864
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspectives in Rehabilitation

Facilitators and barriers to participation in physical activities in children and adolescents living with cerebral palsy: a scoping review

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 4322-4337 | Received 27 May 2022, Accepted 05 Nov 2022, Published online: 29 Nov 2022

References

  • Janssen I, LeBlanc AG. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7(1):40.
  • Carroll KL, Leiser J, Paisley TS. Cerebral palsy: physical activity and Curr Sports Med Rep. 2006;5(6):319–322.
  • Thorpe D. The role of fitness in health and disease: status of adults with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51(Suppl 4):52–58.
  • Johnson CC. The benefits of physical activity for youth with developmental disabilities: a systematic review. Am J Health Promot. 2009;23(3):157–167.
  • Slaman J, van den Berg-Emons H, van Meeteren J, et al. A lifestyle intervention improves fatigue, mental health and social support among adolescents and young adults with cerebral palsy: focus on mediating effects. Clin Rehabil. 2015;29(7):717–727.
  • Mitchell LE, Ziviani J, Boyd RN. Habitual physical activity of independently ambulant children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: are they doing enough? Phys Ther. 2015;95(2):202–211.
  • Oskoui M, Coutinho F, Dykeman J, et al. An update on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55(6):509–519.
  • Verschuren O, Peterson MD, Balemans ACJ, et al. Exercise and physical activity recommendations for people with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58(8):798–808.
  • Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, et al. A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl. 2007;109:8–14.
  • Graham HK, Harvey A, Rodda J, et al. The functional mobility scale (FMS). J Pediatr Orthop. 2004;24(5):514–520.
  • Beckung E, Hagberg G. Neuroimpairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44(5):309–316.
  • Mann K, Tsao E, Bjornson KF. Physical activity and walking performance: influence on quality of life in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy (CP). J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2016;9(4):279–286.
  • Carlon SL, Taylor NF, Dodd KJ, et al. Differences in habitual physical activity levels of young people with cerebral palsy and their typically developing peers: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil. 2013;35(8):647–655.
  • King G, Law M, Hurley P, et al. A developmental comparison of the out‐of‐school recreation and leisure activity participation of boys and girls with and without physical disabilities. Int J Disabil Dev Educ. 2010;57(1):77–107.
  • Voorman JM, Dallmeijer AJ, Van Eck M, et al. Social functioning and communication in children with cerebral palsy: association with disease characteristics and personal and environmental factors: social functioning in children with CP. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52(5):441–447.
  • Adair B, Ullenhag A, Keen D, et al. The effect of interventions aimed at improving participation outcomes for children with disabilities: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57(12):1093–1104.
  • Palisano RJ, Chiarello LA, King GA, et al. Participation-based therapy for children with physical disabilities. Disabil Rehabil. 2012;34(12):1041–1052.
  • Shimmell LJ, Gorter JW, Jackson D, et al. “It’s the participation that motivates him”: physical activity experiences of youth with cerebral palsy and their parents. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2013;33(4):405–420.
  • Bartholomew LK, Parcel GS, Kok G, et al. Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach, 2nd ed. San Francisco (CA): Jossey-Bass; 2006. xxiv, 765. p. (Schaalma H, Markham C, Tyrrell S, et al. Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. 2nd ed).
  • Bloemen MAT, Backx FJG, Takken T, et al. Factors associated with physical activity in children and adolescents with a physical disability: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57(2):137–148.
  • Li R, Sit CHP, Yu JJ, et al. Correlates of physical activity in children and adolescents with physical disabilities: a systematic review. Prev Med. 2016;89:184–193.
  • Shields N, Synnot AJ, Barr M. Perceived barriers and facilitators to physical activity for children with disability: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(14):989–997.
  • van der Ploeg HP, van der Beek AJ, van der Woude LHV, et al. Physical activity for people with a disability: a conceptual model. Sports Med. 2004;34(10):639–649.
  • Imms C. Children with cerebral palsy participate: a review of the literature. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(24):1867–1884.
  • Koldoff EA, Holtzclaw BJ. Physical activity among adolescents with cerebral palsy: an integrative review. J Pediatr Nurs. 2015;30(5):e105-117–e117.
  • Shikako-Thomas K, Majnemer A, Law M, et al. Determinants of participation in leisure activities in children and youth with cerebral palsy: systematic review. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2008;28(2):155–169.
  • World Health Organization, editor. International classification of functioning, disability and health: ICF. Geneva: world Health Organization; 2001. 299p.
  • Dishman RK, Sallis JF. Determinants and interventions for physical activity and exercise. In: physical activity, fitness, and health: International proceedings and consensus statement. Champaign (IL): human Kinetics Publishers; 1994. p. 214–238.
  • Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–473.
  • Arksey H, O'Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32.
  • What does “physical activity” mean? [Internet]. [cite 2 Feb 2022]. Disponible sur: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/physical-activity/news/news/2011/02/being-physically-active-helps-prevent-cancer/what-does-physical-activity-mean.
  • Ross SM, Bogart KR, Logan SW, et al. Physical activity participation of disabled children: a systematic review of conceptual and methodological approaches in health research. Front Public Health. 2016;4:187.
  • Kmet LM, Cook LS, Lee RC.   Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields. Edmonton, Alberta: Heritage Foundation for Medical Research (AHFMR). HTA Initiative: Vol. 13; 2004. [cite 10 Nov 2021]; Disponible sur: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/9s1619324
  • Streber R, Peters S, Pfeifer K. Systematic review of correlates and determinants of physical activity in persons with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(4):633–645.e29.
  • Ajzen I, Fishbein M. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice-Hall; 1980.
  • Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K, editors. Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice, 4th ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2008. p. 552.
  • Bandura A. Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York, NY: W H Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt & Co; 1997. ix, p. 604.
  • Almasri NA, Palisano RJ, Kang LJ. Cultural adaptation and construct validation of the Arabic version of children’s assessment of participation and enjoyment and preferences for activities of children measures. Disabil Rehabil. 2019;41(8):958–965.
  • Amiri A, Kalantari M, Rezaee M, et al. Participation in leisure-time activities and the role of individual factors in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Int J Ther Rehabil. 2019;26(5):1–16.
  • Andrade PMO, Haase VG, Oliveira-Ferreira F. An ICF-based approach for cerebral palsy from a biopsychosocial perspective. Dev Neurorehabil. 2012;15(6):391–400.
  • Aviram R, Harries N, Shkedy Rabani A, et al. Comparison of habitual physical activity and sedentary behavior in adolescents and young adults with and without cerebral palsy. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2019;31(1):60–66.
  • Balemans ACJ, van Wely L, Becher JG, et al. Longitudinal relationship among physical fitness, walking-related physical activity, and fatigue in children with cerebral palsy. Phys Ther. 2015;95(7):996–1005.
  • Bar-Haim S, Aviram R, Shkedy Rabani A, et al. Effects of exercise interventions on habitual physical activity and sedentary behavior in adolescents with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2019;31(4):416–424.
  • Bartlett DJ, Hanna SE, Avery L, et al. Correlates of decline in gross motor capacity in adolescents with cerebral palsy in gross motor function classification system levels III to V: an exploratory study: gross motor capacity in adolescents with CP. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52(7):e155–60.
  • Bjornson KF, Belza B, Kartin D, et al. Ambulatory physical activity performance in youth with cerebral palsy and youth who are developing typically. Phys Ther. 2007;87(3):248–257.
  • Bjornson KF, Zhou C, Stevenson R, et al. Capacity to participation in cerebral palsy: evidence of an indirect path via performance. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(12):2365–2372.
  • Bjornson KF, Zhou C, Stevenson RD, et al. Relation of stride activity and participation in Mobility-Based life habits among children with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(2):360–368.
  • Bjornson K, Fiss A, Avery L, et al. Longitudinal trajectories of physical activity and walking performance by gross motor function classification system level for children with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil. 2020;42(12):1705–1713.
  • Brunton LK, Bartlett DJ. Description of exercise participation of adolescents with cerebral palsy across a 4-year period. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2010;22(2):180–187.
  • Capio CM, Sit CHP, Eguia KF, et al. Fundamental movement skills training to promote physical activity in children with and without disability: a pilot study. J Sport Health Sci. 2015;4(3):235–243.
  • Case L, Ross S, Yun J. Physical activity guideline compliance among a national sample of children with various developmental disabilities. Disabil Health J. 2020;13(2):100881.
  • Colver A, Thyen U, Arnaud C, et al. Association between participation in life situations of children with cerebral palsy and their physical, social, and attitudinal environment: a Cross-Sectional Multicenter European Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(12):2154–2164.
  • Dang VM, Colver A, Dickinson HO, et al. Predictors of participation of adolescents with cerebral palsy: a European multi-centre longitudinal study. Res Dev Disabil. 2015;36:551–564.
  • Degerstedt F, Wiklund M, Enberg B. Physiotherapeutic interventions and physical activity for children in Northern Sweden with cerebral palsy: a register study from equity and gender perspectives. Glob Health Action. 2016;10(sup2):1272236.
  • Engel-Yeger B, Jarus T, Anaby D, et al. Differences in patterns of participation between youths with cerebral palsy and typically developing peers. Am J Occup Ther. 2009;63(1):96–104.
  • Fauconnier J, Dickinson HO, Beckung E, et al. Participation in life situations of 8-12 year old children with cerebral palsy: cross sectional European study. BMJ. 2009;338(Apr23 2):b1458.
  • Hassani Mehraban A, Hasani M, Amini M. The comparison of participation in school-aged cerebral palsy children and normal peers: a preliminary study. Iran J Pediatr. 2016;26(3):e5303.
  • Imms C, Adair B. Participation trajectories: impact of school transitions on children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017;59(2):174–182.
  • Imms C, King G, Majnemer A, et al. Leisure participation-preference congruence of children with cerebral palsy: a children’s assessment of participation and enjoyment international network descriptive study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017;59(4):380–387.
  • Israeli-Mendlovic H, Mendlovic J, Katz-Leurer M. Heart rate and heart rate variability parameters at rest, during activity and passive standing among children with cerebral palsy GMFCS IV–V. Dev Neurorehabil. 2014;17(6):398–402.
  • Keawutan P, Bell KL, Oftedal S, et al. Quality of life and habitual physical activity in children with cerebral palsy aged 5 years: a cross-sectional study. Res Dev Disabil. 2018;74:139–145.
  • King G, Imms C, Palisano R, et al. Geographical patterns in the recreation and leisure participation of children and youth with cerebral palsy: a CAPE international collaborative network study. Dev Neurorehabil. 2013;16(3):196–206.
  • Lauruschkus K, Westbom L, Hallström I, et al. Physical activity in a total population of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(1):157–167.
  • Longo E, Badia M, Orgaz BM. Patterns and predictors of participation in leisure activities outside of school in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(1):266–275.
  • Maher CA, Williams MT, Olds T, et al. Physical and sedentary activity in adolescents with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007;49(6):450–457.
  • Majnemer A, Shikako-Thomas K, Chokron N, et al. Leisure activity preferences for 6- to 12-year-old children with cerebral palsy: leisure activity preferences for school-age children with CP. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52(2):167–173.
  • Majnemer A, Shevell M, Law M, et al. Participation and enjoyment of leisure activities in school-aged children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(10):751–758.
  • Majnemer A, Shikako-Thomas K, Schmitz N, et al. Stability of leisure participation from school-age to adolescence in individuals with cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil. 2015;47:73–79.
  • Michelsen SI, Flachs EM, Uldall P, et al. Frequency of participation of 8–12-year-old children with cerebral palsy: a multi-centre cross-sectional European study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2009;13(2):165–177.
  • Mitchell LE, Ziviani J, Boyd RN. Characteristics associated with physical activity among independently ambulant children and adolescents with unilateral cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57(2):167–174.
  • Orlin MN, Palisano RJ, Chiarello LA, et al. Participation in home, extracurricular, and community activities among children and young people with cerebral palsy: participation among children and young people with CP. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52(2):160–166.
  • Østergaard CS, Pedersen NSA, Thomasen A, et al. Pain is frequent in children with cerebral palsy and negatively affects physical activity and participation. Acta Paediatr. 2021;110(1):301–306.
  • Parkes J, McCullough N, Madden A. To what extent do children with cerebral palsy participate in everyday life situations? Health Soc Care Community [Internet]. 2010. [cite 19 Jan 2022]; Disponible sur:
  • Pérez-Salas CP, Ortega A, Parra V, et al. School placement and participation of Chilean young people with cerebral palsy. Int J Incl Educ. 2020;19:1–20.
  • Ramstad K, Jahnsen R, Skjeldal OH, et al. Parent-reported participation in children with cerebral palsy: the contribution of recurrent musculoskeletal pain and child mental health problems: pain, mental health, and participation in CP. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54(9):829–835.
  • Reedman SE, Johnson E, Sakzewski L, et al. Sedentary behavior in children with cerebral palsy between 1.5 and 12 years: a longitudinal study. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2020;32(4):367–373.
  • Riquelme I, do Rosário RS, Vehmaskoski K, et al. Influence of chronic pain in physical activity of children with cerebral palsy. NeuroRehabilitation. 2018;43(2):113–123.
  • Ryan JM, Hensey O, McLoughlin B, et al. Associations of sedentary behaviour, physical activity, blood pressure and anthropometric measures with cardiorespiratory fitness in children with cerebral palsy. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0123267.
  • Schenker R, Coster W, Parush S. Participation and activity performance of students with cerebral palsy within the school environment. Disabil Rehabil. 20 2005;27(10):539–552.
  • Shikako-Thomas K, Dahan-Oliel N, Shevell M, et al. Play and be happy? Leisure participation and quality of life in school-aged children with cerebral palsy. Int J Pediatr. 2012;2012:387280–387287.
  • Shikako-Thomas K, Shevell M, Lach L, QUALA Group, et al. Picture me playing—a portrait of participation and enjoyment of leisure activities in adolescents with cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(3):1001–1010.
  • Shikako-Thomas K, Shevell M, Lach L, QUALA Group, et al. Are you doing what you want to do? Leisure preferences of adolescents with cerebral palsy. Dev Neurorehabil. 2015;18(4):234–240.
  • Shikako-Thomas K, Shevell M, Schmitz N, QUALA Group, et al. Determinants of participation in leisure activities among adolescents with cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(9):2621–2634.
  • Shkedy Rabani A, Harries N, Namoora I, et al. Duration and patterns of habitual physical activity in adolescents and young adults with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56(7):673–680.
  • Smits DW, van Gorp M, van Wely L, PERRIN-PiP Study Group, et al. Participation in social roles of adolescents with cerebral palsy: exploring accomplishment and satisfaction. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl. 2019;1(3-4):100021.
  • Stevens SL, Holbrook EA, Fuller DK, et al. Influence of age on step activity patterns in children with cerebral palsy and typically developing children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(12):1891–1896.
  • van Eck M, Dallmeijer AJ, Beckerman H, et al. Physical activity level and related factors in adolescents with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2008;20(1):95–106.
  • Van Wely L, Dallmeijer AJ, Balemans ACJ, et al. Walking activity of children with cerebral palsy and children developing typically: a comparison between The Netherlands and the United States. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36(25):2136–2142.
  • Van Wely L, Becher JG, Balemans ACJ, et al. Ambulatory activity of children with cerebral palsy: which characteristics are important?: activity of children with CP. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54(5):436–442.
  • Wentz EE, Bjornson KF, Kerfeld CI, et al. Walking performance, physical activity, and validity of the early activity scale for endurance in young children with cerebral palsy. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2020;40(5):557–570.
  • Wilson NC, Signal N, Naude Y, et al. Gait deviation index correlates with daily step activity in children with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(10):1924–1927.
  • Zeidan J, Joseph L, Camden C, et al. Look around me: environmental and Socio-Economic factors related to community participation for children with cerebral palsy in Québec. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2021;41(4):429–446.
  • Pashmdarfard M, Richards LG, Amini M. Factors affecting participation of children with cerebral palsy in meaningful activities: systematic review. Occup Ther Health Care. 2021;35(4):1–38.
  • Bania TA, Taylor NF, Baker RJ, et al. Gross motor function is an important predictor of daily physical activity in young people with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56(12):1163–1171.
  • McGarty AM, Westrop SC, Melville CA. Exploring parents’ experiences of promoting physical activity for their child with intellectual disabilities. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil. 2021;34(1):140–148.
  • Handsfield GG, Williams S, Khuu S, et al. Muscle architecture, growth, and biological remodelling in cerebral palsy: a narrative review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022;23(1):233.
  • Docherty D. In Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, editors. Measurement in pediatric exercise science. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1996. P. 344.
  • Maltais DB, Wiart L, Fowler E, et al. Health-related physical fitness for children with cerebral palsy. J Child Neurol. 2014;29(8):1091–1100.
  • Makki D, Duodu J, Nixon M. Prevalence and pattern of upper limb involvement in cerebral palsy. J Child Orthop. 2014;8(3):215–219.
  • Guzzetta A, Mercuri E, Cioni G. Visual disorders in children with brain lesions. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2001;5(3):115–119.
  • Dobell A, Pringle A, Faghy MA, et al. Fundamental movement skills and accelerometer-measured physical activity levels during early childhood: a systematic review. Children. 2020;7(11):224.
  • Wrotniak BH, Epstein LH, Dorn JM, et al. The relationship between motor proficiency and physical activity in children. Pediatrics. 2006;118(6):e1758–65.
  • Houwen S, Hartman E, Visscher C. Physical activity and motor skills in children with and without visual impairments. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):103–109.
  • Augestad LB, Jiang L. Physical activity, physical fitness, and body composition among children and young adults with visual impairments: a systematic review. Br J Vis Impair. 2015;33(3):167–182.
  • Hu D, Zhou S, Crowley-McHattan ZJ, et al. Factors that influence participation in physical activity in school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic review from the social ecological model perspective. IJERPH. 2021;18(6):3147.
  • Whitney D, Hurvitz E, Ryan J, et al. Noncommunicable disease and multimorbidity in young adults with cerebral palsy. Clin Epidemiol. 2018; 10:511–519.
  • Tosi LL, Maher N, Moore DW, et al. Adults with cerebral palsy: a workshop to define the challenges of treating and preventing secondary musculoskeletal and neuromuscular complications in this rapidly growing population. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51:2–11.
  • Johnson DC, Damiano DL, Abel MF. The evolution of gait in childhood and adolescent cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 1997;17(3):392–396.
  • Verschuren O, Darrah J, Novak I, et al. Health-enhancing physical activity in children with cerebral palsy: more of the same is not enough. Phys Ther. 2014;94(2):297–305.
  • Lauruschkus K, Nordmark E, Hallström I. “It’s fun, but …” children with cerebral palsy and their experiences of participation in physical activities. Disabil Rehabil. 2015;37(4):283–289.
  • Verschuren O, Wiart L, Hermans D, et al. Identification of facilitators and barriers to physical activity in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr. 2012;161(3):488–494.
  • Craggs C, Corder K, van Sluijs EMF, et al. Determinants of change in physical activity in children and adolescents. Am J Prev Med. 2011;40(6):645–658.
  • Schwab S. Social dimensions of inclusion in education of 4th and 7th grade pupils in inclusive and regular classes: outcomes from Austria. Res Dev Disabil. 2015;43-44:72–79.
  • Wiener J, Tardif CY. Social and emotional functioning of children with learning disabilities: does special education placement make a difference? Learning Disabil Res Pract. 2004;19(1):20–32.
  • Visagie S, Eide AH, Dyrstad K, et al. Factors related to environmental barriers experienced by persons with and without disabilities in diverse African settings. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0186342.
  • Martin JJ, Choi YS. Parents’ physical activity-related perceptions of their children with disabilities. Disabil Health J. 2009;2(1):9–14.
  • Columna L, Prieto L, Elias-Revolledo G, et al. The perspectives of parents of youth with disabilities toward physical activity: a systematic review. Disabil Health J. 2020;13(2):100851.
  • Coto J, Pulgaron ER, Graziano PA, et al. Parents as role models: associations between parent and young children’s weight, dietary intake, and physical activity in a minority sample. Matern Child Health J. 2019;23(7):943–950.
  • Kalleson R, Jahnsen R, Østensjø S. Exploring participation in family and recreational activities among children with cerebral palsy during early childhood: how does it relate to motor function and parental empowerment? Disabil Rehabil. 2021;44(9):1–11.
  • Kremers SPJ. Theory and practice in the study of influences on energy balance-related behaviors. Patient Educ Couns. 2010;79(3):291–298.
  • Eisenberg Y, Vanderbom KA, Vasudevan V. Does the built environment moderate the relationship between having a disability and lower levels of physical activity? A systematic review. Prev Med. 2017;95:S75–S84.
  • Cuzzocrea F, Murdaca AM, Costa S, et al. Parental stress, coping strategies and social support in families of children with a disability. Child Care Pract. 2016;22(1):3–19.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.