Leaving the stigma to the patients? Frequency of crisis experiences among mental health professionals in Berlin and Brandenburg and how they cope with it

References

• Adams, E. F. M., Lee, A. J., Pritchard, C. W., & White, R. J. E. (2010). What stops us from healing the healers: A survey of help-seeking behaviour, stigmatisation and depression within the medical profession. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56(4), 359–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764008099123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adshead, G. (2005). Healing ourselves: Ethical issues in the care of sick doctors. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11(5), 330–337. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.11.5.330
   Google Scholar
• Bertram, G., & Stickley, T. (2005). Mental health nurses, promoters of inclusion or perpetuators of exclusion? Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 12(4), 387–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2005.00849.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bike, D. H., Norcross, J. C., & Schatz, D. M. (2009). Processes and outcomes of psychotherapists’ personal therapy: Replication and extension 20 years later. Psychotherapy, 46(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, J., Zeiss, A., Reddy, S., & Skinner, S. (2016). Accomplishments of 77 VA mental health professionals with a lived experience of mental illness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86(6), 610–619. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, L., Roper, C., Happell, B., & Reid-Searl, K. (2019). The stigma of identifying as having a lived experience runs before me: Challenges for lived experience roles. Journal of Mental Health, 28(3), 260–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2016.1244715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., Talluri, S. S., & Qin, S. (2021). Difference and disdain as indicators of the public stigma of mental illness. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 209(9), 645–649. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. A., Cher, B. A. Y., Friese, C. R., & Bynum, J. P. W. (2021). Association of US nurse and physician occupation with risk of suicide. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(6), 651–658. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutsch, C. J. (1985). A survey of therapists’ personal problems and treatment. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 16(2), 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.16.2.305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs, N., Feng, W., Kirby, B., McGuire, T., Moutier, C., Norcross, W., Norman, M., Young, I., & Zisook, S. (2014). Listening to depression and suicide risk in medical students: The Healer Education Assessment and Referral (HEAR) Program. Academic Psychiatry, 38(5), 547–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-014-0115-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebsworth, S. J., & Foster, J. L. H. (2017). Public perceptions of mental health professionals: Stigma by association? Journal of Mental Health, 26(5), 431–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2016.1207228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, M., & Doane, M. J. (2015). Stigma management of mental illness: Effects of concealment, discrimination, and identification on well-being. Self and Identity, 14(6), 654–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1053518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, M., & Ragsdale, J. M. (2020). Mental health professionals with mental illnesses: A qualitative interview study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(6), 677–686. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frable, D. E., Platt, L., & Hoey, S. (1998). Concealable stigmas and positive self-perceptions: Feeling better around similar others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 909–922. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.4.909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillard, S., Gibson, S. L., Holley, J., & Lucock, M. (2015). Developing a change model for peer worker interventions in mental health services: A qualitative research study. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 24(5), 435–445. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796014000407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, M., Hadas-Lidor, N., & Karnieli-Miller, O. (2015). From patient to therapatient: Social work students coping with mental illness. Qualitative Health Research, 25(7), 887–898. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732314553990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halter, M. J. (2002). Stigma in psychiatric nursing. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 38(1), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2002.tb00652.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halter, M. J. (2008). Perceived characteristics of psychiatric nurses: Stigma by association. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 22(1), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2007.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, J. I., Leskela, J., & Hoffman-Konn, L. (2016). Provider lived experience and stigma. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86(6), 604–609. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hengartner, M. P., Loch, A. A., Lawson, F. L., Guarniero, F. B., Wang, Y. ‑P., Rössler, W., & Gattaz, W. F. (2013). Public stigmatization of different mental disorders: A comprehensive attitude survey. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 22(3), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796012000376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinshaw, S. P., & Stier, A. (2008). Stigma as related to mental disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4(1), 367–393. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilic, M., Reinecke, J., Bohner, G., Röttgers, H. ‑O., Beblo, T., Driessen, M., Frommberger, U., & Corrigan, P. W. (2012). Protecting self-esteem from stigma: A test of different strategies for coping with the stigma of mental illness. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 58(3), 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764010392058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobi, F., Wittchen, H. ‑U., Holting, C., Höfler, M., Pfister, H., Müller, N., & Lieb, R. (2004). Prevalence, co-morbidity and correlates of mental disorders in the general population: Results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (GHS). Psychological Medicine, 34(4), 597–611. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703001399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, E. E., & Pulos, S. M. (1993). Comparing the process in psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(2), 306–316. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.61.2.306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm, A. F., & Griffiths, K. M. (2008). The public’s stigmatizing attitudes towards people with mental disorders: How important are biomedical conceptualizations? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118(4), 315–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01251.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce, T., Hazelton, M., & McMillan, M. (2007). Nurses with mental illness: Their workplace experiences. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 16(6), 373–380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2007.00492.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, G. A. (2002). The psychology of personal constructs: A theory of personality. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203405970
   Google Scholar
• Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Braunschweig, C., & Rössler, W. (2006). Do mental health professionals stigmatize their patients? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(s429), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00718.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2013). Labeling and stigma. In C. S. Aneshensel, J. C. Phelan, & A. Bierman (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 525–541). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_25
   Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., Struening, E. L., Neese-Todd, S., Asmussen, S., & Phelan, J. C. (2002). On describing and seeking to change the experience of stigma. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 6(2), 201–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/10973430208408433
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, C. S., Erickson, J., Deane, F. P., & Wright, M. (2014). Changes in attitudes toward seeking mental health services: A 40-year cross-temporal meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(2), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire, J. M., & Borowy, T. D. (1979). Attitudes toward mental health professionals. Professional Psychology, 10(1), 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.10.1.74
   Google Scholar
• Moll, S. E. (2014). The web of silence: A qualitative case study of early intervention and support for healthcare workers with mental ill-health. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 138. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moll, S. E., Eakin, J. M., Franche, R. ‑L., & Strike, C. (2013). When health care workers experience mental ill health: Institutional practices of silence. Qualitative Health Research, 23(2), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732312466296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachshoni, T., Abramovitch, Y., Lerner, V., Assael-Amir, M., Kotler, M., & Strous, R. D. (2008). Psychologists’ and social workers’ self-descriptions using DSM-IV psychopathology. Psychological Reports, 103, 173–188. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.103.1.173-188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordt, C., Rössler, W., & Lauber, C. (2005). Attitudes of mental health professionals toward people with schizophrenia and major depression. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(4), 709–714. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbj065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oates, J., Drey, N., & Jones, J. (2017). ‘Your experiences were your tools’: How personal experience of mental health problems informs mental health nursing practice. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 24(7), 471–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pescosolido, B. A., Halpern-Manners, A., Luo, L., & Perry, B. (2021). Trends in public stigma of mental illness in the US, 1996-2018. JAMA Network Open, 4(12), e2140202. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.40202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. ‑Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postmes, T., Haslam, S. A., & Jans, L. (2013). A single-item measure of social identification: Reliability, validity, and utility. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52(4), 597–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read, J., Haslam, N., Sayce, L., & Davies, E. (2006). Prejudice and schizophrenia: A review of the ‘mental illness is an illness like any other’ approach. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 114(5), 303–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00824.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, J., Holttum, S., & Springham, N. (2016). How do “mental health professionals” who are also or have been “mental health service users”. Construct their identities? SAGE Open, 6(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015621348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, C. A., & Goldner, E. M. (2009). Stigma, negative attitudes and discrimination towards mental illness within the nursing profession: A review of the literature. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 16(6), 558–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01399.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schernhammer, E. S., & Colditz, G. A. (2004). Suicide rates among physicians: A quantitative and gender assessment (meta-analysis). American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(12), 2295–2302. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schomerus, G., Angermeyer, M. C., Baumeister, S. E., Stolzenburg, S., Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2016). An online intervention using information on the mental health-mental illness continuum to reduce stigma. European Psychiatry, 32, 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schomerus, G., Matschinger, H., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2014). Causal beliefs of the public and social acceptance of persons with mental illness: A comparative analysis of schizophrenia, depression and alcohol dependence. Psychological Medicine, 44(2), 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171300072X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze, B. (2007). Stigma and mental health professionals: A review of the evidence on an intricate relationship. International Review of Psychiatry, 19(2), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701278929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman, N., Tang, S., Brown, A. D., & Ing, A. (2016). World survey of mental illness stigma. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servais, L. M., & Saunders, S. M. (2007). Clinical psychologists’ perceptions of persons with mental illness. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(2), 214–219. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.38.2.214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, A., Oster, C., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2018). Liminality in the occupational identity of mental health peer support workers: A qualitative study. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 27(2), 662–671. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaulding, W. (2016). Introduction to the special section: Mental health professionals with mental illness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86(6), 603–603. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speerforck, S., Schomerus, G., Matschinger, H., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2017). Treatment recommendations for schizophrenia, major depression and alcohol dependence and stigmatizing attitudes of the public: Results from a German population survey. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 267(4), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-016-0755-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speerforck, S., Schomerus, G., Pruess, S., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2014). Different biogenetic causal explanations and attitudes towards persons with major depression, schizophrenia and alcohol dependence: Is the concept of a chemical imbalance beneficial? Journal of Affective Disorders, 168, 224–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StataCorp. (2021). STATA (Version 17.0) [Computer software]. StataCorp.
   Google Scholar
• Sydow, K. v. (2014). Psychotherapeuten und ihre psychischen Probleme: Forschungsstand zu einem Klischee. Psychotherapeut, 59, 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-014-1056-2
   Google Scholar
• Thoits, P. A. (2011). Resisting the stigma of mental illness. Social Psychology Quarterly, 74(1), 6–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272511398019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Tyssen, R., Vaglum, P., Grønvold, N. T., & Ekeberg, Ø. (2001). Suicidal ideation among medical students and young physicians: A nationwide and prospective study of prevalence and predictors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 64(1), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00205-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhaeghe, M., & Bracke, P. (2012). Associative stigma among mental health professionals: Implications for professional and service user well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146512439453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar