Antioxidant effect of saponin: potential action of a soybean flavonoid on glucose tolerance and risk factors for atherosclerosis

References

• Abel-Hassan IA, Abdel-Barry JÁ, Mohammeda ST. The hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic effect of Citrullus colocynthis fruit aqueous extract in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 71: 325–330
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abuja PM, Albertini R. Methods for monitoring oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and oxidant resistance of lipoproteins. Clin Chem Acta 2001; 306: 1–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agullo G, Gamet-Payrastre L, Fernandez Y, Anciaux N, Demigné C, Rémésy C. Comparative effects of flavonoids on the growth, viability and metabolism of a colonic adenocarcinoma cell line (HT29 cell). Cancer Lett 1996; 105: 61–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asgray S, Naderi GH, Sarrafzadegan N, Ghassemi N, Boshtam M, Rafie M, Arefian A. Anti-oxidant effect of flavonoids on hemoglobin glycosylation. Pharm. Acta Helvetiae 1999; 73: 223–226
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bray TM. Dietary antioxidants and assessment of oxidative stress. Nutrition 2000; 16: 578–581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brizzi P, Tonoio G, Carusillo F, Malaguarnera M, Maioli M, Musumeci S. Plasma lipid composition and LDL oxidation. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41: 56–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos KE, Diniz YS, Cataneo AC, Faine LA, Alves MJQF, Novelli ELB. Hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects on onion, Allium cepa: dietary onion addition, antioxidant activity and hypoglycaemic effects on diabetic rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2003; 54: 241–246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotelle N, Bernier JL, Hénichart JP, Catteau JP, Gaydiou E, Wallet JC. Scavenger and antioxidant properties of ten synthetic flavones. Free Radic Biol Med 1992; 13: 211–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crouch RK, Gandy SC, Kimsey G. The inhibition of islet superoxide dismutase by diabetogenic drugs. Diabetes 1981; 30: 235–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz T, Gálvez J, Ocete MA, Crespo ME, Medina FS, Zarzuelo A. Oral administration of rutoside can ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Life Sci 1998; 62: 687–695
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diniz YS, Faine LA, Almeida JA, Silva MDP, Ribas BO, Novelli ELB. Toxicity of dietary restriction of fat enriched diets on cardiac tissue. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40: 1893–1899
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Droge W. Free radicals on physiological control of cell function. Phys Rev 2002; 82: 47–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faine LA, Diniz YS, Almeida JA, Novelli ELB, Ribas BO. Toxicity of ad. lib. overfeeding: effects on cardiac tissue. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40: 663–668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Formica JV, Regelson W. Review of the biology of quercetin and related bioflavonoids. Food Chem Toxicol 1995; 3: 1061–1080
   Google Scholar
• Friedewald WT, Levy RL, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 499–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins J, Tudhope GR. Glutathione peroxidase in human red cells in health and disease. Br J Haematol 1973; 25: 563–575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horváthová K, Vachálková A, Novotny L. Flavonoids as chemoprotective agents in civilization diseases. Neoplasma 2001; 48: 435–441
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiang ZY, Woollard ACS, Wolff SP. Lipid hydroperoxide measurement by oxidation of Fe2 +  in the presence of xylenol orange. Comparison with TBA assay and an iodometric method. Lipids 1991; 26: 853–856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur C, Kapoor HC. Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables—the millennium's health. Int J Food Sci Tech 2001; 36: 703–725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes-Virella M, Stone P, Ellis S, Cowell JÁ. Cholesterol determination in high-density lipoprotein separated by three methods. Clin Chem 1977; 23: 882–884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry OH, Rosembrough NL, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the folin–phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951; 193: 265–275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manach C, Morand C, Demigné C, Texier O, Régérat F, Rémésy C. Bioavalability of rutin and quercetin in rats. FEBS Lett 1997; 409: 12–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuda H, Li Y, Yamahara J, Yoshikawa M. Inhibition of gastric emptying by triterpene saponin, momordin Ic, in mice: roles of blood glucose, capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves, and central nervous system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 289: 729–734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuura H. Saponins in garlic as modifiers of the risk of cardiovascular disease. J Nutr 2001; 131: 1000–1005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metodiewa D, Kochman A, Karolczak S. Evidence for antiradical and antioxidant properties of four biologically active N, N-diethylaminoethyl-ethers of flavonone oximes: a comparison with natural polyphenolic flavonoid (Rutin) action. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1997; 41: 1067–1075
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morehouse LA, Bangerter FW, Deninno MP, Chandler CE. Comparison of synthetic saponin cholesterol absorption inhibitors in rabbits:evidence for a non-stoichiometric intestinal mechanism of action. J Lipid Res 1999; 40: 464–474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moura, RA. 1982. Técnicas de laboratório. 2nd ed. São Paulo: Atheneu Editora. pp., 122–136.
   Google Scholar
• Ng TB, Liu F, Wang ZT. Antioxidative activity of natural products from plants. Life Sci 2000; 66: 709–723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novelli ELB, Fernandes AAH, Campos KE, Diniz YS, Almeida JA, Faine LA, Ribas BO. The adverse effect of a high energy dense diet on cardiovascular tissue. J Nutr Environ Med 2002; 12: 287–294
   Google Scholar
• Oakenfull DG, Fenwick DE, Hood RL, Topping DL, Illman RL, Stores GB. Effects ofsaponins on bile acids and plasma lipids in the rat. Br J Nutr 1979; 42: 209–216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raveh O, Pinchuk I, Fainaru M. Kinetics of lipid peroxidation in mixtures of HDL and LDL, mutual effects. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31: 1486–1497
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodrigues HG, Diniz YS, Faine LA, Almeida JA, Fernandes AAH, Novelli ELB. Suplementação nutricional com antioxidants naturais: efeito da rutina na concentração de HDL-colesterol. Rev Nutr 2003; 16: 1–13
   Google Scholar
• Rogers AE, Zeisel SH, Groopman J. Diet and carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14: 2205–2217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shidhu GS, Oakenfull DG. A mechanism for the hypocholesterolaemic activity of saponins. Br J Nutr 1986; 55: 643–649
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silva RR, Oliveira TT, Nagen TJ. Efeito hipolipidêmico dos flavonóides naringina e rutina. Arch Latinoam Nutr 2001; 51: 258–264
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spedding G, Ratty A, Meddleton E. Inhibition of reverse transcriptases by flavonoids. Antiviral Res 1998; 12: 99–100
   Google Scholar
• Yamakoshi J, Piskula MK, Izumi T. Isoflavone aglycone-rich extract without soy protein attenuates atheroscleroses development in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J Nutr 2000; 130: 1887–1893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zadeh JN, Sarmadi JT, Linh KLD, Wolf SP. Low density lipoproteins is the major carrier of lipid hydroperoxides in plasma. Biochem J 1996; 313: 781–786
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zar JH. Multiple comparisons. Biostatistical analysis, WO Mc Elroy, CD Swanson. Prentice Hall, New York 1974; 184–198
   Google Scholar