1,120
Views
84
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Exercise as an adjunct treatment for schizophrenia: A review of the literature

Pages 441-457 | Published online: 06 Jul 2009

  • Adams, L. (1995). How exercise can help people with mental health problems. Nursing Times, 91, 37-39.
  • Allebeck, P. & Wistedt, B. (1986). Mortality in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 650-653.
  • American College of Sports Medicine (1995). Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (5th edn). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
  • Anderson, C., Connelly, J., Johnstone, E.C. & Owens, D.G.C. (1991). Cause of death. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 30-33.
  • Auchus, M.P., Wood, K. & Kaslow, N. (1995). Exercise patterns of psychiatric patients admitted to a short-term inpatient unit. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 18, 137-140.
  • Bellack, A. S. (1992). Cognitive rehabilitation for schizophrenia: Is it possible? Is it necessary? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 18, 43-50.
  • Bell, R. & Cooney, M. (1993). Sporting chances. Nursing Times, 89, 62-63.
  • Berger, B. (1996). Psychological benefits of an active lifestyle: What we know and what we need to know. Quest, 48, 330-353.
  • Browman, C.P. (1981). Physical activity as a therapy for psychopathology: A reappraisal. Journal of Sports Medicine, 21, 192-197.
  • Burbach, F.R. (1997). The efficacy of physical activity interventions within mental health services: Anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Mental Health, 6, 543-566.
  • Campbell, D. & Stanley, J. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Research. Chicago: Rand McNally.
  • Carlsson, C., Dencker, S., Grimby, G. & Heggendal, J. (1967). Noradrenaline in human blood plasma and urine during exercise in patients receiving large doses of chlorpromazine. Acta Pharmacology et Toxicology, 25, 97-106.
  • Carlsson, C., Dencker, S., Grimby, G. & Heggendal, J. (1968a). Circulatory studies during physical exercise in mentally disordered patients. I. Effects of large doses of chlorpromazine. Acta Medica Scandinavica, 184, 499-509.
  • Carlsson, C., Dencker, S., Grimby, G. & Heggendal, J. (1968b). Circulatory studies during physical exercise in mentally disordered patients. II. Effects of physical training in patients with and without administration of chlorpromazine. Acta Medica Scandinavica, 184, 511-516.
  • Carr, V. (1988). Patients' techniques for coping with schizophrenia: An exploratory study. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 61, 339-352.
  • Chamove, A.S. (1986). Positive short-term effects of activity on behavior in chronic schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, 125-133.
  • Clardy, J. & Gale, R.H. (1995). Mortality risk and Clozapine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 4, 152.
  • Conroy, R.W., Smith, K. & Felthous, A.R. (1982). The value of exercise on a psychiatric hospital unit. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 33, 641-645.
  • Craft, L.L. & Landers, D.M. (1998). The effect of exercise on clinical depression and depression resulting from mental illness: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20, 339-357.
  • de Coverley Veale, D. M. W. (1987). Exercise and mental health. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 76, 113-120.
  • Dishman, R.K. (1995). Physical activity and public health: Mental health. Quest, 47, 362-385.
  • Dunn, A.L., Marcus, B.H., Kampert, J.B., Garcia, M.E., Kohl, H.W. & Blair, S.N. (1999). Comparison of lifestyle and structured interventions to increase physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 327-334.
  • Falloon, I.R.H. & Talbot, R.E. (1981). Persistent auditory hallucinations: Coping mechanisms and implications for management. Psychological Medicine, 11,329-339.
  • Faulkner, G. & Sparkes, A. (1999). Exercise as therapy for schizophrenia: An ethnographic study. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21, 52-69.
  • Folkins, C. & Sime, W. (1981). Physical fitness and mental health. American Psychologist, 36, 373-389.
  • Formulary Focus (1998). Atypical Antipsychotics. London: A&M Publishing Ltd.
  • Fowler, D., Garety, P. & Kuipers, E. (1998). Cognitive therapy for psychosis: Formulation, treatment effects and service implications. Journal of Mental Health, 7, 123-133.
  • Fox, K. (1994). Exercising for the mind. Paper presented at the Annual Conference for the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Loughborough University, UK.
  • Freemantle, N., Long, A., Mason, J., Sheldon, T., Song, F., Watson, P. & Wilson, C. (1993). The treatment of depression in primary care. Effective Health Care, Issue 5.
  • Gimino, F.A. & Levin, S.J. (1984). The effects of aerobic exercise on perceived self-image in posthospitalized schizophrenic patients. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 16, 139.
  • Gray, A.M., Marshall, M., Lockwood, A. & Morris, J. (1997). Problems in conducting economic evaluations alongside clinical trials. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 47-52.
  • Gupta, S., Droney, T., Al-Samarrai, S., Keller, P. & Bradford, F. (1998). Olanzapine induced weight gain. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 10, 39.
  • Hannaford, C.P., Harrell, E.H. & Cox, K. (1988). Psychophysiological effects of a running program on depression and anxiety in a psychiatric population. Psychological Record, 38, 37-48.
  • Haskell, W.L. (1987). Developing an activity plan for improving health. In W.P. Morgan & S. E. Goldston (Eds.), Exercise and Mental Health (pp. 85-95). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing.
  • Hatlova, B. & Basny sen, Z. (1995). Kinesiotherapytherapy using two different types of exercises in curing schizophrenic patients. Physical Activity for Life: East and West, South and North (pp. 426-429). International Society for Comparative PE and Sport. Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Conference, July 2-7, 1994, Prague. Aachen, Germany: Meyer & Meyer Verlag.
  • Health Education Authority (1994). Moving on: A summary. London: HEA.
  • Hemsley, D. (1995). Schizophrenia: treatment. In S. Lindsay & G. Powell (Eds.), The Handbook of Clinical Adult Psychology (pp. 309-328). London: Routledge.
  • Hesso, R. & Sorenson, M. (1982). Physical activity in the treatment of mental disorders. Tidsskrift-for-den-norske-laegeforening, 100, 869-873.
  • Holmberg, S. (1988). Physical health problems of the psychiatric client. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 26, 35-39.
  • Jamieson, J.L. & Flood, K.R. (1993). Experimental versus observational research methodologies. In P. Seraganian (Ed.), Exercise Psychology (pp. 218-233). London: Wiley-Interscience.
  • Kaplan, K., Mendelson, L.B. & Dubroff, M.P. (1983). The effect of a jogging program on psychiatric inpatients with symptoms of depression. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 3, 173-175.
  • Karasu, T. B., Waltzman, S.A., Lindenmayer, J-P., & Buckley, P.J. (1980). The medical care of patients with psychiatric illness. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 31, 463-472.
  • Killoran, A., Cavill, N., & Walker, A. (1995). Who needs to know what? An investigation of the characteristics of the key target groups for the promotion of physical activity in England. In A. Killoran, P. Fentem & C. Caspersen (Eds.), Moving On: International perspectives on promoting physical activity (pp. 149-169). London: Health Education Authority.
  • Knapp, M. (1997). Costs of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 509-518.
  • Koranyi, E.K. (1979), Morbidity and rate of undiagnosed physical illnesses in a psychiatric clinic population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 414-419.
  • Kuipers, E., Garety, P., Fowler, D., Dunn, G., Bebbington, P., Freeman, D. & Hadley, C. (1997). London-East Anglia randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 319-327.
  • Lazarus, R.S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal and Coping. New York: Springer.
  • Lee, P.W.H., Lieh-Mak, F., Yu, K.K. & Spinks, J.A. (1993). Coping strategies of schizophrenic patients and their relationship to outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 177-182.
  • Leith, L.M. & Taylor, A.H. (1990). Psychological aspects of exercise: A decade literature review. Journal of Sport Behavior, 13, 219-239.
  • McCarrick, A.K., Manderscheid, R.W., Bertolucci, D.E., Goldman, H. & Tessler, R.C. (1986). Chronic medical problems in the chronic mentally ill. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 37, 289-291.
  • Martin, R., Cloninger, R., Guze, S. & Clayton, P. (1985). Mortality in a follow-up of 500 psychiatric outpatients. I. Total mortality. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 47-54.
  • Martinsen, E.W. (1990). Benefits of exercise for the treatment of depression. Sports Medicine, 9, 380-389.
  • Martinsen, E.G. (1993). Therapeutic implications of exercise for clinically anxious and depressed patients. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 185-199.
  • Martinsen, E.W. (1995). The effects of exercise on mental health in clinical populations. In S.J.H. Biddle (Ed.), European Perspectives on Exercise and Sport Psychology (pp. 71-84). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Martinsen, E.W. & Stanghelle, J.K. (1997). Drug therapy and physical activity. In W.P. Morgan (Ed.), Physical Activity and Mental Health (pp. 8190). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
  • Martinsen, E. & Stephens, T. (1994). Exercise and mental health in clinical and free-living populations. In R. K. Dishman (Ed.), Advances in Exercise Adherence (pp. 55-72). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Morgan, W.P. (Ed.) (1997a). Physical Activity and Mental Health. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
  • Morgan, W.P. (1997b). Methodological considerations. In W.P. Morgan (Ed.), Physical Activity and Mental Health (pp. 3-32). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
  • Morgan, W.P. & O'Connor, P.J. (1988). Exercise and mental health. In R. K. Dishman, (Ed.), Exercise Adherence: Its Impact on Public Health (pp. 91-121). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Mrazek, K. & Hatlova, B. (1995). Socialising effects of kinesiotherapy in a group of long term hospitalized psychiatric patients. Physical Activity for Life: East and West, South and North (pp. 475-476). International Society for Comparative PE and Sport. Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Conference, July 2-7, 1994, Prague. Aachen, Germany: Meyer & Meyer.
  • Mutrie, N. (1997). The therapeutic effects of exercise on the self. In K.R. Fox (Ed.), The Physical Self.' From motivation to well-being (pp. 287-314). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Pelham, T.W. (1990). The emerging relationship between exercise and mental health. The Nova Scotia Medical Journal, 69, 183-186.
  • Pelham, T.W. & Campagna, P.D. (1991). Benefits of exercise in psychiatric rehabilitation of persons with schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation, 4, 159-168.
  • Pelham, T.W., Campagna, P.D., Ritvo, P.G. & Birnie, W.A. (1993). The effects of exercise therapy on clients in a psychiatric rehabilitation program. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 16, 75-84.
  • Petra, Z. & Hatlova, B. (1995). Kinesiotherapeutic intervention in cure of schizophrenic patients-women. Physical Activity for Life: East and West, South and North (pp. 530-532). International Society for Comparative PE and Sport. Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Conference, July 2-7, 1994, Prague. Aachen, Germany: Meyer & Meyer Verlag.
  • Plante, T.G. (1993). Aerobic exercise in prevention and treatment of psychopathology. In P. Seraganian (Ed.), Exercise Psychology (pp. 358-379). London: Wiley-Interscience.
  • Plante, T.G. (1996). Getting physical. Does exercise help in the treatment of psychiatric disorders? Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health, 34, 38-43.
  • Rejeski, W.J. (1994). Dose-response issues from a psychosocial perspective. In C. Bouchard, R.J. Shephard & T. Stephens (Eds.), Physical Activity, Fitness and Health (pp. 1040-1055). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Ritvo, P., Campagna, P., Pelham, T. & Birnie, W. (1988). Aerobic and anaerobic exercise as a treatment modality in the rehabilitation of chronic psychiatric patients. Paper presented at The Canadian Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
  • Rosenthal, M.M. & Beutell, N.J. (1981). Movement and body-image: A preliminary study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 53, 758.
  • Roth, A. & Parry, G. (1997). The implications of psychotherapy research for clinical practice and service development: Lessons and limitations. Journal of Mental Health, 6, 367-380.
  • Scully, D., Kremer, J., Meade, M.M., Graham, R. & Dudgeon, K. (1998). Physical exercise and psychological well being: A critical review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 32, 111-120.
  • Skrinar, G.S., Unger, K.V., Hutchison, D.S. & Faigenbaum, A.D. (1992). Effects of exercise training in young adults with psychiatric disabilities. Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation, 5, 151-157.
  • Stein, P.N. & Motta, R.W. (1992). Effects of aerobic and nonaerobic exercise on depression and self-concept. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 79-89.
  • Sule, F. (1987). Therapeutic use of sports in psychiatry and clinical psychology. Journal of Sports Medicine, 27, 79-84.
  • Tantam, D. & Ring, N. (1996). Schizophrenia: What treatment is available? In R. Jenkins & V. Field (Eds.), The Primary Care of Schizophrenia (pp. 33-43). London: HMSO.
  • Tarrier, N. (1994). Management and modification of residual positive psychotic symptoms. In M. Birchwood & N. Tarrier (Eds.), Psychological Management of Schizophrenia (pp. 109-128). Chichester: Wiley.
  • Tarrier, N., Beckett, R., Harwood, S., Baker, A., Yusupoff, L. & Ugarteburu, I. (1993). A trial of two cognitive-behavioural methods of treating drug resistant residual psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients: I. Outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 524-532.
  • Weyerer, S. & Kupfer, B. (1994). Physical exercise and psychological health. SportsMedicine, 17, 108-116.
  • Yagi, G., Kinoshita, F. & Kanba, S. (1992). Coping style of schizophrenic patients in the recovery from acute psychotic state. Schizophrenia Research, 6, 87-88.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.