Ganoderma lucidum (‘Lingzhi’); acute and short-term biomarker response to supplementation

References

• Benzie IFF & Strain JJ (1996a): The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of ‘antioxidant power’: The FRAP assay. Anal Biochem. 239, 70–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzie IFF & Strain JJ (1996b): Uric acid Friend or Foe? Redox Rep. 2(4),231–234.
   Google Scholar
• Benzie IFF & Strain JJ (1997): Simultaneous automated measurement of total ‘antioxidant’ (reducing) capacity and ascorbic acid concentrations. Redox Rep. 3, 233–238. Benzie IFF, Strain JJ (1999): Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay: direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for stimulta- neous measurment of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentrations. In Methods in Enzymology: Oxidants and Antioxidants Part A. 1st ed., Packer L, ed. 299, 15–27. London: Academic Press Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Benzie IFF & Szeto YT (1999): Total antioxidant capacity of teas by the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. J Agric Food Chem. 47(2),633–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzie IFF, Szeto YT, Strain JJ & Tomlinson B (1999): Consumption of green tea causes rapid increase in plasma antioxidant power in humans. Nutr Cancer. 34 (1),83-87.Borchers AT, Stern JS, Hackman RM, Keen CL & Gershwin ME (1999): Minireview: mushrooms, tumors and immunity. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 221 (4),281-293.Brandt RB, Kaugars GE, Riley WT, Bei RA, Silverman S, Lovas JGL, Dezzutti BP & Chan W (1996): Evaluation of serum and tissue levels of a-tocopherol. Biochem Mole- cular Med. 57, 64–66.
   Google Scholar
• Chang R (1994): Effective dose of Ganoderma in humans. Proceedings of Contributed Symposium, 5th International Mycological Congress, Vancouver, 14-21 August. 59 (A, B) 117–121. Vancouver, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Chang ST & Buswell JA (1999): Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.)P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)-A Mushrooming Medicinal Mushroom. Int J Med Mush- rooms. 1, 139–146.
   Google Scholar
• Chen AW, Miles PG (1996): Biomedical research and the application of mushroom nutriceuticals from Ganoderma lucidum. Royse DJ, ed. In Mushroom Biology and Mush- room Products. p. 161–175. University Park, PA: Penn State University.
   Google Scholar
• Chirico S, Smith C, Marchant C, Mitchinson MJ & Halliwell B (1993): Lipid peroxidation in hyperlipidaemic patients. A study of plasma using an HPLC-based thiobarbituric acid test. Free Rad Res Comms. 19, 51–7.
   Google Scholar
• Chiu SW, Wang ZM, Leung TM & Moore D (2000): Nutritional value of Ganoderma extract and assessment of its genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity using comet assays of mouse lymphocytes. Food Chem Toxicol. 38, 173–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins AR, Dusinska M, Franklin M, Somorovska M, Petrovska H, Duthie S, Fillion L, Panayiotidis M, Raslova K & Vaughan N (1997): Comet assay in human biomonitoring studies: reliability, validation, and applica- tions. Environ Mol Mutagen. 30, 139–146.
   Google Scholar
• Freedman DS, Williamson DF, Gunter EW & Byers T (1995): Relation of serum uric acid to mortality and ischemic heart disease. The NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol. 141(7),637–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedewald WT, Levy RI & Fredrickson DS (1972): Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipopro- tein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 18(6),499–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furusawa E, Chou SC, Furusawa S, Hirazumi A & Dang Y (1992): Antitumour activity of Ganoderma lucidum, an edible mushroom, on intraperitoneally implanted Lewis lung carcinoma in synergenic mice. Phytother Res. 6, 300–304.
   Google Scholar
• Haralampidis K, Trojanowska M & Osbourn AE (2002): Biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in plants. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 75, 31–49.
   Google Scholar
• Jentzsch AM, Bachmann H, Furst P & Biesalski HK (1996): Improved analysis of malondoaldehyde in human body fluids. Free Rad Biol Med. 20, 251–256.
   Google Scholar
• Jong SC & Birmingham JM (1992): Medicinal benefits of the mushroom Ganoderma. Adv App Microbiol. 37, 101–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, Luben R, Wareham N, Oakes S & Day N (2001): Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective popula- tion study. European Prospective Investigation into Can- cer and Nutrition. Lancet. 357, 657–663.
   Google Scholar
• Kim HS, Kacew S & Lee BM (1999): In vitro chemopre- ventive effects of plant polysaccharides (Aloe Barbadensis miller, Lentinus endodes, Ganoderma lucidum and Cor- iolus versicolor). Carcinogenesis. 20, 1637–1640.
   Google Scholar
• Komoda Y, Shimizu M, Sonoda Y & Sato Y (1989): Ganoderic acid and its derivatives as cholesterol synthesis inhibitors. Chem Pharm Bull. 37(2),531–533.
   Google Scholar
• Lee JM, Kwon H, Jeong H, Lee JW, Lee SY, Baek SJ & Surh YJ (2001): Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage by Ganoderma lucidum. Phytother Res. 15, 245–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SY & Rhee HM (1990): Cardiovascular effects of mycelium extract of Ganoderma lucidum: Inhibition of sympathetic outflow as a mechanism of its hypotensive action. Chem Pharm Bull. 38(5),1359–1364.
   Google Scholar
• Lopes-Virella MF, Stone P, Ellis S & Colwell JA (1977): Cholesterol determination in high-density lipoproteins separated by three different methods. Clin Chem. 23(5),882–884.
   Google Scholar
• Manzoni M & Rollini M (2002): Biosynthesis and biotech- nological production of statins by filamentous fungi and application of these cholesterol-lowering drugs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 58, 555–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashour NK, Lin GI & Frishman WH (1998): Herbal medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular disease: clinical considerations. Arch Intern Med. 158, 2225–2234. Min BS, Gao JJ, Nakamura N & Hattori M (2000): Triterpenes from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum and their cytotoxicity against Meth-A and LLC Tumor Cells. Chem Pharm Bull 48(7),1026–1033.
   Google Scholar
• Mizuno T, Wang G, Zhang J, Kawagishi H, Nishitoba T & Li J (1995): Reishi, Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma tsugae: bioactive substances and medicinal effects. Food Rev Int 11(1),151–166.
   Google Scholar
• Shiao MS, Lee KR, Lin LJ & Wang CT (1994): Natural products and biological activities of the Chinese medic- inal fungus Ganoderma lucidum. American Chemical Society Symposium Series. 547, 342–354.
   Google Scholar
• Soo TS (1996): Effective dosage of the extract of Gano- derma lucidum in the treatment of various ailments. Royse DJ, ed. In Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products. p. 177–185. University Park, PA: Penn State University.
   Google Scholar
• Szeto YT & Benzie IFF (2002): Effects of dietary antiox- idants on human DNA ex vivo. Free Rad Res. 36(1),113–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szeto YT, Tomlinson B & Benzie IFF (2002): Total antioxidant and ascorbic acid content of fresh fruits and vegetables: implications for dietary planning and food preservation. British J Nut. 87, 55–59.
   Google Scholar
• Thurnham DI, Davies JA, Crump BJ, Situnayake RD & Davis M (1986): The use of different lipids to express serum tocopherol: lipid ratios for the measurment of vitamin E status. Ann Clin Biochem. 23, 514–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traber MG (2001): Does vitamin E decrease heart attack risk? Summary and implications with respect to dietary recommendations. J Nutr. 131, 395S–397S.
   Google Scholar
• Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Reboldi G, Santeusanio F, Porcellati C & Brunetti P (2000): Relation between serum uric acid and risk of cardiovascular disease in essential hypertension, the PIUMA study. Hypertension. 36, 1072–1078.
   Google Scholar
• Wang SY, Hsu ML, Hsu HC, Tzeng CH, Lee SS, Shiao MS & Ho CK (1997): The anti-tumor effect of Ganoderma lucidum is mediated by cytokines released from activated macrophages and T lymphocytes. Int J Cancer. 70(6),699–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasser SP & Weis AL (1999): Medicinal properties of substances occuring in higher basidiomycetes mush- rooms: current perspectives (Review). Int J Med Mush- rooms. 1, 31–62.
   Google Scholar
• Willard T (1990): Reishi Mushroom, herb of spiritual potency and medical wonder. Sylvan Press, Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu M, Chang Q, Wong LK, Chong FS & Li RC (1999): Triterpene Antioxidants from Ganoderma lucidum. Phyt- other Res. 13, 529–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar