966
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
From Rehabilitation to Ultrabilitation: Moving Forward

Impact of robotics and human enhancement on occupation: what does it mean for rehabilitation?

&
Pages 1518-1528 | Received 16 Jul 2018, Accepted 06 Sep 2018, Published online: 23 Jan 2019

References

  • Wilcock A. A theory of the human need for occupation. J Occup Sci. 1993;1:17–24.
  • Reed K, Hocking C, Smythe L. The interconnected meanings of occupation: the call, being‐with, possibilities. J Occup Sci. 2010;17:140–149.
  • Yerxa EJ. An introduction to occupational science. A foundation for occupational therapy in the 21st century. Occup Therapy Healthcare. 1990;6:1–17.
  • Wolbring G. Employment, disabled people and robots: what is the narrative in the academic literature and Canadian newspapers? Societies. 2016;6:15.
  • Wolbring G. Ableism, enhancement medicine and the techno poor disabled. In: Healey P, Rayner S, editors. Unnatural selection: the challenges of engineering tomorrow's people. London (UK): Routledge; 2008. p. 196–208.
  • Wolbring G. 'Therapeutic', enhancement enabling, assistive devices and the UN Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities: a missing lens in the enhancement regulation discourse. J Int Biotechnol Law. 2009;6:192–203.
  • Buetow SA, Martínez-Martín P, McCormack B. Ultrabilitation: beyond recovery-oriented rehabilitation. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;1–6.
  • Wolbring G, Nanotechnology and the transhumanization of health, medicine, and rehabilitation. In: Lee Kleinmann D, Delborne J, Cloud-Hansen K, et al., editors. Controversies in Science & Technology: Volume 3. New Rochelle (NY): Mary Ann Liebert; 2010. p. 290–303.
  • Wolbring G. Therapeutic enhancements and the view of rehabilitation educators. Dilemata Int J Appl Ethics. 2012; 8:169–183.
  • Wolbring G. HTA Initiative #23 The triangle of enhancement medicine, disabled people, and the concept of health: a new challenge for HTA, health research, and health policy Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research (AHFMR) webpage: Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research (AHFMR); 2005 [updated 2005]. Available from: http://www.ihe.ca/download/the_triangle_of_enhancement_medicine_disabled_people_and_the_concept_of_health_a_new_challenge_for_hta_health_research_and_health_policy.pdf
  • World Health Organization. About the community-based rehabilitation (CBR) matrix. World Health Organization; 2011 [cited 2011]. Available from: http://www.who.int/disabilities/cbr/matrix/en/
  • Arksey H, O'Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8:19–32.
  • Anderson S, Allen P, Peckham S, et al. Asking the right questions: scoping studies in the commissioning of research on the organisation and delivery of health services. Health Res Policy Syst. 2008;6:7.
  • Levac D, Colquhoun H, O'Brien KK. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci. 2010;5:69
  • Grant MJ, Booth A. A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Inform Libraries J. 2009;26:91–108.
  • Davis K, Drey N, Gould D. What are scoping studies? A review of the nursing literature. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46:1386–1400.
  • Njelesani J, Cameron D, Polatajko HJ. Occupation-for-development: expanding the boundaries of occupational science into the international development agenda. J Occup Sci. 2012;19:36–43.
  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Occupational Health 2017. Available from: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/population/occupational/index.cfm
  • Domer TM. Regulatory agencies and legislation. Sourcebook of occupational rehabilitation. Boston (MA): Springer; 1998. p. 43–67.
  • Shanahan EM, Ahern M. Inflammatory arthritis and work disability: what is the role of occupational medicine? Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; 2008.
  • Hocking C. Occupational science. In: Gellman MD, Turner JR, editors. Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine. New York: Springer; 2013. p. 1365–1370.
  • Wilcock AA. An occupational perspective of health. Thorofare (NJ): Slack Incorporated; 2006.
  • Hammell KW. Dimensions of meaning in the occupations of daily life. Can J Occup Ther. 2004;71:296–305.
  • Canadian Society of Occupational Scientists. What is Occupational Science: Canadian Society of Occupational Scientists; 2015. Available from: https://sites.google.com/site/occupationalsciencecanada//occupational-science/what-is-occupational-science
  • Chai T-YE, Wolbring G. The portrayal of occupational therapy and occupational science in Canadian newspapers: a content analysis. Societies. 2016;6:18.
  • Wilcock A, Townsend E. Occupational terminology interactive dialogue…occupational justice. J Occup Sci. 2000;7:84–86.
  • Durocher E, Gibson BE, Rappolt S. Occupational justice: a conceptual review. J Occup Sci. 2014;21:418–430.
  • Pierce D, Atler K, Baltisberger J, et al. Occupational science: a data‐based American perspective. J Occup Sci. 2010;17:204–215.
  • Nilsson I, Townsend E. Occupational justice - bridging theory and practice. Scand J Occup Therapy. 2014;21:64–70.
  • Sakellariou D, Simó Algado S. Sexuality and disability: a case of occupational injustice. Br J Occup Therapy. 2006;69:69–76.
  • Fiddler A, Peerla D. The Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug and the struggle for the right to say no [Conference Paper]. J Occup Sci. 2009;16:10–11.
  • Bailliard A. Justice, difference, and the capability to function. J Occup Sci. 2016;23:3–16.
  • Pitonyak JS, Mroz TM, Fogelberg D. Expanding client-centred thinking to include social determinants: a practical scenario based on the occupation of breastfeeding. Scand J Occup Therapy. 2015;22:277–282.
  • Bryant W, Craik C, McKay EA. Living in a glasshouse: exploring occupational alienation. Can J Occup Ther. 2004;71:282–289.
  • Hammell KW. Reflections on… well-being and occupational rights. Can J Occup Ther. 2008;75:61–64.
  • Townsend E, Wilcock AA. Occupational justice and client-centred practice: a dialogue in progress. Can J Occup Ther. 2004;71:75–87.
  • Teraoka M, Kyougoku M. Development of the final version of the classification and assessment of occupational dysfunction scale. PLoS One. 2015;10:1–13.
  • Blakeney AB, Marshall A. Water quality, health, and human occupations. Am J Occup Therapy. 2009;63:46–57.
  • Whiteford G. Occupational deprivation: global challenge in the new millennium. Br J Occup Therapy. 2000;63:200–204.
  • Whiteford GE. Understanding the occupational deprivation of refugees: a case study from Kosovo. Can J Occup Ther. 2005;72:78–88.
  • Mernar TJ. Occupation, stress, and biomarkers: measuring the impact of occupational injustice. J Occup Sci. 2006;13:209–213.
  • Anaby DR, Backman CL, Jarus T. Measuring occupational balance: a theoretical exploration of two approaches. Can J Occup Ther. 2010;77:280–288.
  • Bureau of Labor Statistics United States Department of Labor. Persons with a Disability: Labor Force Characteristics Summary online: Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor; 2018. Available from: http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t06.htm
  • Visitability. Visitability online: National Council on Independent Living, USA; 2018. Available from: https://visitability.org/about-visitability/statistics-and-demographics/
  • Beart S, Hawkins D, Kroese BS, et al. Barriers to accessing leisure opportunities for people with learning disabilities. Br J Learn Disabil. 2001;29:133–138.
  • King G, Law M, King S, et al. A conceptual model of the factors affecting the recreation and leisure participation of children with disabilities. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2003;23:63–90.
  • Jaarsma E, Dijkstra P, Geertzen J, et al. Barriers to and facilitators of sports participation for people with physical disabilities: a systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24:871–881.
  • Howell DR. The future employment impacts of industrial robots: an input-output approach. Technol Forecast Soc Change. 1985;28:297–310.
  • Weiss A, Igelsbock J, Wurhofer D, et al. Looking forward to a robotic society? Notions of future human-robot relationships. Int J Soc Robot. 2011;3:111–123.
  • Kaplan J. Humans need not apply: a guide to wealth and work in the age of artificial intelligence. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press; 2015.
  • Ford M. Rise of the robots: technology and the threat of a jobless future. New York (NY): Basic Books; 2015.
  • Royakkers L, van Est R. A literature review on new robotics: automation from love to war. Int J Soc Robot. 2015;7:1–22.
  • Committee on Science Public Policy. Panel on technology employment. The impact of technological change on employment and economic growth. Pensacola (FL): Ballinger Publishing Company; 1988.
  • Coyle D. Welcoming our robot overlords: The disruptive potential of technological progress online: Institute for Public Policy Research, UK; 2015. Available from: http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/technology-globalisation-future-of-work_Mar2015.pdf#page=104
  • Smith A, Anderson J. AI, robotics, and the future of jobs online. Pew Research Center; 2014. Available from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/08/06/future-of-jobs/
  • European Commission. Public Attitudes towards Robots Online. European Commission; 2012 [cited 382]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_382_en.pdf
  • Wolbring G, Ghai A. Interrogating the impact of scientific and technological development on disabled children in India and beyond. Disabil Global South. 2015;2:667–685.
  • Impact Lab. 50% Unemployment, Sex Robots And Leisure online. Impact Lab; 2016. Available from: http://www.impactlab.net/2016/02/16/50-unemployment-sex-robots-and-leisure/
  • Acton N. Employment of disabled persons: where are we going. Int'l Lab Rev. 1981;120:1.
  • Funk C, Kennedy B, Podrebarac Sciupac E. Public opinion on the future use of brain implants online. Pew Research Center; 2016. Available from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/07/26/public-opinion-on-the-future-use-of-brain-implants/
  • Coenen C, Schuijff M, Smits M, et al. Human Enhancement Study. 2009 [cited 2009]. Available from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/publications/studies/stoa2007-13_en.pdf
  • Roduit JAR, Heilinger JC, Baumann H. Ideas of perfection and the ethics of human enhancement. Bioethics 2015;29:622–630.
  • Wolbring G, Diep L. The discussions around precision genetic engineering: role of and impact on disabled people. Laws. 2016;5:37.
  • Bloomfield B, Dale K. Fit for work? Redefining ‘Normal’and ‘Extreme’through human enhancement technologies. Organization. 2015;22:552–569.
  • Miah A. Justifying human enhancement: The accumulation of biocultural capital: online; 2008 [cited IEET.org]. Available from: https://ieet.org/archive/2007080-BioCulturalCapital.pdf
  • Miah A. Human enhancement in sports. In: Bainbridge WS, Roco MC, editors. Handbook of science and technology convergence. Chaim, Switzerland: Springer; 2015. p. 815–831.
  • Wolbring G. The unenhanced underclass. In: Wilsdon JM, P, editor. Better humans? The politics of human enhancement. London: Demos Institute; 2006. p. 122–129.
  • Wolbring G. Obsolescence and body technologies Obsolescencia y tecnologías del cuerpo. Dilemata Int J Appl Ethics. 2010;2:67–83.
  • Wolbring G. 'Therapeutic', enhancement enabling, assistive devices and the UN Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities: a missing lens in the enhancement regulation discourse. J Int Biotechnol Law. 2009;6:193–206.
  • Wolbring G, Martin A, Tynedal J, et al. Exploring discourse surrounding therapeutic enhancement of veterans and soldiers with injuries. Work (Reading, Mass). 2015;50:149–160.
  • Wolbring G. Hearing beyond the normal enabled by therapeutic devices: the role of the recipient and the hearing profession. Neuroethics. 2013;6:607.
  • Edling S, Mooney Simmie G. Democracy and emancipation in teacher education: a summative content analysis of teacher educators' democratic assignment expressed in policies for Teacher Education in Sweden and Ireland between 2000-2010. Citizenship Soc Econ Educ. 2018;17:20.
  • Ahuvia A. Traditional, interpretive, and reception based content analyses: improving the ability of content analysis to address issues of pragmatic and theoretical concern. Soc Indicat Res. 2001;54:139–172.
  • Cullinane K, Toy N. Identifying influential attributes in freight route/mode choice decisions: a content analysis. Transport Res E. 2000;36:41–53.
  • Downe-Wamboldt B. Content analysis: method, applications, and issues. Health Care Women Int. 1992;13:313–321.
  • Woodrum E. “Mainstreaming” content analysis in social science: methodological advantages, obstacles, and solutions. Soc Sci Res. 1984;13:1.
  • Hsieh HF, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005;15:1277–1288.
  • Baxter P, Jack S. Qualitative case study methodology: study design and implementation for novice researchers. Qual Report 2008;13:544–559.
  • Lincoln YS, Guba EG. Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills (CA): SAGE Publications; 1985.
  • Shenton AK. Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Efi. 2004;22:63–75.
  • Tucha L, Fuermaier AB, Koerts J, et al. Detection of feigned attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neural Transm. 2015;122:123–134.
  • Wiegel C, Sattler S, Göritz AS, et al. Work-related stress and cognitive enhancement among university teachers. Anxiety Stress Cop. 2016;29:100–117.
  • Ilieva IP, Hook CJ, Farah MJ. Prescription stimulants' effects on healthy inhibitory control, working memory, and episodic memory: a meta-analysis. J Cogn Neurosci. 2015;27:1069–1089.
  • Scheldrup MR, Dwivedy P, Fisher J, et al., editors. Modulation of complex multitask performance by tDCS depends on individual differences in baseline task ability. Proc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet. 2016;60:42–46.
  • Coveney CM, Nerlich B, Martin P. Modafinil in the media: metaphors, medicalisation and the body. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68:487–495.
  • Cui JQ, Zhang Z, Zhao RF. Mechanical design and analysis of a tracked mobile system for patrol robot. Appl Mech Mater. 2014; 496–500:764–768.
  • Baran D, Fung N, Ho S, et al., editors. Detecting and tracking humans using a man-portable robot. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering; 2009.
  • Tay BTC, Park T, Jung Y, et al. When stereotypes meet robots: The effect of gender stereotypes on People's acceptance of a security robot. In: Harris D, editor. Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics. Understanding human cognition. EPCE. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 8019. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013. p. 261–270.
  • Hunt TL, editor. Robotics, technology and employment. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on ‘Human Factors in Manufacturing’. London: IFS; 1984.
  • Qureshi MO, Syed RS. The impact of robotics on employment and motivation of employees in the service sector, with special reference to health care. Safety Health Work. 2014;5:198–202.
  • Edler D, Ribakova T. The impact of industrial robots on the level and structure of employment in Germany - a simulation study for the period 1980–2000. Technol Forecast Soc Change. 1994;45:255–274.
  • Carlier F. Package dyeing: limiting costs. Industrie Textile. 2001;1328:44–45.
  • Chao GT, Kozlowski SWJ. Employee perceptions on the implementation of robotic manufacturing technology. J Appl Psychol. 1986;71:70–76.
  • Mark JA. Technological change and employment: some results from BLS research. Monthly Labor Rev. 1987;110:26–29.
  • Autor DH. Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation. J Econ Perspect. 2015;29:3–30.
  • Tang LD, editor. Competencies requirements for robot technicians. Future Considerations. Detroit (MI): SME; 1984.
  • Hull DM, Lovett JE, editors. National model for training robotics/automated systems technicians. Future Considerations. Detroit (MI): SME; 1984.
  • Halachmi I, Metz JHM, Maltz E, et al. Designing the optimal robotic milking barn, part 1: quantifying facility usage. J Agric Eng Res. 2000;76:37–49.
  • Rossing W, Aurik E, Smit W. Robot milking systems and the integration in the dairy farm. In: Chastain JP, editor. Fourth International Diary Housing Conference. National Mastitis Council, online; 1998.
  • Korinth G, Broding HC, Uter W, et al. Secondary prevention of allergic symptoms in a dairy farmer by use of a milking robot. Clin Mol Allergy. 2005;3:8–4.
  • Glass K, Hall K. Occupational therapists' views about the use of robotic aids for people with disabilities. Am J Occup Therapy. 1987;41:745–747.
  • Inoue K, Wada K, Ito Y. Effective application of paro: seal type robots for disabled people in according to ideas of occupational therapists. In: Miesenberger K, Klaus J, Zagler W, Karshmer A, editors. Computers helping people with special needs. ICCHP 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5105. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008. pp. 1321–124.
  • Yu R, Woo J, Hui E, et al. Feasibility and effect of a therapeutic robot PARO on moods and social interaction in older adults with declining cognitive function. Gerontechnology. 2014;13:317.
  • Leroux C, Laffont I, Biard N, et al., editors. Robot grasping of unknown objects, description and validation of the function with quadriplegic people. 2007 IEEE 10th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, ICORR'07; 2007.
  • Rahman MH, Kiguchi K, Rahman MM, et al., editors. Robotic exoskeleton for rehabilitation and motion assist. 1st International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, ICIIS 2006; 2006.
  • Prior SD. An electric wheelchair mounted robotic arm-a survey of potential users. J Med Eng Technol. 1990;14:143–154.
  • Adams KD, Rincón AMR, Becerra Puyo LM, et al. An exploratory study of children's pretend play when using a switch-controlled assistive robot to manipulate toys. Br J Occup Therapy. 2017;80:216–224.
  • Lindsay S, Lam A. Exploring types of play in an adapted robotics program for children with disabilities. Disabil Rehabil. 2018;13:263–270.
  • Bernd T, Gelderblom GJ, Vanstipelen S, et al. Short term effect evaluation of IROMEC involved therapy for children with intellectual disabilities. In: Ge SS, Li H, Cabibihan JJ, Tan YK, editors. Social robotics. ICSR 2010. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 6414. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. pp. 259–264.
  • Klein T, Gelderblom GJ, De Witte L, et al., editors. Evaluation of short term effects of the IROMEC robotic toy for children with developmental disabilities. IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics; 2011.
  • Thompson H. Robots have a hand in helping stroke patients. Med Device Diagnos Indus 2007;29:41–42.
  • Sakurada T, Kawase T, Takano K, et al. A BMI-based occupational therapy assist suit: Asynchronous control by SSVEP. Front Neurosci. 2013;7:1–10.
  • Kawase T, Sakurada T, Koike Y, et al. Estimating Joint Angles from Biological Signals for Multi-joint Exoskeletons. In: Proceedings of 2014 Ieee International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. New York (NY): IEEE;2014. p. 1470–1474.
  • Pernalete N, Yu W, Fritz B, et al., editors. Development of a telerobotic system to assist persons with disabilities. Proceedings of ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. 2002.
  • Pila O, Duret C, Laborne FX, et al. Pattern of improvement in upper limb pointing task kinematics after a 3-month training program with robotic assistance in stroke. J NeuroEng Rehabil. 2017;14:1–10.
  • Reinkensmeyer DJ, Dewald JPA, Rymer WZ. Robotic devices for physical rehabilitation of stroke patients: fundamental requirements, target therapeutic techniques, and preliminary designs. Technol Disabil. 1996;5:205–215.
  • Sucar LE, Azcárate G, Leder RS, et al. Gesture therapy: a vision-based system for arm rehabilitation after stroke. Commun Comput Inform Sci. 2008;25:531–540.
  • Treger I, Faran S, Ring H. Robot-assisted therapy for neuromuscular training of sub-acute stroke patients. A feasibility study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2008;44:431–435.
  • Abdullah HA, Tarry C, Lambert C, et al. Results of clinicians using a therapeutic robotic system in an inpatient stroke rehabilitation unit. J NeuroEng Rehabil. 2011;8:1–12.
  • Malik NA, Yussof H, Hanapiah FA, editors. Development of imitation learning through physical therapy using a humanoid robot. Procedia Computer Science. 2014;42:191–197.
  • Lancioni GE, O'Reilly MF, Campodonico F. Assisted ambulation and activity for restless or passive persons with profound multiple disabilities: assessing performance and preferences. Behav Intervent. 2000;15:331–343.
  • Rahman T, Basante J, Alexander M. Robotics, assistive technology, and occupational therapy management to improve upper limb function in pediatric neuromuscular diseases. Phys Med Rehabil Clinics North Am. 2012;23:701–717.
  • Hsieh YW, Wu CY, Wang WE, et al. Bilateral robotic priming before task-oriented approach in subacute stroke rehabilitation: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2017;31:225–233.
  • Kim YK, Lee DG. editors. Robot aided rehabilitation system for gait training of stroke patients. 2012 9th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots and Ambient Intelligence, URAI 2012; 2012.
  • Rabadi MH, Galgano M, Lynch D, et al. A pilot study of activity-based therapy in the arm motor recovery post stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22:1071–1082.
  • Ammann-Reiffer C, Bastiaenen CHG, Meyer-Heim AD, et al. Effectiveness of robot-assisted gait training in children with cerebral palsy: a bicenter, pragmatic, randomized, cross-over trial (PeLoGAIT). BMC Pediatrics. 2017;17:1–9.
  • Nishimoto A, Otaka Y, Kasuga S, et al. Robotic assessment of upper limb function after proximal humeral fracture: personal experience as a patient and occupational therapist. Keio j Med. 2016;65:57–63.
  • Beaudoin M, Routhier F, Lettre J, et al. Effects and impacts of a robotic arm used by individuals with upper limb motor impairment: a scoping review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2015;58:e98.
  • Schuyler JL, Mahoney RM. Assessing human-robotic performance for vocational placement. IEEE Trans Rehab Eng. 2000;8:394–404.
  • Hammel JM, Vanderloos HFM, Perkash I. Evaluation of a vocational robot with a quadriplegic employee. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73:683–693. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1992JD13900015.
  • Campbell CL. Introduction: robotic and the disabled. Occup Therapy Health Care. 1986;3:1986–1987.
  • World Health Organization. World Report on Disability: World Health Organization; 2011. Available from: http://www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/en/index.html
  • Aldrich RM, Callanan Y. Insights about researching discouraged workers. J Occup Sci. 2011;18:153–166.
  • Hammell KW. Occupational rights and critical occupational therapy: rising to the challenge. Malden (MA): Wiley-Blackwell; 2015. p. 449–451.
  • Occupational Therapy Australia. OT Australia position statement: occupational deprivation. Austr Occup Therapy J. 2016;63:445–447.
  • Hammell KRW, Beagan B. Occupational injustice: a critique. Can J Occup Ther. 2017;84:58–68.
  • Premji S. Barriers to return-to-work for linguistic minorities in Ontario: an analysis of narratives from appeal decisions. J Occup Rehabil. 2015;25:357–367.
  • Rudman DL, Dennhardt S, Fok D, et al. A vision for occupational science: reflecting on our disciplinary culture. J Occup Sci. 2008;15:136–146.
  • Sadlo G. Threshold concepts for educating people about human engagement in occupation: the study of human systems that enable occupation. J Occup Sci. 2016;23:496–509.
  • Wolbring G. Ability privilege: a needed addition to privilege studies. J Critic Anim Stud. 2014;12:118–141.
  • Wolbring G, Yumakulov S. Education through an ability studies lens. Zeitschrift Für Inklusion. 2015; http://www.inklusion-online.net/index.php/inklusion-online/article/view/278/261
  • Wolbring G. Is there an end to out-able? Is there an end to the rat race for abilities? J Media Culture. 2008;11.
  • Greenhaus JH. Self esteem as an influence on occupational choice and occupational satisfaction. J Vocat Behav. 1971;1:75–83.
  • Steer RA. The actual and retrospective-occupational self-concept dimensions of retired educators. J Vocat Behav. 1973;3:465–473.
  • Eichar DM, Thompson JLP. Alienation, occupational self-direction, and worker consciousness. Work Occup. 1986;13:47–65.
  • Bryson-Campbell M, Shaw L, O'Brien J, et al. A scoping review on occupational and self identity after a brain injury. Work. 2013;44:57–67.
  • Braude L, Brown ML. Some notes on occupational identity formation. Wisconsin Soc. 1964;3:17–22.
  • Melgosa J. Development and validation of the occupational identity scale. J Adolesc. 1987;10:385–397.
  • Dellas M, Jernigan LP. Occupational identity status development, gender comparisons, and internal-external control in first-year Air Force Cadets. J Youth Adolesc. 1987;16:587–600.
  • Meeus W. Occupational identity development, school performance, and social support in adolescence. Adolescence. 1993;28:809.
  • Groth TM, Curtis A, Mendham E, et al. The development and validation of a collective occupational identity construct (COIC) in a natural resource context. J Rural Stud. 2015;40:111–119.
  • Patten R, Crow M, Shelley T. What's in a name? The occupational identity of conservation and natural resource oriented law enforcement agencies. Am J Crim Just. 2015;40:750–764.
  • Hailwood M. Broadside ballads and occupational identity in early modern England. Huntington Library Quarterly. 2016;79:187–200.
  • Bryson-Campbell M, Shaw L, O'Brien J, et al. Exploring the transformation in occupational identity: perspectives from brain injury survivors. J Occup Sci. 2016;23:208–216.
  • Ennals P, Fortune T, Williams A, et al. Shifting occupational identity: doing, being, becoming and belonging in the academy. Higher Educ Res Dev. 2016;35:433–446.
  • Richer M. How will we work tomorrow? Five strong trends in the development of work. Futuribles: Analyse et Prospective. 2018;422:19–36.
  • Clark F. Reflections on the human as an occupational being: biological need, tempo and temporality. J Occup Sci. 1997;4:86–92.
  • Watson RM. Being before doing: the cultural identity (essence) of occupational therapy. Aust Occ Ther J. 2006;53:151–158.
  • Hart N. Humans are occupational beings: basic musings of a bureaucratic being. J Occup Sci. 1994;1:54–56.
  • Cox DL. The Dr Elizabeth Casson Memorial Lecture 2017: life as an occupational being. Br J Occup Therapy. 2017;80:525–532.
  • Townsend E, Friedland J. 19th & 20th century educational reforms arising in Europe, the United Kingdom, and the Americas: inspiration for occupational science? J Occup Sci. 2016;23:488–495.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.