a key issue? Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18(5-6), 766–783. doi:10.1080/09602010701860266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles, A., & Collicutt, J. (2020). Neurology and religion. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collicutt McGrath, J. (2007). Ethical practice in brain injury rehabilitation. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collicutt McGrath, J. (2011). Posttraumatic growth and spirituality after brain injury. Brain Impairment, 12(2), 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1375/brim.12.2.82
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collicutt McGrath, J., & Linley, P. A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in acquired brain injury: A preliminary small scale study. Brain Injury, 20(7), 767–773. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050600664566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, C. G., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1998). Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: Two construals of meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 561–574. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, D. E., Rice, K., Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., DeBlaere, C., Choe, E., & Worthington, E. (2015). Development of the sources of spirituality scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(3), 503–513. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, D., Schwartz, M., Winocur, G., & Stuss, D. (2007). Return to productivity following traumatic brain injury: Cognitive, psychological, physical, spiritual and environmental correlates. Disability and Rehabilitation, 29(4), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280600756687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Cruz, K., Douglas, J., & Serry, T. (2019). Personal narrative approaches in rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury: A synthesis of qualitative research. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 29(7), 985–1004. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2017.1361844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eshghi, F., Nikfarid, L., & Zareiyan, A. (2023). An integrative review of defining characteristic of the nursing diagnosis “spiritual distress”. Nursing Open, 10(5), 2831–2841. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallot, R. D. (1998). Spirituality and religion in recovery from mental illness. Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Fallot, R. D. (2007). Spirituality and religion in recovery: Some current issues. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 30(4), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.2975/30.4.2007.261.270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitchett, G., Rybarczyk, B. D., DeMarco, G. A., & Nicholas, J. J. (1999). The role of religion in medical rehabilitation outcomes: A longitudinal study. Rehabilitation Psychology, 44(4), 333–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/0090-5550.44.4.333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, J., Caswell, C. S., & Picciotto, G. (2017). The opiate of the masses: Measuring spiritual bypass and its relationship to spirituality, religion, mindfulness, psychological distress, and personality. Spirituality in Clinical Practice. Advance Online Publication, scp0000141. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000141
   Google Scholar
• Fromm, E. (1967). Escape from freedom. Avon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Gangstad, B., Norman, P., & Barton, J. (2009). Cognitive processing and posttraumatic growth after stroke. Rehabilitation Psychology, 54(1), 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, K. R., Ponsford, J. L., Johnston, L., & Schönberger, M. (2011). The nature, frequency and course of psychiatric disorders in the first year after traumatic brain injury: A prospective study. Psychological Medicine, 41(10), 2099–2109. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171100033X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracey, F., Evans, J. J., & Malley, D. (2009). Capturing process and outcome in complex rehabilitation interventions: A “Y-shaped” model. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19(6), 867–890. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010903027763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracey, F., Longworth, C., & Psaila, K. (2016). A provisional transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural model of post brain injury emotional adjustment. Neuro-Disability and Psychotherapy, 3(2), 154–185.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Carducci, M. A., Umbricht, A., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., Cosimano, M. P., & Klinedinst, M. A. (2016). Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(12), 1181–1197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest, G., Namey, E., & Chen, M. (2020). A simple method to assess and report thematic saturation in qualitative research. PLoS One, 15(5), e0232076. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haase, C. M., Singer, T., Silbereisen, R. K., Heckhausen, J., & Wrosch, C. (2021). Well-being as a resource for goal reengagement: Evidence from two longitudinal studies. Motivation Science, 7(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000199
   Google Scholar
• Hawley, C., & Joseph, S. (2008). Predictors of positive growth after traumatic brain injury: A longitudinal study. Brain Injury, 22(5), 427–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050802064607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, P., & Pargament, K. (2003). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist, 58(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoskins, M., & Leseho, J. (1996). Changing metaphors of the self: Implications for counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74(3), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1996.tb01860.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huguelet, P., & Koenig, H. (2009). Introduction: Key concepts. In P. Huguelet, & H. Koenig (Eds.), Religion and spirituality in psychiatry (pp. 1–5). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, I., Wood, R. L., Phillips, C. J., & Macey, S. (2013). The costs of traumatic brain injury: A literature review. ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research, 5, 281–287. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S44625
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• James, W. (1985). The varieties of religious experience. Harvard Univ. Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, U., & Tham, K. (2006). The meaning of work after traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 60(1), 60–69. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.60.1.60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone, B., Glass, B. A., & Oliver, R. E. (2007). Religion and disability: Clinical, research and training considerations for rehabilitation professionals. Disability and Rehabilitation, 29(15), 1153–1163. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280600955693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone, B., & Yoon, D. (2009). Relationships between the brief multidimensional measure of religiousness/spirituality and health outcomes for a heterogenous rehabilitation population. Rehabilitation Psychology, 54(4), 422–431. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone, B., Yoon, D., Rupright, J., & Reid-Arndt, S. (2009). Relationships among spiritual beliefs, religious practices, congregational support and health for individuals with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 23(5), 411–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050902788501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, K. F., Pryor, J., Care-Unger, C., & Simpson, G. K. (2018). Spirituality and its relationship with positive adjustment following traumatic brain injury: A scoping review. Brain Injury, 32(13-14), 1612–1622. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2018.1511066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, C. G. (1960). Psychology and religion. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Knight, E., Norman, A., & Simpson, G. K. (2020). Living with suicidality following traumatic brain injury: A qualitative study. Brain Injury, 34(8), 1010–1019. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2020.1763463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig, H. (2012). Overview of the research. In H. Koenig (Ed.), Spirituality and health research: Methods, measurement, statistics, and resources (pp. 13–27). John Templeton Press.
   Google Scholar
• Levack, W. M. M., Boland, P., Taylor, W. J., Siegert, R. J., Kayes, N. M., Fadyl, J. K., & McPherson, K. M. (2014). Establishing a person-centred framework of self-identity after traumatic brain injury: A grounded theory study to inform measure development. BMJ Open, 4(5), e004630. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longo, D. A., & Peterson, S. M. (2002). The role of spirituality in psychosocial rehabilitation. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25(4), 333–340. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0095004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martial, C., Fontaine, G., Gosseries, O., Carhart-Harris, R., Timmermann, C., Laureys, S., & Cassol, H. (2021). Losing the self in near-death experiences: The experience of ego-dissolution. Brain Sciences, 11(7), 929. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matheis, E. N., Tulsky, D. S., & Matheis, R. J. (2006). The relation between spirituality and quality of life among individuals with spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 51(3), 265–271. https://doi.org/10.1037/0090-5550.51.3.265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P. (1993). The stories we live by: Personal myths and the making of the self. William Morrow & Co.
   Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P. (1999). Personal narratives and the life story. In L. Pervin, & O. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed, pp. 478–500). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5(2), 100–122. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.2.100
   Google Scholar
• Morris, S. D. (2004). Rebuilding identity through narrative following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation, 22(2), 15–21. www.jofcr com/home.html.
   Google Scholar
• Muenchberger, H., Kendall, E., & Neal, R. (2008). Identity transition following traumatic brain injury: A dynamic process of contraction, expansion and tentative balance. Brain Injury, 22(12), 979–992. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050802530532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumby, K. (2019). A single case narrative of spirituality following aphasia from traumatic brain injury: Findings about forgiveness and freedom using wellhead and shalom. Religions, 10(5), 301. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10050301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nietzsche, F. W., 1844-1900 (1990). Beyond good and evil: Prelude to a philosophy of the future. Penguin Books. Originally published in 1886.
   Google Scholar
• Nochi, M. (1997). Dealing with the ‘void’: Traumatic brain injury as a story. Disability & Society, 12(4), 533–555. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599727119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nochi, M. (2000). Reconstructing self-narratives in coping with traumatic brain injury. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 51(12), 1795–1804. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00111-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noggle, R. (1999). Integrity, the self, and desire-based accounts of the good. Philosophical Studies, 96(3), 301–328. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004387711585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nour, M. M., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2017). Psychedelics and the science of self-experience. British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(3), 177–179. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.194738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nour, M. M., Evans, L., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2016). Ego-Dissolution and psychedelics: Validation of the Ego-dissolution inventory (EDI). Front. Hum. Neurosci, 10, 269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojok, P., & Musenze, J. B. (2019). A defence of identity for persons with disability: Reflections from religion and philosophy versus ancient African culture. African Journal of Disability, 8, 490. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v8i0.490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orfei, M., Robinson, R., Prigatano, G., Starkstein, S., Rüsch, N., Bria, P., Caltagirone, C., & Spalletta, G. (2007). Anosognosia for hemiplegia after stroke is a multifaceted phenomenon: A systematic review of the literature. Brain, 130(12), 3075–3090. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ownsworth, T. (2014). Self-identity after brain injury. Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ownsworth, T. L., & Fleming, J. M. (2011). Growth through loss after brain injury. Brain Impairment, 12(2), 79–81. https://doi.org/10.1375/brim.12.2.79
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pargament, K. I. (2007). Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: Understanding and addressing the sacred. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pargament, K. I. (2011). Religion and coping: The current state of knowledge. In S. Folkman (Ed.), Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (pp. 269–288). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pargament, K. I., Feuille, M., & Burdzy, D. (2011). The brief RCOPE: Current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions, 2(1), 51–76. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2010051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 519–543. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pargament, K. I., Tarakeshwar, N., Ellison, C. G., & Wulff, K. M. (2001). Religious coping among the religious: The relationship between religious coping and well-being in a national sample of presbyterian clergy, elders, and members. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40(3), 497–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: an integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257–301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L. (2022). Meaning making following trauma. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 844891. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.844891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L., Riley, K. E., George, L. S., Gutierrez, I. A., Hale, A. E., Cho, D., & Braun, T. D. (2016). Assessing disruptions in meaning: Development of the global meaning violation scale. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(6), 831–846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9794-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perna, R. B., & Errico, A. E. (2004). Neurological substrates of personal identity: Implications for neurorehabilitation. Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation, 22(1), 10–12. www.jofcr.com/home.html.
   Google Scholar
• Peteet, J. R., & Balboni, M. J. (2013). Spirituality and religion in oncology. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 63(4), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picciotto, G., Fox, J., & Neto, F. (2017). A phenomenology of spiritual bypass: Causes, consequences, and implications. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 20(4), 333–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2017.1417756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, T., Gilson, R., & Collin, C. (2012). TBI 13 years on: Factors associated with posttraumatic growth. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(17), 1461–1467. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2011.644384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puchalski, C., Ferrell, B., Virani, R., Otis-Green, S., Baird, P., Bull, J., Chochinov, H., Handzo, G., Nelson-Becker, H., Prince-Paul, M., Pugliese, K., & Sulmasy, D. (2009). Improving the quality of spiritual care as a dimension of palliative care: The report of the consensus conference. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12(10), 885–904. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2009.0142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabe, S., Zollner, T., Maercker, A., & Karl, A. (2006). Neural correlates of posttraumatic growth after severe motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 880–886. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roscigno, C. I., & Van Liew, K. (2008). Pushed to the margins and pushing back: A case study of one adult’s reflections on social interactions after a traumatic brain injury sustained as an adolescent. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 40(4), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1097/01376517-200808000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer, A., Ayers, S., & Field, A. P. (2010). Posttraumatic growth and adjustment among individuals with cancer or HIV/AIDS: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(4), 436–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekely, A., Xie, Y., Makani, A., Brown, T., & Zakzanis, K. K. (2020). Spiritual well-being as a predictor of emotional impairment following mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 27(4), 859–866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-019-09687-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, G., & Tate, R. (2002). Suicidality after traumatic brain injury: Demographic, injury and clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine, 32(4), 687–697. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702005561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, G., & Tate, R. (2007). Suicidality in people surviving a traumatic brain injury: Prevalence, risk factors and implications for clinical management. Brain Injury, 21(13-14), 1335–1351. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050701785542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims, A. (2009). Is faith delusion? Why religion is good for your health. Continuum Books.
   Google Scholar
• Soeker, M. S. (2011). Occupational adaptation: A return to work perspective of persons with mild to moderate brain injury in South Africa. Journal of Occupational Science, 18(1), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2011.554155
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, L. G. (2019). Stares and prayers. Health Communication, 35(7), 921–923. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1598617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, W. P. (1998). Recoiling, regrouping and recovering: First-person accounts of the role of spirituality in the course of serious mental illness. In R. D. Fallot (Ed.), Spirituality and religion in recovery from mental illness (Vol. 80, pp. 25–33). Jossey-Bass Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Tedeschi, R., & Calhoun, L. (1995). Trauma and transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490090305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, E. J., Levack, M., Taylor, W. M., & J, W. (2014). Self-Reflective meaning making in troubled times. Qualitative Health Research, 24(8), 1033–1047. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732314542809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Versace, J. (2022). The psychology of spirituality in the postmodern age. Psych-Talk, 1(103), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpstalk.2022.1.103.8
   Google Scholar
• Waldron-Perrine, B., Rapport, L. J., Hanks, R. A., Lumley, M., Meachen, S. J., & Hubbarth, P. (2011). Religion and spirituality in rehabilitation outcomes among individuals with traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 56(2), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman, L., Shaw, T., Vu, M., Ko, C., Bollegala, D., & Bhalerao, S. (2008). An overview of traumatic brain injury and suicide. Brain Injury, 22(11), 811–819. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050802372166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welwood, J. (1984). Principles of inner work: Psychological and spiritual. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 16(1), 63–73.
   Google Scholar
• Whitnall, L., McMillan, T. M., Murray, G. D., & Teasdale, G. M. (2006). Disability in young people and adults after head injury: 5-7 year follow up of a prospective cohort study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 77(5), 640–645. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2005.078246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt, K., Kuhn, J., Timmermann, L., Zurowski, M., & Woopen, C. (2011). Deep brain stimulation and the search for identity. Neuroethics, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-011-9100-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, J. (2016). Pargament's theory of religious coping: Implications for spiritually sensitive social work practice. British Journal of Social Work, 46(5), 1394–1410. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcv080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeates, G.. (2019). The potential contribution of mind-body interventions within psychological support following aphasia: a conceptual review and case study. In Kate Meredith (Ed.), Psychotherapy and aphasia (1st ed., pp. 136–164). Routledge.
   Google Scholar