594
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspectives on Rehabilitation

Water-based therapeutic exercise in stroke: a scoping review

ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1549-1562 | Received 02 Apr 2021, Accepted 04 Apr 2022, Published online: 21 Apr 2022

References

  • Coutts SB, Wein TH, Lindsay MP, et al. Canadian stroke best practice recommendations: secondary prevention of stroke guidelines, update 2014. Int J Stroke. 2015;10(3):282–291.
  • Michael KM, Allen JK, Macko RF. Reduced ambulatory activity after stroke: the role of balance, gait, and cardiovascular fitness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(8):1552–1556.
  • Buvarp D, Rafsten L, Sunnerhagen KS. Predicting longitudinal progression in functional mobility after stroke: a prospective cohort study. Stroke. 2020;51(7):2179–2187.
  • Westlake KP, Patten C. Pilot study of lokomat versus manual-assisted treadmill training for locomotor recovery post-stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2009;6(1):18.
  • Jost WH, Hefter H, Reissig A, et al. Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) for the treatment of post-stroke arm spasticity: results of the German-Austrian open-label post-marketing surveillance prospective study. J Neurol Sci. 2014;337(1–2):86–90.
  • Weerdesteyn V, de Niet M, van Duijnhoven HJR, et al. Falls in individuals with stroke. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45(8):1195–1214.
  • Inness EL, Mansfield A, Lakhani B, et al. Impaired reactive stepping among patients ready for discharge from inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Phys Ther. 2014;94(12):1755–1764.
  • Forster A, Young J. Incidence and consequences of falls due to stroke: a systematic inquiry. BMJ. 1995;311(6997):83–86.
  • Schmid AA, Rittman M. Consequences of poststroke falls: activity limitation, increased dependence, and the development of fear of falling. Am J Occup Ther. 2009;63(3):310–316.
  • Delbaere K, Crombez G, Vanderstraeten G, et al. Fear-related avoidance of activities, falls and physical frailty. A prospective community-based cohort study. Age Ageing. 2004;33(4):368–373.
  • Inness EL, Mansfield A, Biasin L, et al. Clinical implementation of a reactive balance control assessment in a Sub-acute stroke patient population using a ‘lean-and-release’ methodology. Gait Posture. 2015;41(2):529–534.
  • Mackintosh SF, Hill K, Dodd KJ, et al. Falls and injury prevention should be part of every stroke rehabilitation plan. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(4):441–451.
  • McKevitt C, Fudge N, Redfern J, et al. Self-reported long-term needs after stroke. Stroke. 2011;42(5):1398–1403.
  • Cramp MC, Greenwood RJ, Gill M, et al. Effectiveness of a community-based low intensity exercise programme for ambulatory stroke survivors. Disabil Rehabil. 2010;32(3):239–247.
  • Port I, Kwakkel G, Wijk I, et al. Susceptibility to deterioration of mobility long-term after stroke: a prospective cohort study. Stroke. 2006;37(1):167–171.
  • Van Peppen RP, Kwakkel G, Wood-Dauphinee S, et al. The impact of physical therapy on functional outcomes after stroke: What’s the evidence? Clin Rehabil. 2004;18(8):833–862.
  • Maclean N, Pound P, Wolfe C, et al. Qualitative analysis of stroke patients’ motivation for rehabilitation. BMJ. 2000;321(7268):1051–1054.
  • Pescatello LS, Arena R, Riebe D, et al. American college of sports M. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
  • Jöbges M, Heuschkel G, Pretzel C, et al. Repetitive training of compensatory steps: a therapeutic approach for postural instability in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych. 2004;75(12):1682–1687.
  • Duijnhoven H, Kam D, Hellebrand W, et al. Development and process evaluation of a 5-week exercise program to prevent falls in people after stroke: the FALLS program. Stroke Res Treat. 2012;2012:407693.
  • Kuys SS, Ada L, Paratz J, et al. Steps, duration and intensity of usual walking practice during subacute rehabilitation after stroke: an observational study. Braz J Phys Ther. 2019;23(1):56–61.
  • Paolucci S, Grasso MG, Antonucci G, et al. Mobility status after inpatient stroke rehabilitation: 1-Year follow-up and prognostic factors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(1):2–8.
  • Gresham GE. Post-stroke rehabilitation guideline P. Post-stroke rehabilitation: clinical practice guideline. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1996.
  • Teasell R, Meyer MJ, Foley N, et al. Stroke rehabilitation in Canada: a work in progress. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2009;16(1):11–19.
  • Wolf SL, Winstein CJ, Miller JP, et al. Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: the EXCITE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2006;296(17):2095–2104.
  • Dean CM, Rissel C, Sharkey M, et al. Exercise intervention to prevent falls and enhance mobility in community dwellers after stroke: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Neurol. 2009;9(1):38.
  • Ada L, Dean CM, Hall JM, et al. A treadmill and overground walking program improves walking in persons residing in the community after stroke: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(10):1486–1491.
  • Rimmer JH, Riley B, Wang E, et al. Physical activity participation among persons with disabilities: barriers and facilitators. Am J Prev Med. 2004;26(5):419–425.
  • Damush TM, Plue L, Bakas T, et al. Barriers and facilitators to exercise among stroke survivors. Rehabil Nurs. 2007;32(6):253–262.
  • Miller KK, Porter RE, DeBaun-Sprague E, et al. Exercise after stroke: Patient adherence and beliefs after discharge from rehabilitation. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2017;24(2):142–148.
  • English C, Manns PJ, Tucak C, et al. Physical activity and sedentary behaviors in people with stroke living in the community: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2014;94(2):185–196.
  • Moore SA. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and energy expenditure post-stroke. Phys Ther Rev. 2015;20(4):264–265.
  • Michael K, Macko RF. Ambulatory activity intensity profiles, fitness, and fatigue in chronic stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2007;14(2):5–12.
  • Michael K, Goldberg AP, Treuth MS, et al. Progressive adaptive physical activity in stroke improves balance, gait, and fitness: preliminary results. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2009;16(2):133–139.
  • Mudge SP, Barber PAP, Stott NSP. Circuit-based rehabilitation improves gait endurance but not usual walking activity in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(12):1989–1996.
  • Shaughnessy M, Michael KM, Sorkin JD, et al. Steps after stroke: capturing ambulatory recovery. Stroke. 2005;36(6):1305–1307.
  • Dorsch AK, Thomas S, Xu X, et al. SIRRACT: an international randomized clinical trial of activity feedback during inpatient stroke rehabilitation enabled by wireless sensing. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2015;29(5):407–415.
  • Bernhardt J, Dewey H, Thrift A, et al. Inactive and alone: physical activity within the first 14 days of acute stroke unit care. Stroke. 2004;35(4):1005–1009.
  • Baert I, Feys H, Daly D, et al. Are patients 1 year post-stroke active enough to improve their physical health? Disabil Rehabil. 2012;34(7):574–580.
  • Field MJ, Gebruers N, Shanmuga Sundaram T, et al. Physical activity after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ISRN Stroke. 2013;2013(13):1–13.
  • Dolbow JD, Gassler J, Dolbow DR, et al. Underwater treadmill training after neural-paralytic injury. Clin Kinesiol. 2016;70(1):1.
  • Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports. 1974;100(2):126–131.
  • Kisner C, Colby LA. Therapeutic exercise: foundations and techniques. 5th ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co.; 2007.
  • Connor FJ. Games, sports, and exercises for the physically disabled (4th ed.)by Ronald C. Adams and Jeffrey A. McCubbin. Published 1991 by Lea & Febiger, Washington Square, Philadelphia, PA 19106. (363 pp). Adapt Phys Activ Quart. 1991;8(3):258–259.
  • Plecash AR, Leavitt BR. Aquatherapy for neurodegenerative disorders. J Huntingtons Dis. 2014;3(1):5–11.
  • Melzer I, Elbar O, Tsedek I, et al. A water-based training program that include perturbation exercises to improve stepping responses in older adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled cross-over trial. BMC Geriatr. 2008;8(1):19.
  • Aidar FJ, de Oliveira R, G, de Matos, et al. A randomized trial of the effects of an aquatic exercise program on depression, anxiety levels, and functional capacity of people who suffered an ischemic stroke. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018;58(7–8):1171–1177.
  • Casey AF, Mackay-Lyons M, Connolly EM, et al. A comprehensive exercise program for a young adult male with down syndrome who experienced a stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36(17):1402–1408.
  • Cha H-G, Shin Y-J, Kim M-K. Effects of the bad Ragaz ring method on muscle activation of the lower limbs and balance ability in chronic stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Hong Kong Physiother J. 2017;37:39–45.
  • Chan K, Phadke CP, Stremler D, et al. The effect of water-based exercises on balance in persons post-stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2017;24(4):228–235.
  • Duffy K. Aquatic therapy for a patient post-stroke: a case report. In: Swanick K, Venglar M, editors. Ann Arbor: ProQuest Dissertations Publishing; 2014.
  • Filday T. Case study: Aquatic physiotherapy after a right cerebrovascular accident. Aqualines. 2016;28(2):7–12.
  • Fischel S, McNamara C, Hetzler R. The effect of aquatic therapy and body weight–supported treadmill training on gait and balance for individuals with chronic stroke: a single-subject study. Ann Rehabil Med. 2018;26(1):10.
  • Furnari A, Calabro RS, Gervasi G, et al. Is hydrokinesitherapy effective on gait and balance in patients with stroke? A clinical and baropodometric investigation. Brain Inj. 2014;28(8):1109–1114.
  • Han SK, Kim MC, An CS. Comparison of effects of a proprioceptive exercise program in water and on land the balance of chronic stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2013;25(10):1219–1222.
  • Han EY, Im SH. Effects of a 6-week aquatic treadmill exercise program on cardiorespiratory fitness and walking endurance in subacute stroke patients: a Pilot Trial. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2018;38(5):314–319.
  • Jung J, Lee J, Chung E, et al. The effect of obstacle training in water on static balance of chronic stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(3):437–440.
  • Kum D-M, Shin W-S. Effect of backward walking training using an underwater treadmill on muscle strength, proprioception and gait ability in persons with stroke. Phys Ther Rehabil Sci. 2017;6(3):120–126.
  • Kim K, Lee D-K, Kim E-K. Effect of aquatic dual-task training on balance and gait in stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(7):2044–2047.
  • Lee D, Ko T, Cho Y. Effects on static and dynamic balance of task-oriented training for patients in water or on land. J Phys Ther Sci. 2010;22(3):331–336.
  • Lee ME, Jo GY, Do HK, et al. Efficacy of aquatic treadmill training on gait symmetry and balance in subacute stroke patients. Ann Rehabil Med. 2017;41(3):376.
  • Lee YS, Im HS, Kim RB, et al. The effects of a motorized aquatic treadmill exercise program on muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and clinical function in subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;97(8):533–540.
  • Lim H-S, Lee S-M. The effect of a water exercise on gait characteristics in the elderly post stroke patients. Phys Ther Rehabil Sci. 2012;1(1):17–21.
  • Matsuda T, Akezaki Y. Effects of aquatic walking exercise using a walker in a chronic stroke patient. J Phys Ther Sci. 2017;29(7):1268–1271.
  • Matsumoto S, Uema T, Ikeda K, et al. Effect of underwater exercise on lower-extremity function and quality of life in post-stroke patients: a pilot controlled clinical trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2016;22(8):635–641.
  • Montagna JC, Santos BC, Battistuzzo CR, et al. Effects of aquatic physiotherapy on the improvement of balance and corporal symmetry in stroke survivors. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7(4):1182–1187.
  • Park J, Lee D, Lee S, et al. Comparison of the effects of exercise by chronic stroke patients in aquatic and land environments. J Phys Ther Sci. 2011;23(5):821–824.
  • Park S-E, Kim S-H, Lee S-B, et al. Comparison of underwater and overground treadmill walking to improve gait pattern and muscle strength after stroke. J Phys Ther Sci. 2012;24(11):1087–1090.
  • Park SW, Lee KJ, Shin DC, et al. The effect of underwater gait training on balance ability of stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(6):899–903.
  • Park B-S, Noh J-W, Kim M-Y, et al. The effects of aquatic trunk exercise on gait and muscle activity in stroke patients: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(11):3549–3553.
  • Park B-S, Noh J-W, Kim M-Y, et al. A comparative study of the effects of trunk exercise program in aquatic and land-based therapy on gait in hemiplegic stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(6):1904–1908.
  • Park H-K, Lee H-J, Lee S-J, et al. Land-based and acquatic trunk exercise program improve trunk control, balance and activities of daily living ability in stroke: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2018;29:29.
  • Park J, Roh H. Postural balance of stroke survivors in aquatic and land environments. J Phys Ther Sci. 2011;23(6):905–908.
  • Perez J, Urag R, Lansangan C. Santos M, garcia M. Underwater gait training for patients with subacute stroke to improve gait speed, muscle strength, and mobility. J Aquatic Phys Ther. 2017;25(2):9.
  • Pinkham D, Gage K. Case report: effects of aquatic therapy on balance in early stroke recovery. GeriNotes. 2013;20(5):4.
  • Saleh MSM, Rehab NI, Aly SMA. Effect of aquatic versus land motor dual task training on balance and gait of patients with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. NRE. 2019;44(4):485–492.
  • Tripp F, Krakow K. Effects of an aquatic therapy approach (Halliwick-Therapy) on functional mobility in subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2014;28(5):432–439.
  • Zhang Y, Wang Y-Z, Huang L-P, et al. Aquatic therapy improves outcomes for subacute stroke patients by enhancing muscular strength of paretic lower limbs without increasing spasticity: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;95(11):840–849.
  • Zhu Z, Cui L, Yin M, et al. Hydrotherapy vs. conventional land-based exercise for improving walking and balance after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2016;30(6):587–593.
  • Pei-Hsin K, Szu-Fu C, Yea-Ru Y, et al. The effects of Ai Chi for balance in individuals with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1–9.
  • Iliescu AM, McIntyre A, Wiener J, et al. Evaluating the effectiveness of aquatic therapy on mobility, balance, and level of functional independence in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2020;34(1):56–68.
  • Iatridou G, Pelidou HS, Varvarousis D, et al. The effectiveness of hydrokinesiotherapy on postural balance of hemiplegic patients after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2018;32(5):583–593.
  • Chu KS, Eng JJ, Dawson AS, et al. Water-based exercise for cardiovascular fitness in people with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(6):870–874.
  • Noh DK, Lim J-Y, Shin H-I, et al. The effect of aquatic therapy on postural balance and muscle strength in stroke survivors — a randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(10–11):966–976.
  • Marinho-Buzelli AR, Bonnyman AM, Verrier MC. The effects of aquatic therapy on mobility of individuals with neurological diseases: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil. 2015;29(8):741–751.
  • Mehrholz J, Kugler J, Pohl M. Water-based exercises for improving activities of daily living after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(1):CD008186.
  • Levac D, Colquhoun H, O’Brien KK. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci. 2010;5(1):69.
  • Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32.
  • Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–473.
  • Durlak JA. How to select, calculate, and interpret effect sizes. J Pediatr Psychol. 2009;34(9):917–928.
  • Temperoni G, Curcio A, Iosa M, et al. A water-based sequential preparatory approach vs. conventional aquatic training in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial with a 1-month follow-up. Front Neurol. 2020;11:466.
  • Pérez-De la Cruz S. Effect of an aquatic balance-training program in patients with chronic stroke: a single-group experimental pilot study. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). Medicina. 2020;56(12):656–659.
  • Eyvaz N, Dundar U, Yesil H. Effects of water-based and land-based exercises on walking and balance functions of patients with hemiplegia. NRE. 2018;43(2):237–246.
  • Pérez-de la Cruz S. Comparison of aquatic therapy vs. Dry land therapy to improve mobility of chronic stroke patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(13):4728.
  • Pérez-De La Cruz S. Comparison between three therapeutic options for the treatment of balance and gait in stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(2):1–11.
  • Pérez-de la Cruz S. Influence of an aquatic therapy program on perceived pain, stress, and quality of life in chronic stroke patients: a randomized trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(13):4796.
  • Chon SC, Oh DW, Shim JH. Watsu approach for improving spasticity and ambulatory function in hemiparetic patients with stroke. Physiother Res Int. 2009;14(2):128–136.
  • Santos DGD, Pegoraro ASN, Abrantes CV, et al. Evaluation of functional mobility of patients with stroke sequela after treatment in hydrotherapy Pool using the timed up and go Test. Einstein. 2011;9(3):302–306.
  • Morer C, Michan-Doña A, Alvarez-Badillo A, et al. Evaluation of the feasibility of a two-week course of aquatic therapy and thalassotherapy in a mild post-stroke population. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(21):8114–8163.
  • Paizan NLM, da Silva R, Borges MA. Hidrotherapy. Rev Neurocienc. 2019;17(4):314–318.
  • Carrasco AC, Silva MF, Dela Bela LF, et al. Evaluation of quality of life in individuals with chronic stroke who underwent aquatic exercises: a case series. NeuroRehabilitation. 2021;48(4):563–570.
  • Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–198.
  • Simpson LA, Miller WC, Eng JJ. Effect of stroke on fall rate, location and predictors: a prospective comparison of older adults with and without stroke. PLoS One. 2011;6(4):e19431.
  • Fleig L, Pomp S, Schwarzer R, et al. Promoting exercise maintenance: how interventions with booster sessions improve long-term rehabilitation outcomes. Rehabil Psychol. 2013;58(4):323–333.
  • Armstrong RP, Campbell MM, Craig PP, et al. Reporting guidelines for population health and policy interventions: TIDieR-PHP. The Lancet. 2015;386:S19.
  • Salbach NM, Howe J-A, Brunton K, et al. Partnering to increase access to community exercise programs for people with stroke, acquired brain injury, and multiple sclerosis. J Phys Activ Health. 2014;11(4):838.
  • Post Stroke Community Based Exercise Guidelines [Internet]. 2015.
  • Ploughman M, Shears J, Harris C, et al. Effectiveness of a novel community exercise transition program for people with moderate to severe neurological disabilities. NeuroRehabilitation. 2014;35(1):105.
  • Billinger SA, Arena R, Bernhardt J, et al. Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45(8):2532–2553.
  • Jørgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, et al. Recovery of walking function in stroke patients: the copenhagen stroke study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;76(1):27–32.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.